Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Transforming Peroxisomes into Organelle Factories for Monoterpene Production in Yeast Ogataea polymorpha","authors":"Linfeng Xie, Min Ye, Haiyan Zhang, Xiaoxin Zhai, Fan Bai, Jiaoqi Gao, Yongjin J. Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.030","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial production of natural products presents a promising alternative to traditional plant extraction. Recent metabolic engineering has employed subcellular compartmentalization to address the limitations of cytoplasmic engineering, while peroxisomes are emerging as an ideal orthogonal compartment for bioproduction. <em>Ogataea polymorpha</em> (<em>O. polymorpha</em>), as an industrial yeast used for protein expression, is also regarded as model organism for peroxisomal study due to its abundant peroxisomes. Here, we engineered peroxisomes into organelle factories for sustainable production of monoterpenes in <em>O. polymorpha</em>. With enhancing the supply precursor geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), peroxisomes overproduced various GPP-derived monoterpenes, including geraniol (1030 mg∙L^–1), β-myrcene (47 mg∙L^–1), and (+)-borneol (120 mg∙L^–1). Our work suggested <em>O. polymorpha</em> is a superior host for peroxisomal compartmentalization strategy to produce high-valued chemicals.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144787584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wireless Environmental Information Theory: A New Paradigm Toward 6G Online and Proactive Environment Intelligence Communication","authors":"Jianhua Zhang, Li Yu, Shaoyi Liu, Yichen Cai, Yuxiang Zhang, Hongbo Xing, Tao Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.028","url":null,"abstract":"Channels are one of the five critical components of a communication system, and their ergodic capacity is based on all realizations of a statistical channel model. This statistical paradigm has successfully guided the design of mobile communication systems from first generation (1G) to fifth generation (5G). However, this approach relies on offline channel measurements in specific environments, and thus, the system passively adapts to new environments, resulting in deviation from the optimal performance. As sixth generation (6G) expands into ubiquitous environments and pursues higher capacity, numerous sensing and artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods have emerged to combat random channel fading. However, there remains an urgent need for a proactive and online system design paradigm. From a system perspective, we propose an environment intelligence communication (EIC) based on wireless environmental information theory (WEIT) for 6G. The proposed EIC architecture operates in three steps. First, wireless environmental information (WEI) is acquired using sensing techniques. Then, leveraging WEI and channel data, AI techniques are employed to predict channel fading, thereby mitigating channel uncertainty. Finally, the communication system autonomously determines the optimal air–interface transmission strategy based on real-time channel predictions, enabling intelligent interaction with the physical environment. To make this attractive paradigm shift from theory to practice, we establish WEIT for the first time by answering three key problems: How should WEI be defined? Can it be quantified? Does it hold the same properties as statistical communication information? Subsequently, EIC aided by WEI (EIC-WEI) is validated across multiple air–interface tasks, including channel state information prediction, beam prediction, and radio resource management. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed EIC-WEI significantly outperforms the statistical paradigm in decreasing overhead and performance optimization. Finally, several open problems and challenges, including regarding its accuracy, complexity, and generalization, are discussed. This work explores a novel and promising way for integrating communication, sensing, and AI capability in 6G.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144787583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidating the Substrate Specificity of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes: Insights into N- and S-Containing Small-Molecule Metabolism","authors":"Chaohua Yan, Guilin Wei, Zhuoan Jin, Xiaodong Li, Liuyi Yang, Liwei Zou, Ling Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.029","url":null,"abstract":"Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s or CYPs) are the primary metabolic contributors to the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties of small-molecule drugs. These enzymes can catalyze various types of reactions, including metabolic reactions that occur at nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) sites of small molecules. In this review, we conducted a comprehensive statistical analysis of 294 P450s-mediated small-molecule substrates, among which more than 47% substrates contained N and S. The purpose of the analysis is to elucidate the broad-spectrum cross-reactivity and specificity between these substrates and various CYP isoforms across five reaction types. Our findings reveal that substrates with molecular weights greater than 500 Da or less than 200 Da are predominantly governed by the dominant effect of the CYP isoform’s active sites. In contrast, small- to medium-sized molecules with molecular weights ranging from 200 to 400 Da exhibit a stronger dependence on the types of heteroatoms they contain, with the size of the enzyme’s catalytic site (cavity) playing a negligible role in determining substrate specificity. This review starts from the metabolic mechanisms of P450s-mediated N- and S-containing compounds, and systematically analyzes the structural characteristics of substrates involved in N-dealkylation, N-oxidation, and S-oxidation, as well as their metabolic interactions with P450s. These analyses provide a new perspective for improving the existing understanding of the relationship between the P450s substrate specificity and substrate structural characteristics, and offer a valuable perspective for enhancing drug design and predicting metabolic stability based on the P450s-catalyzed reaction framework.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144787472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GWPD: A Multifunctional Platform to Unravel Biological Risk Factors in Global Engineered Water Systems","authors":"Aijie Wang ,&nbsp;Fang Huang ,&nbsp;Wenxiu Wang ,&nbsp;Yanmei Zhao ,&nbsp;Yiyi Su ,&nbsp;Zelin Lei ,&nbsp;Rui Gao ,&nbsp;Yu Tao ,&nbsp;Jun Wei ,&nbsp;Haoyi Cheng ,&nbsp;Jinsong Liang ,&nbsp;Bin Liang ,&nbsp;Jianhua Guo ,&nbsp;Jiping Jiang ,&nbsp;Lu Fan ,&nbsp;Shu-Hong Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.04.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.04.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Engineered water systems such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are potential reservoirs of various biological risk factors (BRFs), including pathogens, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and virulence factors (VFs). Currently, a BRF database relevant to engineered water systems on a global geographic scale is lacking. Here, we present the Global Wastewater Pathogen Database (GWPD), an online database that provides information on the diversity, abundance, and distribution of BRFs from 1302 metagenome samples obtained from 186 cities, 68 countries, and six continents. We sorted these samples into six types: sewer networks, influent, anoxic activated sludge, oxic activated sludge, effluent, and receiving/natural waters. In total, 476 pathogens, 442 ARGs, and 246 VFs were identified. As a multifunctional database, GWPD provides an interactive visualization of these BRFs in a world map, an information retrieval interface, and an online one-click service for BRF annotation from metagenome sequencing data. GWPD is built on a web service framework, which can be readily extended to future versions of GWPD by adding more functional modules and connecting to other data sources, such as epidemic databases, to support risk assessment and control in the context of “One Health.”</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 254-262"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141400197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fortifying Renewable-Dominant Hybrid Microgrids: A Bi-Directional Converter Based Interconnection Planning Approach","authors":"Zipeng Liang ,&nbsp;C.Y. Chung ,&nbsp;Qin Wang ,&nbsp;Haoyong Chen ,&nbsp;Haosen Yang ,&nbsp;Chenye Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.02.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.02.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interconnection planning involving bi-directional converters (BdCs) is crucial for enhancing the reliability and robustness of hybrid alternating current (AC)/direct current (DC) microgrid clusters with high penetrations of renewable energy resources (RESs). However, challenges such as the non-convex nature of BdC efficiency and renewable energy uncertainty complicate the planning process. To address these issues, this paper proposes a tri-level BdC-based planning framework that incorporates dynamic BdC efficiency and a data-correlated uncertainty set (DcUS) derived from historical data patterns. The proposed framework employs a least-squares approximation to linearize BdC efficiency and constructs the DcUS to balance computational efficiency and solution robustness. Additionally, a fully parallel column and constraint generation algorithm is developed to solve the model efficiently. Numerical simulations on a practical hybrid AC/DC microgrid system demonstrate that the proposed method reduces interconnection costs by up to 21.8% compared to conventional uncertainty sets while ensuring robust operation under all considered scenarios. These results highlight the computational efficiency, robustness, and practicality of the proposed approach, making it a promising solution for modern power systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 130-143"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Actuation and Locomotion of Miniature Underwater Robots: A Survey","authors":"Panbing Wang ,&nbsp;Xinyu Liu ,&nbsp;Aiguo Song","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.10.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.10.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Underwater robots have emerged as key tools for marine exploration because of their unique ability to traverse and navigate underwater regions, which pose challenges or dangers to human expeditions. Miniature underwater robots are widely employed in marine science, resource surveys, seabed geological investigations, and marine life observations, owing to their compact size, minimal noise, and agile movement. In recent years, researchers have developed diverse miniature underwater robots inspired by bionics and other disciplines, leading to many landmark achievements such as centimeter-level wireless control, movement speeds up to hundreds of millimeters per second, underwater three-dimensional motion capabilities, robot swarms, and underwater operation robots. This article offers an overview of the actuation methods and locomotion patterns utilized by miniature underwater robots and assesses the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Furthermore, the challenges confronting currently available miniature underwater robots are summarized, and future development trends are explored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 195-214"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planning and Operating Power Systems to Proactively Respond to Climate Change","authors":"Jianbo Guo,&nbsp;Weisheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 3-4"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144594802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated Concrete Bridge Damage Detection Using an Efficient Vision Transformer-Enhanced Anchor-Free YOLO","authors":"Xiaofei Yang ,&nbsp;Enrique del Rey Castillo ,&nbsp;Yang Zou ,&nbsp;Liam Wotherspoon ,&nbsp;Jianxi Yang ,&nbsp;Hao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.02.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.02.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep learning techniques have recently been the most popular method for automatically detecting bridge damage captured by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, their wider application to real-world scenarios is hindered by three challenges: ① defect scale variance, motion blur, and strong illumination significantly affect the accuracy and reliability of damage detectors; ② existing commonly used anchor-based damage detectors struggle to effectively generalize to harsh real-world scenarios; and ③ convolutional neural networks (CNNs) lack the capability to model long-range dependencies across the entire image. This paper presents an efficient Vision Transformer-enhanced anchor-free YOLO (you only look once) method to address these challenges. First, a concrete bridge damage dataset was established, augmented by motion blur and varying brightness. Four key enhancements were then applied to an anchor-based YOLO method: ① Four detection heads were introduced to alleviate the multi-scale damage detection issue; ② decoupled heads were employed to address the conflict between classification and bounding box regression tasks inherent in the original coupled head design; ③ an anchor-free mechanism was incorporated to reduce the computational complexity and improve generalization to real-world scenarios; and ④ a novel Vision Transformer block, C3MaxViT, was added to enable CNNs to model long-range dependencies. These enhancements were integrated into an advanced anchor-based YOLOv5l algorithm, and the proposed Vision Transformer-enhanced anchor-free YOLO method was then compared against cutting-edge damage detection methods. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method, with an increase of 8.1% in mean average precision at intersection over union threshold of 0.5 (mAP₅₀) and an improvement of 8.4% in mAP@[0.5:.05:.95] respectively. Furthermore, extensive ablation studies revealed that the four detection heads, decoupled head design, anchor-free mechanism, and C3MaxViT contributed improvements of 2.4%, 1.2%, 2.6%, and 1.9% in mAP₅₀, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 311-326"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Wind-Power Generation Capacity in the Context of Climate Change","authors":"Shuanglei Feng ,&nbsp;Weisheng Wang ,&nbsp;Zheng Wang ,&nbsp;Zongpeng Song ,&nbsp;Qing Yang ,&nbsp;Bo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.09.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.09.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Establishing power systems with a high share of renewable energy sources is a pivotal step toward achieving a globally sustainable transition to green and low-carbon energy. This study focuses on low-output wind power that affects the generation capacity of power systems with a high share of renewable energy sources. Utilizing the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 datasets, a predictive model for low-output wind power was employed to investigate regional trends worldwide. The frequency and duration of low-output wind-power events exhibited increasing trends globally, particularly in East Asia and South America, but not in North America. By 2060, the annual total days with low-output wind power in East Asia and South America could rise to 13 and 5 d, and the maximum continuous duration of low-output wind power could reach 5 and 2 d, respectively. As wind power becomes a primary electricity source, such low output could lead to shortages in energy supply within the power system, triggering large-scale power outages. This issue calls for critical attention when establishing power systems with a high share of renewable energy sources. The conclusions provide a basis for analyzing power supply risks and configuring flexible power sources for scenarios with a high share of renewable energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 86-97"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advance on Agricultural Robot Hand–Eye Coordination for Agronomic Task: A Review","authors":"Liang He ,&nbsp;Yuhuan Sun ,&nbsp;Liping Chen ,&nbsp;Qingchun Feng ,&nbsp;Yajun Li ,&nbsp;Jiewen Lin ,&nbsp;Yicheng Qiao ,&nbsp;Chunjiang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.01.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.01.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the rising global agricultural labor costs, there is an urgent need for robots to accomplish some complex agronomic tasks and break through the limitations of traditional machinery. Thus, robots are considered an essential support for the future smart agriculture. Given that agronomic targets, such as plants and animals, are living organisms with diverse growth patterns and physical characteristics, effective hand–eye coordination is crucial for robots to interact with these targets proficiently. This paper reviews the developments in hand–eye coordination technology for agricultural robots, focusing on its configuration, principles, and applications in target detection and manipulation, based on a review of research literature and technical specifications of commercial products. Furthermore, the ongoing challenges in hand–eye coordination for robotic operations in complex agronomic tasks are analyzed and summarized, and the potential trends for overcoming these challenges are predicted. Finally, this review aims to deepen understanding of agricultural robots’ capabilities and inspire ongoing innovation to further their agricultural applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 263-279"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}