Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Promoting Global Energy System Transformation Toward Carbon Neutrality: A Four-Stage Pathway of System Integration","authors":"Linwei Ma , Maximilian Arras","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 11-15"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144792373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Coal-to-Nuclear Conversion in China’s Electricity System Decarbonization","authors":"Daiwei Li ,&nbsp;Hongyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Ying Zhou ,&nbsp;Sheng Zhou ,&nbsp;Siyue Guo ,&nbsp;Junling Huang ,&nbsp;Xiliang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.11.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the replacement of retired coal-fired power plants with nuclear power plants (also known as coal-to-nuclear conversion, C2N) has been considered a particularly cost-effective solution for power system decarbonization amid global climate change mitigation goals. In this study, we improved a power system model of China equipped with provincial spatial resolution. Specifically, we expanded the classification of nuclear technologies from one to four types, based on generation and reactor design, and incorporated relevant C2N conversion constraints. This improvement allows quantification of C2N’s potential role in decarbonizing China’s power system, following the identification of its maximum conversion potential. The results indicate that by utilizing conventional site resources in both coastal and inland China, a major growth of nuclear capacity is possible under China’s carbon peaking and neutrality goals, reaching 422 GW by 2060, with 42% of this capacity being small modular reactors that offer greater operational flexibility. In 2060, nuclear power will become an important source of electricity generation in China, accounting for 18% of total supply. Site resource availability represents a major constraint to this development: Expanding site availability through C2N has the potential to further increase nuclear capacity in 2060 by 13%–23%, while raising nuclear’s share of total electricity supply that year by 2–4 percentage points. Expanding nuclear energy’s share in China’s decarbonization via C2N will yield cost savings of 0.22%–0.69% of system cost from 2030 to 2060.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 287-296"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145711094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Dual-Broadband Liquid-Crystal Programmable Metasurface and Its Application in Terahertz Wireless Communications","authors":"Yuan Fu ,&nbsp;Yuanbo Li ,&nbsp;Xiaojian Fu ,&nbsp;Lu Xu ,&nbsp;Yujie Liu ,&nbsp;Qun Yan Zhou ,&nbsp;Jun Yang ,&nbsp;Chong Han ,&nbsp;Jun Yan Dai ,&nbsp;Qiang Cheng ,&nbsp;Tie Jun Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Terahertz communication technology is envisioned as a promising candidate for the pivotal spectrum technology in future wireless communication networks. However, the limited penetration ability of terahertz waves makes line-of-sight (LoS) transmission indispensable, hindering the extensive application of terahertz communications. In this work, a novel liquid-crystal programmable metasurface (LCPM) is proposed for the first time, which can effectively achieve dual-broadband beam manipulation to improve link stability and extend coverage for terahertz communications in non-line-of-sight (NLoS) scenarios. The LCPM is operated in both the W band that covers 94 GHz and the D band that covers 140 GHz, corresponding to <em>x</em>-polarized and <em>y</em>-polarized wave incidence, respectively. Based on the proposed LCPM, realistic NLoS terahertz communication links are established and showcased. Communication measurements substantiate that the LCPM is capable of realizing extensive dynamic channel regulations and long-distance communications across both bands in various modulation schemes, supporting real-time high-speed video transmission. The experimental results validate the feasibility of employing the LCPM for terahertz wireless communications, paving the way for developing and implementing ubiquitous terahertz communication networks even with LoS blockage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 352-363"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145025297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on Liquid-Ammonia Injection and Combustion for Engine Applications","authors":"Hao Wu ,&nbsp;Fahad Almatrafi ,&nbsp;Moez Ben Houidi ,&nbsp;Tiegang Fang ,&nbsp;William L. Roberts","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This comprehensive review examines the application of liquid-ammonia injection and combustion in engine systems, highlighting the potential of liquid ammonia as a carbon-neutral fuel alternative. The study synthesizes recent advancements in liquid-ammonia injection and combustion technologies, addressing critical domains such as fundamental fuel properties, injection and spray dynamics, combustion behavior, and engine performance. Key challenges are identified, including ammonia’s high latent heat of vaporization, slow flame-propagation speed, narrow flammability range, and elevated NO<em>_x</em> emissions, while emphasizing the need for optimized injection strategies and nozzle designs to enhance atomization and mixing. The research findings indicate that liquid-ammonia injection can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with dual-fuel modes (e.g., ammonia–diesel) proving effective in overcoming ammonia’s low reactivity. Studies show that both low-pressure and high-pressure dual fuel-injection modes can achieve substantial emission reductions, with high-pressure injections offering better thermal efficiency and lower NO<em>_x</em> emissions. Innovative approaches, such as turbulent jet ignition, stratified fuel injection, and hydrogen co-injection, have been explored to improve ignition efficiency and combustion stability. Future research should prioritize the development of integrated solutions that combine advanced combustion technologies, optimized engine designs, and effective emission-control strategies. Collaboration between academia, industry, and policymakers will be crucial in driving the adoption of ammonia as a sustainable fuel alternative.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 82-117"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145089552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embodied Interactive Intelligence Towards Autonomous Driving","authors":"Nan Ma ,&nbsp;Jia Pan ,&nbsp;Yongjin Liu ,&nbsp;Yajue Yang ,&nbsp;Yiheng Han ,&nbsp;Jiacheng Guo ,&nbsp;Zhixuan Wu ,&nbsp;Zecheng Yang ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Yang ,&nbsp;Deyi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Autonomous driving depends on successful interactions among humans, vehicles, and roads. However, people often lack an understanding of autonomous vehicle (AV) behaviours and decisions. Moreover, AVs have difficulty aligning with human intentions in their interactions. To overcome the obstacles associated with the absence of interactive intelligence, especially in complex and uncertain environments, we introduce the concept of embodied interactive intelligence towards autonomous driving (EIIAD), which establishes representation and learning methods aligned with the physical world, enhancing human–machine integration. Building on this concept, we propose an end-to-end unified constrained vehicle environment interaction (UniCVE) model, which involves the construction of an end-to-end perception–cognition–behaviour closed-loop feedback paradigm and continuous learning through accumulated split driving scenarios. This model realizes interaction cognition through networks designed for pedestrians and vehicles, and it unifies the cognition as a value network of AVs to generate socially compatible behaviours. The UniCVE model is implemented on Dongfeng autonomous buses, which have successfully travelled 22 thousand kilometres and completed 45 thousand navigation tasks in Xiong’an New Area, China, demonstrating its general applicability in various driving scenarios. In addition, we highlight the high-level interactive intelligence of the UniCVE model in selected simulated complex interaction scenarios, demonstrating that it makes AVs more intelligent, more reliable, and more attuned to human relationships. Furthermore, the UniCVE model’s capacity for self-learning and self-growth allows it to infinitely approximate true intelligence, even with limited experience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 337-351"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145657922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Typical Scenarios and Technical Requirements of China’s Power Grid Towards 2030 for Power System Transformation","authors":"Qiang Zhao,&nbsp;Yuqiong Zhang,&nbsp;Ziwei Chen,&nbsp;Xiaoxin Zhou,&nbsp;Jiameng Gao,&nbsp;Honghua Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.10.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 16-21"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147682299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Research Progress in Combustion Kinetics of Biomass-Derived Oxygenated Fuels","authors":"Xiao Liu ,&nbsp;Chung K. Law ,&nbsp;Bin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.10.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.10.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biofuels are promising alternatives to fossil fuels due to diminishing reserves and increasing environmental concerns. This review focuses on recent progress in understanding the combustion kinetics of oxygenated biofuels derived from biomass. The review begins with fundamental concepts and research methodologies in reaction kinetics, intended as a primer for engineering researchers. Subsequently, kinetic studies from the past decade on typical oxygenated biofuels are summarized, including alcohols, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), ketones, ethers, and carbonates. Emphasis is placed on the influence of different oxygenated functionalities and their positions within the molecule on combustion characteristics and reaction pathways. Distinct reaction patterns for each class are highlighted. Alcohols exhibit a characteristic unimolecular dehydration reaction. FAME kinetics are similar to long-chain hydrocarbons, with unsaturation significantly impacting low-temperature oxidation. Ketone oxidation is influenced by the formation of resonance-stabilized radicals, while straight-chain ethers demonstrate a unique double negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior. Carbonates, relevant to lithium-ion battery safety, have gained research attention and can undergo a distinctive reaction pathway identified as CO₂ elimination reaction. To advance predictive kinetic models for biomass-derived oxygenated fuels, several targeted research directions are essential. First, there is a critical need to expand experimental datasets that capture the combustion behavior of diverse oxygenated compounds, particularly under low-temperature conditions. This must be coupled with enhanced combustion diagnostics capable of resolving key reaction intermediates characteristic of oxygenated fuel oxidation. Second, detailed quantum chemical calculations and theoretical explorations of potential energy surfaces are required to accurately determine reaction rate parameters for oxygen-involved pathways, which are often determinant in fuel decomposition and pollutant formation. Finally, progress in model predictability will depend on the adoption of advanced computational methods, including automated mechanism generation for complex oxygenated structures, systematic optimization frameworks leveraging experimental data, and the incorporation of physics-informed artificial intelligence approaches tailored to oxygenated fuel chemistries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 60-81"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147682465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building Digital Twin for 3D Multi-Field Reconstruction and Optimization of Industrial-Scale Combustion Systems","authors":"Linzheng Wang,&nbsp;Yaojun Li,&nbsp;Sili Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In pursuit of a low-carbon energy transition, biomass and other carbon-neutral fuels are increasingly utilized in modern combustion facilities. However, controlling these systems remains challenging due to their complex geometries, dynamic interactions, and diverse operating conditions. Data-driven digital twins have emerged as powerful tools for optimizing performance and minimizing emissions in industrial combustion systems. Their core functions include reconstructing multi-physical combustion fields and predicting and optimizing key performance metrics, such as efficiency and pollutant emissions. Despite recent advancements, existing approaches typically treat reconstruction and optimization as separate tasks, limiting their efficiency and scalability. Furthermore, developing digital twins for real-world industrial applications requires extensive high-fidelity data, which is often impractical to obtain. To address these limitations, we propose the multi-field reconstruction net (MFRNet) framework, which integrates dimension expansion, variable extension, and feature fusion techniques to enhance data efficiency and predictive accuracy. Using an industrial-scale biomass grate furnace as a case study, we construct a comprehensive dataset, consisting of 288 low-fidelity 2D cases (covering eight physical fields) and 48 high-fidelity 3D cases (covering eleven physical fields). The MFRNet achieves high-precision multi-field reconstruction under complex conditions while significantly reducing the reliance on costly 3D simulations. By leveraging intermediate features pre-trained during reconstruction, the model enhances scalar predictions, notably improving CO and NO emission accuracy, even with limited high-fidelity data. The trained model is then directly applied for multi-objective optimization under varying operating conditions, demonstrating robust predictive accuracy and reliable optimization guidance. This scalable and data-efficient digital twin framework is easily adapted for other combustion systems, offering an intelligent paradigm for active control, real-time optimization, and enhanced operational efficiency in modern combustion facilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 197-214"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147682536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Probabilistic Evaluation of China's Energy-Related Carbon Emission Peak Target","authors":"Zheng Li ,&nbsp;Chenpeng Li ,&nbsp;Yujuan Fang ,&nbsp;Pei Liu ,&nbsp;Ershun Du ,&nbsp;Linwei Ma ,&nbsp;Xiu Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.07.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, China has witnessed a surge in both its total primary energy consumption and its installed renewable energy capacity, which has had a profound impact on the nation’s carbon emissions. The future trajectories of energy consumption and renewable energy development are fraught with uncertainties, and these will critically influence the realization of China’s climate objectives, especially the goal of reaching a carbon peak. This research employs maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulation and random sampling techniques, to assess the likelihood of China attaining its carbon peak and other climate targets under various scenarios. Additionally, it offers strategic policy recommendations to ensure the fulfillment of these environmental goals. In the baseline scenario, China must either surpass 4000 GW of installed non-fossil energy capacity before 2030 or maintain a total energy consumption below 6500 million tons of coal equivalent (Mtce) to align with its climate commitments. However, should the rate of reduction in energy intensity falter, leading to a total energy consumption exceeding 8250 Mtce before 2030, China may find it challenging to achieve all its climate ambitions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 240-255"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144719983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Techno–Economic and Environmental Impact Assessment of Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment: A Review","authors":"Tingwei Gao ,&nbsp;Yana Jin ,&nbsp;Kang Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the advantages of high effluent quality and small footprint, membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology faces challenges in sustainable development due to energy consumption and membrane fouling. Weighing the advantages and disadvantages of MBRs requires a comprehensive assessment from techno–economic–environmental perspectives. In this paper, we reviewed the related research on MBRs from three aspects: economic cost analysis, environmental impact assessment, and comprehensive techno–economic–environmental assessment. The aim of this paper is to understand the sustainable development performance of MBRs, and to review the current status of the application of multiple techno–economic–environmental assessment methods in the field of wastewater treatment. The currently available results of the economic cost analysis of MBRs showed that the operating cost and energy consumption of MBRs are higher than those of other wastewater treatment processes if MBRs’ potential benefit of smaller footprint is not taken into account. The results of the environmental impact assessment showed that MBRs have a positive environmental impact due to high quality effluent, although global warming potential limits the sustainability of MBRs to some extent. Combined techno–economic–environmental assessment showed that MBRs are economically feasible and technically efficient, while their sustainability is controversial. Given the rapid development of MBR technology, these results may evolve as new advancements are made. In addition, there is room for improvement in the existing literature regarding the reliability and comparability of results, as well as the applicability of the methods, particularly in defining the accounting scope, clarifying model assumptions, and considering discounting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"59 ","pages":"Pages 297-311"},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143940293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}