Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A Review on Liquid-Ammonia Injection and Combustion for Engine Applications","authors":"Hao Wu, Fahad Almatrafi, Moez Ben Houidi, Tiegang Fang, William L. Roberts","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"This comprehensive review examines the application of liquid-ammonia injection and combustion in engine systems, highlighting the potential of liquid ammonia as a carbon-neutral fuel alternative. The study synthesizes recent advancements in liquid-ammonia injection and combustion technologies, addressing critical domains such as fundamental fuel properties, injection and spray dynamics, combustion behavior, and engine performance. Key challenges are identified, including ammonia’s high latent heat of vaporization, slow flame-propagation speed, narrow flammability range, and elevated NO<em>_x</em> emissions, while emphasizing the need for optimized injection strategies and nozzle designs to enhance atomization and mixing. The research findings indicate that liquid-ammonia injection can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with dual-fuel modes (e.g., ammonia–diesel) proving effective in overcoming ammonia’s low reactivity. Studies show that both low-pressure and high-pressure dual fuel-injection modes can achieve substantial emission reductions, with high-pressure injections offering better thermal efficiency and lower NO<em>_x</em> emissions. Innovative approaches, such as turbulent jet ignition, stratified fuel injection, and hydrogen co-injection, have been explored to improve ignition efficiency and combustion stability. Future research should prioritize the development of integrated solutions that combine advanced combustion technologies, optimized engine designs, and effective emission-control strategies. Collaboration between academia, industry, and policymakers will be crucial in driving the adoption of ammonia as a sustainable fuel alternative.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"2017 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145089552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Task-Driven Design Approach for 6G AI-Native Architecture","authors":"Xiaoyun Wang, Lu Lu, Qin Li, Qi Sun, Nanxiang Shi, Ziqi Chen, Tao Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"The deep integration of mobile networks with artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a pivotal driving force for the sixth-generation (6G) mobile network. AI-native 6G represents a paradigm shift for mobile networks, as it not only embeds AI into network components to enhance network intelligence and automation but also transforms 6G into a foundational infrastructure for enabling pervasive AI applications and services. This paper proposes a novel 6G AI-native architecture. The challenges and requirements for the AI-native 6G mobile network are first analyzed, followed by the development of a task-driven approach for architecture design based on insights from system theory. Then, a 6G AI-native architecture is proposed, featuring the integration of distributed AI data and computing components with layered centralized collaborative control and flexible on-demand deployment. Key components and procedures for the 6G AI-native architecture are also discussed in detail. Finally, standardization practices for the convergence of mobile networks and AI in fifth-generation (5G) networks are analyzed, and an outlook on the standardization of AI-native design in 6G is given. This paper aims to provide not only theoretical insights into AI-native architecture design methodology but also a comprehensive 6G AI-native architecture that lays a foundation for the transition from mobile communications toward mobile information services in the 6G era.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MedMeta: An AI-Enabled and Genomics-Based Database for Functional Profiling of Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Species","authors":"Fanbo Meng, Guiyang Zhang, Wenke Xiao, Yufei Mao, Yun Shu, Xiuping Yang, Guoqing Xu, Xinyu Tang, Mengqing Zhang, Zhiyu Liu, Xunzhi Zhang, Shengjie You, Bin Wang, Zhiyin Yu, Shilin Chen, Wei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal resources contain a vast array of secondary metabolites that play critical roles in disease treatment, health maintenance, and drug discovery. Nevertheless, challenges such as biosynthetic complexity and species-specific variability have long hindered their systematic exploration. Recent advances in omics technologies and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven approaches have opened new avenues via which to decode biosynthetic pathways and discover secondary metabolites using omics-level data. In this study, we present MedMeta, a curated and integrative database that connects secondary metabolites with genomic, biochemical, and pharmacological information across 1035 medicinal species documented in eight authoritative global pharmacopoeias. MedMeta comprises 146 101 predicted active secondary metabolites, 196 356 biosynthetic pathways, and an extensive set of annotated molecular targets. As a proof of principle, we employed MedMeta to investigate three representative Apiaceae species—<em>Pucedanum praeruptorum</em>, <em>Angelica sinensis</em>, and <em>Apium graveolens</em>—demonstrating its ability to uncover species-specific metabolite profiles, validate enzymatic functions, and identify compounds with important therapeutic potential. Overall, MedMeta can provide a powerful and scalable platform for natural product research, supporting both fundamental studies and applied biomedical applications. This database offers an invaluable resource for compound discovery, synthetic biology, geoherbalism studies, and the modern application of traditional medicinal systems.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertain Cross-Sector Climate Actions Could Undermine Air Pollution Reduction Co-Benefits in China’s Power and Passenger Car Sectors","authors":"Hongyi Xie, Bin Chen, Chen Wang, Wei Xie, Xinyi Long, Dingfan Zhang, Min Dai, Zhixiu Han, Yiru Song, Jiashuo Li, Yutao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"Sector-specific climate actions are widely recognized for their air pollution co-benefits. However, uncertainties in cross-sector climate action may weaken or reverse these co-benefits. This study quantified the potential negative impacts of uncertain climate actions in the passenger car (PC) and power sectors on air pollutant (AP) emissions by integrating a fleet model with a power plant model under various infrastructure-level transition pathway combinations. Our results show that uncertainties in cross-sector climate actions, particularly when fleet electrification lags behind the car sector’s ideal transition pathway across all power sector transition scenarios, are projected to lead to a maximum increase of ∼120% in nitrogen oxide emissions and ∼635% in particulate matter emissions from the power and PC sectors in 2050, compared to maintaining the 2020 action levels. Additionally, the indirect AP emissions from the electricity use of electric cars are reallocated to provinces that rely heavily on coal-fired power, such as Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shandong, and Guizhou, along the power supply chain, thereby leading to significant losses in air pollution reduction co-benefits. We highlight the necessity of shifting from the current single-sector-oriented climate-mitigation policy framework to a cross-sector-integrated perspective. Specifically, it is crucial to reduce car use demand and enhance AP emission control for coal plants in the near term, while accelerating renewable energy transition in the power sector as a long-term strategy to effectively enhance air pollution control co-benefits in response to uncertainties during policy implementation.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"146 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Mechanisms for Differences in Ginsenoside Profiles of Herbal Medicines Derived from Panax Species","authors":"Yungang Tian, Zi-Long Wang, Lei Ye, Yingping Wang, Peng Di, Haotian Wang, Yi Chen, Daoyi Zheng, Yanfang Yang, Weizhe Xu, Qingyan Li, Kongyun Qin, Xianchan Li, Min Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.041","url":null,"abstract":"<em>Panax ginseng</em> (<em>P. ginseng</em>, Pg), <em>P. quinquefolium</em> (Pq), and <em>P. notoginseng</em> (Pn) are valuable medicinal plants, and their roots and rhizomes are commonly used as herbal medicines worldwide. While all three herbs contain abundant ginsenosides as major bioactive compounds, their clinical applications differ remarkably. To elucidate the chemical differences in ginsenosides among these three <em>Panax</em> species, we conducted a targeted secondary metabolomic analysis by determining the contents of 40 ginsenosides in 147 batches of herbal samples by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). To further elucidate the biosynthetic mechanisms underlying these differences, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis to identify key differential biosynthetic genes. The results revealed that Pn had higher levels of ginsenosides than Pg and Pq, probably due to the high expression of upstream genes in the triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. The ratio of protopanaxadiol- to protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides (PPD/PPT) followed the order Pn (0.69) &lt; Pg (1.11) &lt; Pq (2.19), which was consistent with the expression levels of CYP716A53, an enzyme that catalyzes the 6-hydroxylation of PPD to produce PPT. Moreover, the ginsenoside Rg1/Re ratio followed the order of Pq (0.13) &lt; Pg (0.97) &lt; Pn (5.96), which may be related to the expression levels and catalytic efficiency of the rhamnosyltransferases that catalyze the 2′-<em>O</em>-rhamnosylation of ginsenoside Rg1 to generate Re. This work demonstrates the potential of the combination of metabolome and transcriptome analyses to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the chemical differences of phylogenetically related herbal medicines","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145043043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Approach for Long Wave Attenuation of Floating Breakwater: Mechanism and Validation","authors":"Chunyan Ji, Lili Lu, Yanzhao Wang, Xinjun Zhao, Sheng Xu, Zhi-Ming Yuan, Yong Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"Floating breakwaters have attracted considerable attention due to their environmental friendliness. However, their effectiveness in attenuating long-period waves remains limited. To address this challenge, this study proposes a novel approach to enhance long-wave attenuation by leveraging the added mass generated by radiation motions. The effects of added mass and damping on the transmission coefficients of a square-box floating breakwater were investigated, and their relationships were derived using an analytical formulation. Results showed that increasing the heave added mass significantly improves the breakwater’s performance in attenuating long-period waves. Based on this mechanism, a new breakwater configuration is proposed, and a series of high-fidelity numerical simulations were conducted to comprehensively evaluate its wave attenuation capability and motion response. The results confirm that the proposed configuration markedly improves wave attenuation in long-period conditions, highlighting the critical role of added mass in performance enhancement. Compared to traditional single-box floating breakwaters, the new design demonstrated a 30% increase in wave-absorbing efficiency. Furthermore, this configuration was implemented in an engineering-scale floating breakwater project within a designated sea area to mitigate long-period wave impacts. To ensure its effectiveness and safety in practical applications, a series of physical model tests were carried out. The tests demonstrated that the breakwater achieved over 65% wave attenuation for wave periods ranging from 5.5 to 12.0 s. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for the design and development of floating breakwaters suitable for long-wave conditions.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145043795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Key Challenges and Research Directions for Space–Air–Ground Integrated Emergency Communication Networks","authors":"Bo Xu, Haitao Zhao, Jiawen Kang, Dusit Niyato","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"No Abstract","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145025757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Dual-Broadband Liquid-Crystal Programmable Metasurface and Its Application in Terahertz Wireless Communications","authors":"Yuan Fu, Yuanbo Li, Xiaojian Fu, Lu Xu, Yujie Liu, Qun Yan Zhou, Jun Yang, Chong Han, Jun Yan Dai, Qiang Cheng, Tie Jun Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.040","url":null,"abstract":"Terahertz communication technology is envisioned as a promising candidate for the pivotal spectrum technology in future wireless communication networks. However, the limited penetration ability of terahertz waves makes line-of-sight (LoS) transmission indispensable, hindering the extensive application of terahertz communications. In this work, a novel liquid-crystal programmable metasurface (LCPM) is proposed for the first time, which can effectively achieve dual-broadband beam manipulation to improve link stability and extend coverage for terahertz communications in non-line-of-sight (NLoS) scenarios. The LCPM is operated in both the W band that covers 94 GHz and the D band that covers 140 GHz, corresponding to <em>x</em>-polarized and <em>y</em>-polarized wave incidence, respectively. Based on the proposed LCPM, realistic NLoS terahertz communication links are established and showcased. Communication measurements substantiate that the LCPM is capable of realizing extensive dynamic channel regulations and long-distance communications across both bands in various modulation schemes, supporting real-time high-speed video transmission. The experimental results validate the feasibility of employing the LCPM for terahertz wireless communications, paving the way for developing and implementing ubiquitous terahertz communication networks even with LoS blockage.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145025297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explicit Semantic-Base-Empowered Communications for 6G Mobile Networks","authors":"Fengyu Wang, Yuan Zheng, Wenjun Xu, Junxiao Liang, Ping Zhang, Zhu Han","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.039","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing demands for massive data transmission pose significant challenges to communication systems. Compared with traditional communication systems that focus on the accurate reconstruction of bit sequences, semantic communications (SemComs), which aim to deliver information connotation, are regarded as a key technology for sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks. Most current SemComs utilize an end-to-end (E2E) trained neural network (NN) for semantic extraction and interpretation, which lacks interpretability for further optimization. Moreover, NN-based SemComs assume that the application and physical layers of the protocol stack can be jointly trained, which is incompatible with current digital communication systems. To overcome those drawbacks, we propose a SemCom system that employs explicit semantic bases (Sebs) as the basic units to represent semantic connotations. First, a mathematical model of Sebs is proposed to build an explicit knowledge base (KB). Then, the Seb-based SemCom architecture is proposed, including both a communication mode and a KB update mode to enable the evolution of communication systems. Sem-codec and channel codec modules are designed specifically, with the assistance of an explicit KB for the efficient and robust transmission of semantics. Moreover, unequal error protection (UEP) is strategically implemented, considering communication intent and the importance of Sebs, thereby ensuring the reliability of critical semantics. In addition, a Seb-based SemCom protocol stack that is compatible with the fifth-generation (5G) protocol stack is proposed. To assess the effectiveness and compatibility of the proposed Seb-based SemComs, a case study focusing on an image-transmission task is conducted. The simulations show that our Seb-based SemComs outperform state-of-the-art works in learned perceptual image patch similarity (LPIPS) by over 20% under varying communication intents and exhibit robustness under fluctuating channel conditions, highlighting the advantages of the interpretability and flexibility afforded by explicit Sebs.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"10 16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145025298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geological Sequestration in Tight Reservoirs with Different Fracturing Schemes: The Weiyuan Shale Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, China","authors":"Zhiming Chen, Laibin Zhang, Xurong Zhao, Xin Gao, Kamy Sephernoori","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.08.038","url":null,"abstract":"Research on caprock safety during CO₂ geological sequestration is essential for preventing gas leakage and safeguarding the environment. This study examines the impact mechanisms of different fracturing schemes on caprock safety during CO₂ sequestration in tight reservoirs to optimize sequestration strategies and provide theoretical support. Using a developed CO₂ sequestration model, we systematically evaluate the leakage characteristics of caprock under various fracturing schemes. For the first time, this study introduces the use of the Analytically Modified Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (AEDFM) to describe the flow interactions between fractures and the matrix during long-term CO₂ sequestration. Through an in-depth analysis of critical factors such as the different mechanisms of fracture parameters, sand concentration, flow rate, and fracturing fluid viscosity, we comprehensively evaluate how these fracturing schemes influence caprock safety for a case study. Validation results confirm that the AEDFM method successfully overcomes the low accuracy exhibited by the Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (EDFM) in simulating early-time transient flow. The proposed CO₂ sequestration model demonstrates strong agreement with production history matching performed using commercial software, affirming its reliability and practical applicability. The results from a case study show that increasing the number, half-length, and height of hydraulic fractures in fracturing designs will increase the risk of CO₂ leakage, thereby compromising caprock safety. If hydraulic fractures penetrate the caprock, the risk of CO₂ leakage through the top caprock markedly increases. In scenarios where fractures do not penetrate the caprock, the volume of leaked CO₂ over a 100-year sequestration period remains below 5% of the injected gas. However, leakage can rise to as much as 12% if caprock penetration occurs. Furthermore, increasing the flow rate and sand concentration and decreasing the viscosity lead to larger fracture dimensions, further increasing the risk of CO₂ leakage and diminishing caprock safety. An investigation of various mechanisms affecting caprock safety reveals that heterogeneity-controlled preferential flow and hydrochemical reactions tend to compromise caprock safety, while capillary forces and stress-sensitive fracture behavior increase sealing capacity. This study offers theoretical insights and practical guidance for CO₂ sequestration in tight reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}