Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Coupled Urban Risks: A Complex Systems Perspective with a People-Centric Focus","authors":"Min Ouyang ,&nbsp;Zekai Cheng ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Ma ,&nbsp;Hongwei Wang ,&nbsp;Stergios Aristoteles Mitoulis","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The complexity of coupled risks, which refer to the compounded effects of interacting uncertainties across multiple interdependent objectives, is inherent to cities functioning as dynamic, interdependent systems. A disruption in one domain ripples across various urban systems, often with unforeseen consequences. Central to this complexity are people, whose behaviors, needs, and vulnerabilities shape risk evolution and response effectiveness. Realizing cities as complex systems centered on human needs and behaviors is essential to understanding the complexities of coupled urban risks. This paper adopts a complex systems perspective to examine the intricacies of coupled urban risks, emphasizing the critical role of human decisions and behavior in shaping these dynamics. We focus on two key dimensions: cascading hazards in urban environments and cascading failures across interdependent exposed systems in cities. Existing risk assessment models often fail to capture the complexity of these processes, particularly when factoring in human decision-making. To tackle these challenges, we advocate for a standardized taxonomy of cascading hazards, urban components, and their interactions. At its core is a people-centric perspective, emphasizing the bidirectional interactions between people and the systems that serve them. Building on this foundation, we argue the need for an integrated, people-centric risk assessment framework that evaluates event impacts in relation to the hierarchical needs of people and incorporates their preparedness and response capacities. By leveraging real-time data, advanced simulations, and innovative validation methods, this framework aims to enhance the accuracy of coupled urban risk modeling. To effectively manage coupled urban risks, cities can draw from proven strategies in real complex systems. However, given the escalating uncertainties and complexities associated with climate change, prioritizing people-centric strategies is crucial. This approach will empower cities to build resilience not only against known hazards but also against evolving and unforeseen challenges in an increasingly uncertain world.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Pages 44-50"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Letter from the Editors-in-Chief","authors":"Zhou Ji,&nbsp;Raj Reddy","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Page 1"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"My Journey with Semiconductors","authors":"Kinam Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Pages 7-11"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixing Intensification for Advanced Materials Manufacturing","authors":"Chao Yang ,&nbsp;Guang-Wen Chu ,&nbsp;Xin Feng ,&nbsp;Yan-Bin Li ,&nbsp;Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Dan Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Duan ,&nbsp;Jian-Feng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mixing process plays a pivotal role in the design, optimization, and scale-up of chemical reactors. For most chemical reactions, achieving uniform and rapid contact between reactants at the molecular level is crucial. Mixing intensification encompasses innovative methods and tools that address the limitations of inadequate mixing within reactors, enabling efficient reaction scaling and boosting the productivity of industrial processes. This review provides a concise introduction to the fundamentals of multiphase mixing, followed by case studies highlighting the application of mixing intensification in the production of energy-storage materials, advanced optical materials, and nanopesticides. These examples illustrate the significance of theoretical analysis in informing and advancing engineering practices within the chemical industry. We also explore the challenges and opportunities in this field, offering insights based on our current understanding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Pages 135-144"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metamaterials: The Art in Materials Science","authors":"Jingbo Sun,&nbsp;Ji Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Composed of natural materials but constructed using artificial structures through ingenious design, metamaterials possess properties beyond nature. Unlike traditional materials studies, metamaterials research requires great human creativity in order to realize the desired properties and thereby the required functionalities through design. Such properties and functionalities are not necessarily available in nature, and their design can break through the existing materials ideology. This paper reviews progress in metamaterials research over the past 20 years in terms of the materials innovations that have achieved the designation of “meta.” In particular, we discuss future trends in metamaterials in the fields of both fundamental science and engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Pages 145-161"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China Can Achieve Carbon Neutrality in Line with the Paris Agreement’s 2 °C Target: Navigating Global Emissions Scenarios, Warming Levels, and Extreme Event Projections","authors":"Xiaoye Zhang ,&nbsp;Junting Zhong ,&nbsp;Xiliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Da Zhang ,&nbsp;Changhong Miao ,&nbsp;Deying Wang ,&nbsp;Lifeng Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes that China, under the challenge of balancing its development and security, can aim for the Paris Agreement’s goal to limit global warming to no more than 2 °C by actively seeking carbon-peak and carbon-neutrality pathways that align with China’s national conditions, rather than following the idealized path toward the 1.5 °C target by initially relying on extensive negative-emission technologies such as direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS). This work suggests that pursuing a 1.5 °C target is increasingly less feasible for China, as it would potentially incur 3–4 times the cost of pursuing the 2 °C target. With China being likely to achieve a peak in its emissions around 2028, at about 12.8 billion tonnes of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂), and become carbon neutral, projected global warming levels may be less severe after the 2050s than previously estimated. This could reduce the risk potential of climate tipping points and extreme events, especially considering that the other two major carbon emitters in the world (Europe and North America) have already passed their carbon peaks. While natural carbon sinks will contribute to China’s carbon neutrality efforts, they are not expected to be decisive in the transition stages. This research also addresses the growing focus on climate overshoot, tipping points, extreme events, loss and damage, and methane reductions in international climate cooperation, emphasizing the need to balance these issues with China’s development, security, and fairness considerations. China’s pursuit of carbon neutrality will have significant implications for global emissions scenarios, warming levels, and extreme event projections, as well as for climate change hotspots of international concern, such as climate tipping points, the climate crisis, and the notion that the world has moved from a warming to a boiling era. Possible research recommendations for global emissions scenarios based on China’s 2 °C target pathway are also summarized.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Pages 207-214"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Impacts of Elevated CO2 on Food Security: Nutrient Assimilation, Plant Growth, and Crop Quality","authors":"Felix D. Dakora ,&nbsp;Huihui Li ,&nbsp;Jun Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite its negative impacts on plant functioning, climate change benefits plants at the cellular level. For example, the stimulation of C3 photosynthesis by elevated CO₂ can increase N₂ fixation by 73% and grain yield by 10%–11%. The global elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration has already decreased the nitrogen content in C3 crop species and C3 woody vegetation by 14% and 21%, respectively, regardless of added nitrogen fertilizer. ¹⁵N-feeding experiments have shown that, after 19 h under elevated CO₂, the ¹⁵N concentration in the stems, roots plus rhizomes, and whole plants of <em>Scirpus olneyi</em> (<em>S</em>. <em>olneyi</em>) decreased by 51%, 63%, and 74%, respectively. Moreover, <em>S. olneyi</em> showed reduced NH₄⁺ assimilation under elevated CO₂, which decreased the amino acid contents in the stems by 25.6% for glycine and 65.0% for serine, and that in the roots plus rhizomes by 2% for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and 80% for glutamate. Wheat grain protein has also been found to decrease by 7.4% under elevated CO₂ due to reductions in threonine, valine, iso-leucine, leucine, and phenylalanine. The mineral nutrient contents in grains of rice and maize were similarly found to decrease under high CO₂ by 1.0% and 7.1% for phosphorus, 7.8% and 2.1% for sulfur, 5.2% and 5.8% for iron, 3.3% and 5.2% for zinc, 10.6% and 9.9% for copper, and 7.5% and 4.2% for manganese, respectively. In general, mineral concentrations in C3 plants are predicted to decrease by 8% under elevated CO₂, while total non-structural carbohydrates (mainly starch and sugars) are expected to increase. These decreases in grain protein, amino acids, and mineral nutrients could double the incidence of global protein-calorie malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency—especially in Africa, where agricultural soils are inherently low in nutrient elements. Additionally, the increase in total non-structural carbohydrates (mainly starch and sugars) in cereal crops could elevate diabetes incidence due to heavy reliance on starchy diets. The negative effects of elevated CO₂ on rice, maize, and wheat—the world’s three major staple crops—suggest an increase in global food insecurity with rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Pages 234-244"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionizing Crop Breeding: Next-Generation Artificial Intelligence and Big Data-Driven Intelligent Design","authors":"Ying Zhang ,&nbsp;Guanmin Huang ,&nbsp;Yanxin Zhao ,&nbsp;Xianju Lu ,&nbsp;Yanru Wang ,&nbsp;Chuanyu Wang ,&nbsp;Xinyu Guo ,&nbsp;Chunjiang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The security of the seed industry is crucial for ensuring national food security. Currently, developed countries in Europe and America, along with international seed industry giants, have entered the Breeding 4.0 era. This era integrates biotechnology, artificial intelligence (AI), and big data information technology. In contrast, China is still in a transition period between stages 2.0 and 3.0, which primarily relies on conventional selection and molecular breeding. In the context of increasingly complex international situations, accurately identifying core issues in China’s seed industry innovation and seizing the frontier of international seed technology are strategically important. These efforts are essential for ensuring food security and revitalizing the seed industry. This paper systematically analyzes the characteristics of crop breeding data from artificial selection to intelligent design breeding. It explores the applications and development trends of AI and big data in modern crop breeding from several key perspectives. These include high-throughput phenotype acquisition and analysis, multiomics big data database and management system construction, AI-based multiomics integrated analysis, and the development of intelligent breeding software tools based on biological big data and AI technology. Based on an in-depth analysis of the current status and challenges of China’s seed industry technology development, we propose strategic goals and key tasks for China’s new generation of AI and big data-driven intelligent design breeding. These suggestions aim to accelerate the development of an intelligent-driven crop breeding engineering system that features large-scale gene mining, efficient gene manipulation, engineered variety design, and systematized biobreeding. This study provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the development of China’s seed industry technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Pages 245-255"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence in Cancer Immunotherapy: Navigating Challenges and Unlocking Opportunities","authors":"Wei Xiang ,&nbsp;Lu Yu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyuan Chen ,&nbsp;Marco J. Herold","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Pages 12-16"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organ Preservation: History, Advancements, and Perspectives","authors":"Xinmeng Liu ,&nbsp;Zhiquan Shu ,&nbsp;Liming Zhang ,&nbsp;Haoyue Li ,&nbsp;Jing Yang ,&nbsp;Lei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.12.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advances in organ transplantation, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery have emphasized the critical importance of effective preservation techniques for organs. Despite these advances, current preservation techniques have significant limitations in maintaining the viability and functional efficacy of organs over the long term. As a result, there is a pressing need to develop reliable and efficient preservation strategies for organs. Currently, the clinical standard for organ preservation involves the use of static cold storage and organ machine perfusion, but these methods can only preserve organs for a couple of days or even a few hours. Notably, the development of cryobiology has yielded promising alternatives. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the progression of organ preservation methods, while emphasizing the limitations of traditional approaches. Moreover, we evaluate advanced preservation techniques for organs, including kidneys, livers, hearts, lungs, and intestines. Furthermore, we share a progress perspective on the future of organ preservation, with the ultimate goal of achieving viable long-term preservation to address the pressing issue of organ shortage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"44 ","pages":"Pages 112-134"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}