Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Boeing Starliner Woes Prompt SpaceX Rescue","authors":"Ramin Skibba (Senior Technology Writer)","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"47 ","pages":"Pages 3-5"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning on Blockchain (MLOB): A New Paradigm for Computational Security in Engineering","authors":"Zhiming Dong,&nbsp;Weisheng Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Machine learning (ML) has been increasingly adopted to solve engineering problems with performance gauged by accuracy, efficiency, and security. Notably, blockchain technology (BT) has been added to ML when security is a particular concern. Nevertheless, there is a research gap that prevailing solutions focus primarily on data security using blockchain but ignore computational security, making the traditional ML process vulnerable to off-chain risks. Therefore, the research objective is to develop a novel ML on blockchain (MLOB) framework to ensure both the data and computational process security. The central tenet is to place them both on the blockchain, execute them as blockchain smart contracts, and protect the execution records on-chain. The framework is established by developing a prototype and further calibrated using a case study of industrial inspection. It is shown that the MLOB framework, compared with existing ML and BT isolated solutions, is superior in terms of security (successfully defending against corruption on six designed attack scenario), maintaining accuracy (0.01% difference with baseline), albeit with a slightly compromised efficiency (0.231 second latency increased). The key finding is MLOB can significantly enhances the computational security of engineering computing without increasing computing power demands. This finding can alleviate concerns regarding the computational resource requirements of ML–BT integration. With proper adaption, the MLOB framework can inform various novel solutions to achieve computational security in broader engineering challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"47 ","pages":"Pages 250-263"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acoustofluidics-Based Intracellular Nanoparticle Delivery","authors":"Zhishang Li ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Tian ,&nbsp;Jason N. Belling ,&nbsp;Joseph T. Rich ,&nbsp;Haodong Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhehan Ma ,&nbsp;Hunter Bachman ,&nbsp;Liang Shen ,&nbsp;Yaosi Liang ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Qi ,&nbsp;Liv K. Heidenreich ,&nbsp;Yao Gong ,&nbsp;Shujie Yang ,&nbsp;Wenfen Zhang ,&nbsp;Peiran Zhang ,&nbsp;Yingchun Fu ,&nbsp;Yibin Ying ,&nbsp;Steven J. Jonas ,&nbsp;Yanbin Li ,&nbsp;Paul S. Weiss ,&nbsp;Tony J. Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Controlled intracellular delivery of biomolecular cargo is critical for developing targeted therapeutics and cell reprogramming. Conventional delivery approaches (e.g., endocytosis of nano-vectors, microinjection, and electroporation) usually require time-consuming uptake processes, labor-intensive operations, and/or costly specialized equipment. Here, we present an acoustofluidics-based intracellular delivery approach capable of effectively delivering various functional nanomaterials to multiple cell types (e.g., adherent and suspension cancer cells). By tuning the standing acoustic waves in a glass capillary, our approach can push cells in flow to the capillary wall and enhance membrane permeability by increasing membrane stress to deform cells via acoustic radiation forces. Moreover, by coating the capillary with cargo-encapsulated nanoparticles, our approach can achieve controllable cell-nanoparticle contact and facilitate nanomaterial delivery beyond Brownian movement. Based on these mechanisms, we have successfully delivered nanoparticles loaded with small molecules or protein-based cargo to U937 and HeLa cells. Our results demonstrate enhanced delivery efficiency compared to attempts made without the use of acoustofluidics. Moreover, compared to conventional sonoporation methods, our approach does not require special contrast agents with microbubbles. This acoustofluidics-based approach creates exciting opportunities to achieve controllable intracellular delivery of various biomolecular cargoes to diverse cell types for potential therapeutic applications and biophysical studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"47 ","pages":"Pages 130-138"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Mapping of Three-Dimensional Urban Structures Reveals Escalating Utilization in the Vertical Dimension and Pronounced Building Space Inequality","authors":"Xiaoping Liu ,&nbsp;Xinxin Wu ,&nbsp;Xuecao Li ,&nbsp;Xiaocong Xu ,&nbsp;Weilin Liao ,&nbsp;Limin Jiao ,&nbsp;Zhenzhong Zeng ,&nbsp;Guangzhao Chen ,&nbsp;Xia Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three-dimensional (3D) urban structures play a critical role in informing climate mitigation strategies aimed at the built environment and facilitating sustainable urban development. Regrettably, there exists a significant gap in detailed and consistent data on 3D building space structures with global coverage due to the challenges inherent in the data collection and model calibration processes. In this study, we constructed a global urban structure (GUS-3D) dataset, including building volume, height, and footprint information, at a 500 m spatial resolution using extensive satellite observation products and numerous reference building samples. Our analysis indicated that the total volume of buildings worldwide in 2015 exceeded 1 × 10¹² m³. Over the 1985 to 2015 period, we observed a slight increase in the magnitude of 3D building volume growth (i.e., it increased from 166.02 km³ during the 1985–2000 period to 175.08 km³ during the 2000–2015 period), while the expansion magnitudes of the two-dimensional (2D) building footprint (22.51 × 10³ vs 13.29 × 10³ km²) and urban extent (157 × 10³ vs 133.8 × 10³ km²) notably decreased. This trend highlights the significant increase in intensive vertical utilization of urban land. Furthermore, we identified significant heterogeneity in building space provision and inequality across cities worldwide. This inequality is particularly pronounced in many populous Asian cities, which has been overlooked in previous studies on economic inequality. The GUS-3D dataset shows great potential to deepen our understanding of the urban environment and creates new horizons for numerous 3D urban studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"47 ","pages":"Pages 86-99"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140173401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Logic and Architecture of Future Data Systems","authors":"Jinghai Li ,&nbsp;Li Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.02.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"47 ","pages":"Pages 14-15"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on Reconfigurable Parallel Mechanisms: Design, Analysis and Challenge","authors":"Lin Wang ,&nbsp;James W. Zhang ,&nbsp;Dan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.09.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.09.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reconfigurable parallel mechanisms were first discovered in response to the growing demand for flexible and adaptive systems in various fields. Unlike traditional mechanisms, which are designed for specific tasks and have fixed topology and mobility characteristics, a reconfigurable parallel mechanism can be adapted to different situations by changing its structure, motion, and function. This adaptability enables a single mechanism to perform a wide range of tasks, reducing the need for multiple dedicated systems. This paper presents a comprehensive review of reconfigurable parallel mechanisms. The characteristics of their designs, analyses of their properties, and challenges they face are reported. The beginning of this paper features an introduction of reconfigurable parallel mechanisms and their classification into different types. Methods for synthesizing reconfigurable parallel mechanisms are discussed. A performance evaluation index related to reconfigurability, workspace, singularity, stiffness, and dynamics, among other indices, is presented. This review covers the challenges faced in the creation of systematic design theories, unified performance analyses, evaluation index systems, and in the implementation of reconfigurable parallel mechanisms, such as the development of efficient control strategies and integration with other technologies. The paper concludes with a discussion of future research directions for reconfigurable parallel mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"47 ","pages":"Pages 100-116"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-Dimensional Particle Assembly Based on the Synchronized Evolution of Centrosymmetric Off-Axis Acoustic Vortexes","authors":"Ning Ding ,&nbsp;Gepu Guo ,&nbsp;Juan Tu ,&nbsp;Dong Zhang ,&nbsp;Qingyu Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acoustic-vortex (AV) tweezers ensure stable particle trapping at a zero-pressure center, while particle assembly between two vortex cores is still prevented by the high-potential barrier. Although a one-dimensional low-pressure attractive path of particle assembly can be constructed by the interference between two independent cylindrical Bessel beams, it remains challenging to create two-dimensional (2D) neighboring vortexes using a source array in practical applications. In this paper, a three-step phase-reversal strategy of 2D particle assembly based on the synchronized evolution of a centrosymmetric array of <em>M</em> off-axis acoustic vortexes (OA-AVs) with a preset radial offset is proposed based on a ring array of planar sources. By introducing initial vortex phase differences of −2π/<em>M</em> and +2π/<em>M</em> to the vortex array, low-pressure patterns of an <em>M</em>-sided regular polygon and <em>M</em>-branched star are formed by connecting the vortex cores and the field center before and after the tangent state of adjacent OA-AVs. Center-oriented particle assembly is finally realized by a central AV constructed by coincident in-phase OA-AVs. The capability of particle manipulation in the lateral and radial directions is demonstrated by low-pressure patterns with acoustic radiation forces pointing to the field center during a synchronized central approach. The field evolution is certified by experimental field measurements for OA-AVs with different vortex numbers, initial vortex phase differences, and radial offsets using a ring array of 16 planar sources. The feasibility of particle assembly in two dimensions is also verified by the accurate manipulation of four particles using the low-pressure patterns of a four-sided polygon, a four-branched star, and a central AV in experiments. The three-step strategy paves a new way for 2D particle assembly based on the synchronized evolution of centrosymmetric OA-AVs using a simplified single-sided source array, exhibiting excellent potential for the precise navigation and manipulation of cells and particles in biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"47 ","pages":"Pages 139-151"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equatorial Ionospheric Scintillation Measurement in Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array-Type L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Observations","authors":"Yifei Ji ,&nbsp;Zhen Dong ,&nbsp;Yongsheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Feixiang Tang ,&nbsp;Wenfei Mao ,&nbsp;Haisheng Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhengwen Xu ,&nbsp;Qingjun Zhang ,&nbsp;Bingji Zhao ,&nbsp;Heli Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amplitude stripes imposed by ionospheric scintillation have been frequently observed in many of the equatorial nighttime acquisitions of the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array-type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR). This type of ionospheric artifact impedes PALSAR interferometric and polarimetric applications, and its formation cause, morphology, and negative influence have been deeply investigated. However, this artifact can provide an alternative opportunity in a positive way for probing and measuring ionosphere scintillation. In this paper, a methodology for measuring ionospheric scintillation parameters from PALSAR images with amplitude stripes is proposed. Firstly, sublook processing is beneficial for recovering the scattered stripes from a single-look complex image; the amplitude stripe pattern is extracted via band-rejection filtering in the frequency domain of the sublook image. Secondly, the amplitude spectrum density function (SDF) is estimated from the amplitude stripe pattern. Thirdly, a fitting scheme for measuring the scintillation strength and spectrum index is conducted between the estimated and theoretical long-wavelength SDFs. In addition, another key parameter, the scintillation index, can be directly measured from the amplitude stripe pattern or indirectly derived from the scintillation strength and spectrum index. The proposed methodology is fully demonstrated on two groups of PALSAR acquisitions in the presence of amplitude stripes. Self-validation is conducted by comparing the measured and derived scintillation index and by comparing the measurements of range lines and azimuth lines. Cross-validation is performed by comparing the PALSAR measurements with <em>in situ</em> Global Position System (GPS) measurements. The processing results demonstrate a powerful capability to robustly measure ionospheric scintillation parameters from space with high spatial resolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"47 ","pages":"Pages 70-85"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140406266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GSeisRT: A Continental BDS/GNSS Point Positioning Engine for Wide-Area Seismic Monitoring in Real Time","authors":"Jianghui Geng ,&nbsp;Kunlun Zhang ,&nbsp;Shaoming Xin ,&nbsp;Jiang Guo ,&nbsp;David Mencin ,&nbsp;Tan Wang ,&nbsp;Sebastian Riquelme ,&nbsp;Elisabetta D'Anastasio ,&nbsp;Muhammad Al Kautsar","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precise coseismic displacements in earthquake/tsunamic early warning are necessary to characterize earthquakes in real time in order to enable decision-makers to issue alerts for public safety. Real-time global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) have been a valuable tool in monitoring seismic motions, allowing permanent displacement computation to be unambiguously achieved. As a valuable tool presented to the seismic community, the GSeisRT software developed by Wuhan University (China) can realize multi-GNSS precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) and achieve centimeter-level to sub-centimeter-level precision in real time. While the stable maintenance of a global precise point positioning (PPP) service is challenging, this software is capable of estimating satellite clocks and phase biases in real time using a regional GNSS network. This capability makes GSeisRT especially suitable for proprietary GNSS networks and, more importantly, the highest possible positioning precision and reliability can be obtained. According to real-time results from the Network of the Americas, the mean root mean square (RMS) errors of kinematic PPP-AR over a 24 h span are as low as 1.2, 1.3, and 3.0 cm in the east, north, and up components, respectively. Within the few minutes that span a typical seismic event, a horizontal displacement precision of 4 mm can be achieved. The positioning precision of the GSeisRT regional PPP/PPP-AR is 30%–40% higher than that of the global PPP/PPP-AR. Since 2019, GSeisRT has successfully recorded the static, dynamic, and peak ground displacements for the 2020 Oaxaca, Mexico moment magnitude (Mw) 7.4 event; the 2020 Lone Pine, California Mw 5.8 event; and the 2021 Qinghai, China Mw 7.3 event in real time. The resulting immediate magnitude estimates have an error of around 0.1 only. The GSeisRT software is open to the scientific community and has been applied by the China Earthquake Networks Center, the EarthScope Consortium of the United States, the National Seismological Center of Chile, Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS Science Te P<span><math><mrow><mover><mrow><mi>u</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>¯</mo></mrow></mover></mrow></math></span> Ao) of New Zealand, and the Geospatial Information Agency of Indonesia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"47 ","pages":"Pages 57-69"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140762105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Priority Actions to Improve Carbon Sequestration Potential for Mining Ecological Restoration in China","authors":"Fu Chen ,&nbsp;Yanfeng Zhu ,&nbsp;Yinli Bi ,&nbsp;Yongjun Yang ,&nbsp;Jing Ma ,&nbsp;Suping Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.09.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.09.012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"47 ","pages":"Pages 16-21"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}