IF 12.8 1区工程技术

Engineering Pub Date : 2025-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.021

Qinjun Zhang, Weisu Huang, Cheng Chen, Jianfu Shen, Baiyi Lu, Peiwu Li

{"title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals 7-ketositosterol exacerbates aortic inflammation through TLR4 signaling-regulated IRF5 mediated M1 macrophage polarization","authors":"Qinjun Zhang, Weisu Huang, Cheng Chen, Jianfu Shen, Baiyi Lu, Peiwu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.021","url":null,"abstract":"Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease in which macrophages play an indispensable role. Exploration of the effects of aortic cell subpopulations in AS remains challenging due to cellular heterogeneity. Phytosterol oxidation products (POPs) are key dietary factors influencing AS due to their potential pro-inflammatory effects in atherosclerotic mice. However, the contribution of alterations in cellular heterogeneity to this outcome and the exact mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we constructed a novel single-cell transcriptomic landscape of arteries in ApoE−/− mice fed an atherosclerotic diet without or with POPs. Combining single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) with in vitro functional validation, we demonstrated that 7-ketositosterol, a major component of POPs, induced macrophages to skew the pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype through the TLR4-IRF5 axis, thereby amplifying the inflammatory response. Notably, we verified the presence of this pro-inflammatory immune niche with the same molecular features using publicly available human arterial scRNA-seq data. This demonstrates that this is a reproducible characteristic in human AS. Our study shifts the current paradigm of exploring the biological effects of food components, and provides unprecedented perspectives for the application of single-cell technology to food nutrition research.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Nanocutting of Ultrathin Vertically Aligned InSe Ribbons for Strain Engineering 应变工程中超薄垂直排列InSe带的纳米切割

IF 12.8 1区工程技术

Engineering Pub Date : 2025-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.05.017

Zihan Li, Yifei Xu, Donglei Yan, Yongda Yan, Oleg Zakharov, Chen Li, Hailong Cui, Yanquan Geng

{"title":"Nanocutting of Ultrathin Vertically Aligned InSe Ribbons for Strain Engineering","authors":"Zihan Li, Yifei Xu, Donglei Yan, Yongda Yan, Oleg Zakharov, Chen Li, Hailong Cui, Yanquan Geng","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.05.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.05.017","url":null,"abstract":"Inorganic semiconductors play a pivotal role in various technological applications; however, their inherent brittleness limits their utilization in flexible electronics. Thinning materials such as glass fibers and silicon enhances flexibility while preserving mechanical properties. The focus of this research lies in strain engineering within indium selenide (InSe), a representative type of inorganic semiconductor renowned for its exceptional electron mobility and adjustable bandgap. By means of nanoskiving, ultrathin vertically aligned InSe ribbons were fabricated and subsequently transferred onto flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra revealed the tunability of the bandgap induced by strain, and the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations emphasized the influence of thickness on the mechanical properties. The vertically aligned InSe ribbons demonstrated an enhanced photoresponse under tensile strain in photodetectors, thereby demonstrating their potential for use in flexible optoelectronic devices. The nanocutting method results in novel mechanical and electronic properties, offering an alternative means to adjust the bandgap and facilitating the efficient fabrication of flexible optoelectronic devices with potential applications.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144684424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Medicinal Tropane Alkaloids: Biosynthesis, Evolution and Engineering 药用Tropane生物碱：生物合成、进化与工程

IF 12.8 1区工程技术

Engineering Pub Date : 2025-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.019

Fei Qiu, Siyuan Liao, Junlan Zeng, Tengfei Zhao, Fangyuan Zhang, Shuangming Song, Kexuan Tang, Zhihua Liao

引用次数: 0

Engineered Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles: Developments, Challenges, and Opportunities 工程细菌细胞外囊泡：发展、挑战和机遇

IF 12.8 1区工程技术

Engineering Pub Date : 2025-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.06.042

Qiqiong Li, Xinyang Chen, Junhua Xie, Shaoping Nie

{"title":"Engineered Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles: Developments, Challenges, and Opportunities","authors":"Qiqiong Li, Xinyang Chen, Junhua Xie, Shaoping Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.06.042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.06.042","url":null,"abstract":"The abundant microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and nanoscale structures of bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) collectively facilitate their versatile biological activities. Building on these inherent properties, engineering methods encompassing physical, chemical, and genetic modifications have been strategically employed to enhance the functional diversity of bEVs. Therefore, bEVs are being explored as innovative and promising platforms for developing immunotherapeutic strategies targeting diverse pathological states. To establish a foundational understanding of bEVs, we first summarized their biogenesis, classification, structures and biomolecular constituents of bEVs. This review discusses techniques for bEV production and modification and explores the immunological characteristics and effects of engineered bEVs, along with their biomedical applications. Special attention is devoted to advanced engineering approaches and outlining the challenges and emerging avenues in the development of engineered bEVs. This review aims to systematically construct an evidence-based and comprehensive framework that promotes translational optimization and clinical implementation of engineered bEVs, thereby maximizing their application potential in the biomedical field.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144677532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rules governing general assembly of microbial communities in engineered biotreatment processes 管理工程生物处理过程中微生物群落总体集合的规则

IF 12.8 1区工程技术

Engineering Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.06.041

Yong-Chao Wang, Ya-Hui Lv, Ye Deng, Yu-Ting Lin, Guan-Yu Jiang, John C. Crittenden, Can Wang

{"title":"Rules governing general assembly of microbial communities in engineered biotreatment processes","authors":"Yong-Chao Wang, Ya-Hui Lv, Ye Deng, Yu-Ting Lin, Guan-Yu Jiang, John C. Crittenden, Can Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.06.041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.06.041","url":null,"abstract":"The principles of microbial community assembly in engineered ecosystems (particularly biotreatment processes) exposed to high-intensity environmental disturbances remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis of microbial communities across nine datasets from bioreactors operated under varied conditions. Null model-based analysis indicated that stochastic processes predominantly govern community assembly during contaminant-free selection phases or stable operation. In contrast, deterministic processes consistently govern initial acclimation of activated sludge. These processes then shift toward stochastic dominance as the operation stabilizes. The presence of environmental disturbances—such as shock, refeeding, or stress—during operation increases the relative contribution of deterministic processes to community structuring. Notably, low bioreactor performance is associated with deterministic assembly, whereas sustained stable operation corresponds to stochastic dynamics, irrespective of reactor type or condition. These findings were integrated across four categories of biotreatment operations to illustrate how specific disturbances influence microbial community succession and performance stability. This work advances the theoretical understanding of microbial dynamics in engineered systems and offers practical insights into linking community assembly mechanisms with bioreactor function.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144677534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anti-Senescent Biomaterials for Breaking Intervertebral Disc Degeneration 抗衰老生物材料治疗椎间盘退变

IF 12.8 1区工程技术

Engineering Pub Date : 2025-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.015

Jia-Ying Ding, Yang-Shuo Ge, Jun Shen, Wen-Yao Li, Chun-Meng Huang, Min-Jun Zhao, Jian-li Yin, Xue-Zong Wang, Jian-Guang Xu, Wenguo Cui, Dao-Fang Ding

{"title":"Anti-Senescent Biomaterials for Breaking Intervertebral Disc Degeneration","authors":"Jia-Ying Ding, Yang-Shuo Ge, Jun Shen, Wen-Yao Li, Chun-Meng Huang, Min-Jun Zhao, Jian-li Yin, Xue-Zong Wang, Jian-Guang Xu, Wenguo Cui, Dao-Fang Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.015","url":null,"abstract":"Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a leading cause of chronic lower back pain, affecting a significant portion of the global population. Traditional treatments, including drug administration and surgery, focus primarily on symptom relief but fail to address the underlying pathological mechanisms of IVDD. Extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation is closely related to the senescence of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) caused by highly levels of inflammation, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, low levels of autophagy, and the acidic microenvironment in the disc. This review explores the pathogenesis of IVDD mediated by NPC senescence, summarizes recent advances in biological therapy, and highlights the latest developments in antisenescent biomaterials. These biomaterials have the potential to delay disc degeneration by clearing senescent cells, inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation, activating autophagy, and modulating the acidic microenvironment of the disc. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying IVDD, coupled with the design of more effective antisenescent biomaterials, offers promising avenues for optimizing therapeutic outcomes and improving patients’ quality of life.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144645797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Targeting Plasmid Conjugation with Cinnamic Acid: A Novel Approach to Combat Antibiotic Resistance 靶向质粒偶联肉桂酸：对抗抗生素耐药性的新途径

IF 12.8 1区工程技术

Engineering Pub Date : 2025-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.06.040

Gong Li, Ang Gao, Xin-Yi Lu, Tian-Hong Zhou, Shi-Ying Zhou, Li-Jua n Xia, Lei Wan, Yu-Zhang He, Xin-Yi Chen, Wen-Ying Guo, Jia-Min Zheng, Hao Ren, Sheng-Qiu Tang, Xiao-Ping Liao, Liang Chen, Jian Sun

{"title":"Targeting Plasmid Conjugation with Cinnamic Acid: A Novel Approach to Combat Antibiotic Resistance","authors":"Gong Li, Ang Gao, Xin-Yi Lu, Tian-Hong Zhou, Shi-Ying Zhou, Li-Jua n Xia, Lei Wan, Yu-Zhang He, Xin-Yi Chen, Wen-Ying Guo, Jia-Min Zheng, Hao Ren, Sheng-Qiu Tang, Xiao-Ping Liao, Liang Chen, Jian Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.06.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.06.040","url":null,"abstract":"The global spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) continues to worsen, with plasmid-mediated conjugation serving as a major transmission route. Although developing conjugation inhibitors to block this process is a promising strategy, current options are limited by toxicity and poor in vivo efficacy. This study evaluated the effect of cinnamic acid (CA; 3-phenyl-2-acrylic acid), a widely abundant food additive found in cinnamon, on plasmid conjugation. CA effectively inhibited the conjugation of various resistance plasmids in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that CA disrupts the electron transport chain (ETC) and proton motive force (PMF) by inhibiting the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, leading to reduced intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—a critical factor for plasmid conjugation. Biocompatibility assays showed that CA maintains high biosafety while preserving gut microbiota homeostasis. Therefore, these findings provide new insights into ARG inhibition and highlight the potential of CA as a novel strategy to combat the global rise in antibiotic-resistant infections.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144645502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Demonstration of a 5-MWth Chemical Looping Combustion Unit Fueled by Lignite 以褐煤为燃料的5- mw化学循环燃烧装置的演示

IF 12.8 1区工程技术

Engineering Pub Date : 2025-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.017

Zhenshan Li, Yang Wang, Weicheng Li, Geng Wei, Xinglei Liu, Shanhu Lin, Jiaye Li, Dan Li, Qingsong Meng, Li Nie, Vincent Gouraud, Shuting Wei, Patrice Font, Nils Erland L. Haugen, Øyvind Langørgen, Yngve Larring, Zuoan Li, Ningsheng Cai

{"title":"Demonstration of a 5-MWth Chemical Looping Combustion Unit Fueled by Lignite","authors":"Zhenshan Li, Yang Wang, Weicheng Li, Geng Wei, Xinglei Liu, Shanhu Lin, Jiaye Li, Dan Li, Qingsong Meng, Li Nie, Vincent Gouraud, Shuting Wei, Patrice Font, Nils Erland L. Haugen, Øyvind Langørgen, Yngve Larring, Zuoan Li, Ningsheng Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.017","url":null,"abstract":"A 5-MWth chemical looping combustion (CLC) unit was designed, built, operated, and demonstrated in China as part of the Chinese–European Emission-Reducing Solutions (CHEERS) project, funded by China’s Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and the European Union (EU)’s Horizon 2020. In the configuration designed by the Chinese partners, the air reactor (AR) is a transport bed, while the fuel reactor (FR) is a bubbling/turbulent fluidized bed. The solid circulation between the FR and AR is regulated by the overflow method, and the oxygen carrier (OC) from the AR cyclone returns to the FR riser. From June to September 2024, the 5-MWth demonstration unit was operated and tested more or less continuously, with a thermal input ranging from 3.5 to 5.0 MWth. During the operation, all solid fuel was fed into the dense bed of the FR, while only air was introduced into the AR. No electric or other external heating was applied, meaning that the whole pilot unit was heated by the oxidation of the OC within the AR. Hence, auto-thermal CLC operation was successfully achieved. Heating the unit was completed in 48 h; furthermore, switching to CLC mode was straightforward and took less than 1 h. During the operation, the temperature of the entire loop was stable. The temperatures of the AR and FR were 1000–1040 °C and 940–980 °C, respectively. Based on the operational data, the maximum CO2 capture efficiency of the lignite-fed CLC unit was greater than 97%, and the minimum oxygen demand for unburnt gases from the FR was 2.45%. This work bridges the gap between lab-scale research and industrial applications in the field of CLC.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144645501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simultaneous Denitrification and Decarbonization of Wastewater over In Situ Generation of ·ClO Radicals Through a Fast, High-Performance Electro-Filtration Process 通过快速、高性能的电过滤过程在原位产生·ClO自由基的废水中同时反硝化和脱碳

IF 12.8 1区工程技术

Engineering Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.016

Bin Zhao, Jialin Yang, Ruiping Liu, Jiuhui Qu, Meng Sun

{"title":"Simultaneous Denitrification and Decarbonization of Wastewater over In Situ Generation of ·ClO Radicals Through a Fast, High-Performance Electro-Filtration Process","authors":"Bin Zhao, Jialin Yang, Ruiping Liu, Jiuhui Qu, Meng Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.016","url":null,"abstract":"The contamination of wastewater with organic pollutants and nitrogen compounds poses significant environmental challenges. The primary objective of wastewater treatment is the simultaneous denitrification and decarbonization of ammonia nitrogen into harmless by-products. This study presents a novel method for the directional generation of chlorine radical species like ·ClO and ·Cl using electro-reactive membranes (EMs), which were fabricated using an electro-deposition coupled template approach known as RuO2@PbO2-M. This method facilitates the rapid and efficient conversion of ammonia to nitrogen and concurrently reduces the chemical oxygen demand in the effluent. Our system achieved ultra-efficient simultaneous denitrification and decarbonization with minimal energy consumption in single-filtration mode, thereby eliminating the need for chemical precursors. We elucidate the formation pathway of ·ClO and ·Cl during the electrochemical oxidation process involving RuO2@PbO2-M, where ·Cl generated from RuO2 reacts with ·OH from PbO2 under hypochlorous acid conditions, thereby enhancing nitrogen and carbon removal. These findings highlight a novel filtration model that utilizes single-channel electro-filtration and an innovative reactive membrane design for ·ClO synthesis, which provides a new research framework for the concurrent removal of nitrogen and carbon, and offers a promising solution to enhance wastewater treatment efficiency.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144640715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Contrasting Macroevolutionary Patterns in the Human N-Glycosylation Pathway 对比人类n -糖基化途径的宏观进化模式

IF 12.8 1区工程技术

Engineering Pub Date : 2025-07-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.06.039

Domagoj Kifer, Nina Čorak, Mirjana Domazet-Lošo, Niko Kasalo, Gordan Lauc, Göran Klobučar, Tomislav Domazet-Lošo

{"title":"Contrasting Macroevolutionary Patterns in the Human N-Glycosylation Pathway","authors":"Domagoj Kifer, Nina Čorak, Mirjana Domazet-Lošo, Niko Kasalo, Gordan Lauc, Göran Klobučar, Tomislav Domazet-Lošo","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.06.039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.06.039","url":null,"abstract":"Building on coding mutations and splicing variants, post-translational modifications add a final layer to protein diversity that operates at developmental and physiological timescales. Although protein glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications, its evolutionary origin remains largely unexplored. Here, we performed a phylostratigraphic tracking of glycosylation machinery (GM) genes and their targets—glycosylated proteins—in a broad phylogenetic context. Our results show that the vast majority of human GM genes trace back to two evolutionary periods: the origin of all cellular organisms and the origin of all eukaryotes. This indicates that protein glycosylation is an ancient process likely common to all life, further elaborated in early eukaryotes. In contrast, human glycoproteins exhibited prominent enrichment signals in more recent evolutionary periods, suggesting an important role in the transition from metazoans to vertebrates. Focusing specifically on the N-glycosylation (NG) pathway, we noted that the majority of NG genes acting on the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) trace back to the origin of cellular organisms. This sharply contrasts with the rest of the NG pathway, which is oriented toward the ER lumen, where genes of eukaryotic origin predominate. In the Golgi, we also identified an analogous binary evolutionary origin of GM genes. We discuss these findings in the context of the evolutionary emergence of the eukaryotic endomembrane system and propose that the ER evolved through the invagination of a prokaryotic cell membrane containing an NG pathway.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144630435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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