Environmental toxicology and pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Diverse alterations and correlations in antioxidant gene expression in honeybee (Apis mellifera) hemocytes interacting with microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns and pesticide cocktails","authors":"Dani Sukkar ,&nbsp;Lea Wagner ,&nbsp;Antoine Bonnefoy ,&nbsp;Jairo Falla-Angel ,&nbsp;Philippe Laval-Gilly","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Imidacloprid and amitraz, two common pesticides, affect honeybee health, behavior, and pathogen resistance. Understanding multi-risk exposures is vital to explaining their role in hive performance decline and colony health. This study assessed antioxidant system genes to evaluate pesticide impacts on immune response and enzymes responsible for hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production. Honeybee hemocytes were exposed to imidacloprid and amitraz at various concentrations, alongside pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) like zymosan A (ZYM), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and peptidoglycan (PGN). Imidacloprid primarily affects mitochondrial components like mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), while amitraz decreases the expression of both mitochondrial and cytosolic genes (MnSOD, DUOX, and CuZnSOD). PAMPs modulate antioxidant responses, with LPS showing the strongest impact. DUOX and the phenoloxidase system are consistently linked. While AmPPO (prophenoloxidase) involved in melanization is less affected, pesticides significantly disrupt H₂O₂ production and antioxidant defenses, complicating risk assessment robustness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 104649"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143077723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigation of experimental hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inonotus obliquus Mushroom extract in association with oxidative stress and inflammation signaling","authors":"Zaved Ahmad ,&nbsp;Pir Mohammad Ishfaq ,&nbsp;Subodh Kumar Jain ,&nbsp;Siddhartha Kumar Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chaga mushroom (<em>Inonotus obliquus</em>) has been a component of folk medicine treating several disorders mainly through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, yet its effects on liver carcinoma needed elucidation. This study investigated the effect of an aqueous extract of <em>Inonotus obliquus</em> (IOAE) against diethyl-nitrosamine/carbon tetrachloride (DEN/CCl₄) induced HCC in mice and addressed its molecular mechanism. HCC was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of DEN (1 mg/kg b.w.) followed by CCl₄ (0.2 ml/kg, i.p., twice a week) after six weeks. IOAE (200 mg/kg b.w.) was administered orally after the induction of HCC. Physiological and hematological parameters and biochemical assays for oxidative stress markers were performed. Histopathological and immunohistochemistry for inflammation and apoptosis were performed. DEN/CCl₄ caused a reduction in mice body weight and an increase in the liver weight which was significantly restored by IOAE administration. The tumor incidence of DEN/CCl₄ (100 %) was reduced to about 25 % by IOAE supplementation. DEN/CCl₄ caused alterations in the hematological parameters, serum total protein albumin globulin, A/G ratio, liver function markers (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase gamma-glutamyl transferase, acid phosphatase and bilirubin) and lipid profile markers that were significantly restored by IOAE administration. Oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, nitric oxide, lactate dehydrogenase, and glutathione-s-transferase) were reduced by DEN/CCl₄ which were significantly restored by IOAE treatment. The liver histopathology alterations caused by DEN/CCl₄ were significantly ameliorated by IOAE treatment. Immunohistochemical studies suggest that AFP, caspase-3, COX-2, and iNOS were chronically overexpressed in DEN/CCl₄-exposed mice which were notably attenuated by IOAE administration. Collectively IOAE was found to suppress tumor incidence by suppressing iNOS-COX-2-dependent inflammation and caspase-3 mediated apoptosis. Chaga mushroom showed remarkable anticancer effects against liver carcinoma through induction of apoptosis and suppression of inflammation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 104648"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143076740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aflatoxin B1-induced DNA adduct formation in murine kidney and liver","authors":"Pawel Jaruga ,&nbsp;Vladimir L. Vartanian ,&nbsp;Irina G. Minko ,&nbsp;Miral Dizdaroglu ,&nbsp;R. Stephen Lloyd","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aflatoxicosis is a life-threatening nephrotoxic condition arising from eating foods highly contaminated with aflatoxin-producing molds. Additionally, chronic aflatoxin exposures are linked to enhanced hepatocellular carcinomas. Using recent advances in mass spectrometry for the detection of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) DNA adducts, we present data which show generation of these adducts in the kidney, albeit at ≈ 100-fold lower levels than in the liver of the same animal. This result is consistent with tissue-specific differences in the expression of cytochrome P450s implicated in the activation of AFB₁. Although the mechanisms underlying aflatoxin-induced nephrotoxicity had been postulated to be driven by the generation of high levels of reactive oxygen species, measurement of oxidatively-induced DNA base damage did not reveal evidence for genotoxic induction of these lesions. Overall, this investigation provides evidence of the formation of aflatoxin-specific adducts in kidney tissue and challenges the hypothesis of acute aflatoxin exposures generating reactive oxygen-mediated DNA damage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 104647"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143070405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ex vivo electrophysiological evaluation of peripheral nerve functioning following exposition of adult mice to the organophosphorus pesticide chlormephos","authors":"Robert Frangež ,&nbsp;Evelyne Benoit","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The organophosphorus pesticide chlormephos was tested for its potential peripheral neurotoxicity by analyzing the diphasic compound action potential (CAP) of sciatic nerves isolated from adult mice chronically exposed to a sub-lethal dose of this pesticide, compared with control age-matched animals being only exposed to the vehicle. No significant modification was detected between chlormephos-exposed and control groups in their nerve responsiveness to stimulus. Furthermore, similar values of CAP kinetic variables were obtained from the two mouse groups. Finally, no abnormality concerning CAP refractory periods and responsiveness to high frequency stimulation (nerve fatigue) was exhibited by chlormephos-treated mice, when compared with control animals. These results complicate the screening for the potential neurotoxicity of organophosphates since they support the contention that the peripheral neuropathy induced by chronical exposition to sub-lethal doses of chlormephos is species dependents does not necessary correlate well with the clinical signs observed at the central nervous system level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 104645"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143070407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the multigenerational effects of DDT residues exposure on dental development in Wistar rats","authors":"Camilla de Marchi Sanches Azevedo ,&nbsp;Fernanda Coleraus ,&nbsp;Ana Tereza Bittencourt Guimarães ,&nbsp;Christian Kirschneck ,&nbsp;Erika Calvano Küchler","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pesticide Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its degradation by-products (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane-DDD and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene-DDE) are health concerns. This study aimed to investigate the impact of multigenerational exposure to traces of DDD and DDE on odontogenesis Wistar rats were allocated in 4 groups over 2 generations (F1 and F2). Water was provided ad libitum throughout the animal's life groups: control - natural water; DDD - 0.0147 µM DDD; DDE - 0.0056 µM DDE; and DDD+DDE - mixture of the two solutions. They were euthanized and the heads removed for computer tomography for molars measurements (mesio-distal – MD and buccal-lingual BL dimensions). DDE increased the first molar dimensions (p &lt; 0.05) and maxillary third molars (p &lt; 0.05). DDD resulted in mandible third molar reduction (p &lt; 0.05). There was no difference between F1 and F2 and between sexes (p &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, DDE was associated with a possible hypertrophic effect on maxillary molars developmental, while DDD was associated to reduction in mandible molars.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 104646"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143061787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing aflatoxin exposure in the United Arab Emirates (UAE): Biomonitoring AFM1 levels in urine samples and their association with dietary habits","authors":"Shahd Elabed ,&nbsp;Raghad Khaled ,&nbsp;Nada Farhat ,&nbsp;Mohamed Madkour ,&nbsp;Shima A. Mohammad Zadeh ,&nbsp;Tamer Shousha ,&nbsp;Jalal Taneera ,&nbsp;Lucy Semerjian ,&nbsp;Khaled Abass","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Aflatoxins, known for their carcinoginc properties and produced by Aspergillus fungi, pose a substantial threat to public health, particularly in regions with hot and humid climates, where individuals are exposed to these toxins through contaminated food. The primary objective of this study was to assess the extent of aflatoxin exposure in the Emirate of Sharjah employing Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) as a biomarker in urine samples from adult participants. Furthermore, this study aimed to explore the relationship between dietary habits and AFM1 levels in order to establish a potential link.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In a cross-sectional study design, a total of 144 adults (73 females and 71 males) were recruited for participation. The urine samples obtained from participants were subjected to analysis for AFM1 concentrations utilizing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Additionally, structured questionnaires were administered to collect information on the dietary and lifestyle habits of the participants. To explore the relationship between dietary factors and AFM1 levels, various statistical analyses, including linear regression and the Mann-Whitney U test, were performed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>AFM1 was detected in 69 % of the samples under invstigation, wherein males exhibited a higher mean level (0.912 ng/mg creatinine) in comparison to females (0.676 ng/mg creatinine). The overall mean concentration of AFM1 was determined to be 0.792 ng/mg creatinine. It is worth noting that there was a significant correlation between rice consumption and heightened AFM1 exposure among males, while no such correlation was observed among females.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study conducted in the UAE provides novel perspectives on aflatoxin exposure, shedding light on the gender-specific correlation between rice consumption and aflatoxin levels among males. These findings hold significant implications for guiding public health interventions and underscore the pivotal role of ongoing surveillance and stringent food safety regulations in mitigating the hazards associated with aflatoxin contamination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 104644"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxic effects of deltamethrin on oxidative stress, behavioural, organosomatic indices and histopathological changes in Digitonthophagus gazella (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae)","authors":"Nishi Pandya ,&nbsp;Ankita Salunke ,&nbsp;Pankaj Sharma ,&nbsp;Parth Pandya ,&nbsp;Pragna Parikh","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104642","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104642","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pyrethroids pose a great concern to the declining population of dung beetles and the sustainability of ecosystem services. This study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of deltamethrin on <em>Digitonthophagus gazella</em>. First, the LC₅₀ value (0.275 ppm) was determined, and sub-lethal concentrations (LD; low dose-0.014ppm, MD; medium dose-0.028ppm, and HD; high dose-0.055ppm) were assessed for physiological effects. The findings showed a significant dose and time dependent increase in fluorescence intensity (DCF-DA staining) and a decrease in antioxidant activity, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, significant down regulation of <em>cyp4g7</em>, <em>cyp6bq9</em>, and <em>cyp4q4</em> expression indicates enhanced oxidative stress. Additionally, a reduction in the organosomatic index, accompanied by histological changes in the brain, gut, and gonads, suggests potential functional disturbances. Overall, deltamethrin exposure had profound and irreversible pathological consequences on various vital organs and systems in <em>D. gazella</em>, affecting reproduction and nesting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 104642"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143043745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate on Boana faber tadpoles exposed in the laboratory: Morphological and functional markers","authors":"Cristiano Roberto Hentges ,&nbsp;Laura Kauer Schuck ,&nbsp;Carolina De Abreu Caberlon ,&nbsp;Alexandro Marques Tozetti ,&nbsp;Guendalina Turcato Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on the oxidative balance, energy metabolism, and body condition indices in tadpoles of <em>Boana faber.</em> Anuran spawns were collected, and after hatching and reaching Gosner stage 25, they were acclimated and exposed (168 hours) to concentrations of glyphosate (G1: 65, G2: 260, and G3: 520 µg/L). The body condition markers revealed a significant decrease in all these biomarkers in G2 and G3. Tadpoles exposed to the highest concentration of glyphosate showed an increase in superoxide dismutase activity and the maintenance of lipoperoxidation levels. Carbonyl proteins of animals of G1 and G2 groups showed a reduction that coincides with increased catalase activity. Glycogen decreased in all exposed groups, indicating that this polysaccharide was used for energy production. The body condition markers established here are a non-invasive and promising way of assessing the health status of animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 104643"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143043794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxicity of sub-lethal doses of vanadium pentoxide in male Oryctolagus cuniculus","authors":"Augustine U. Nnama ,&nbsp;Ifeanyi O. Aguzie ,&nbsp;Chike F. Oguejiofor ,&nbsp;Gladys Ndidiamaka Ugwu ,&nbsp;Maureen N. Chukwu ,&nbsp;Christopher D. Nwani","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) is one of the compounds that have been reported to pose varying degrees of toxicity upon exposure; thus, making it a challenging environmental hazard that affects living organisms. This study investigated the cytotoxicity effects of daily sub-lethal oral doses of V₂O₅ on the bone marrow of male <em>Oryctolagus cuniculus</em> after 21 days. Male <em>O. cuniculus</em> (<em>n</em> = 60, ∼ 6 week old, 433.45 ± 5.00 g body weight) were simply randomized into four experimental groups and a control with three replicates of four animals each. Based on the estimated 96-h LD₅₀ value of 119.0 mg/kg, sub-lethal doses of V₂O₅ were prepared as 1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, and administered to the test animals daily by oral gavage for 21 days. Vanadium pentoxide induced cytotoxicity in the bone marrow cells (BMCs) of exposed groups, with significant changes in all evaluated haemopoietic bone marrow stem cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes and plasma cells). There were mixed trends in the values of leucocyte differentials in the exposed animal. Oral exposure to V₂O₅ exerts cytopathologic effects in the forms of DNA damage on the bone marrow of <em>O. cuniculus</em>. These findings support previous reports on the environmental hazards vanadium pentoxide poses to living organisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 104641"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143018443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixture effects of arsenic and chromium on erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities and expression of DNA repair, tumor suppressor and apoptotic genes in liver of zebrafish","authors":"Sreejata Kamila,&nbsp;Koushik Kumar Dey,&nbsp;Tanmoy Das,&nbsp;Ansuman Chattopadhyay","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigated the individual and mixture effects of Arsenic (As) and Chromium (Cr) at their environmental concentrations in zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>). After 15, 30 and 60 days of exposure, increased frequencies of erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENAs) were noticed. After 60 days of exposure, DNA damage was observed in liver and base excision DNA repair (BER) and mismatch DNA repair (MMR) pathways were studied to know the cellular responses. Altered expression of BER (<em>ogg1</em>, <em>apex1</em>, <em>creb1</em>, <em>polb</em>) and MMR (<em>mlh1, msh2</em>, <em>msh6</em>) genes indicated inhibition of DNA repair. Downregulation of tumor suppressor genes (<em>p53</em> and <em>brca2</em>) occurred in mixture group. Downregulation of <em>bax</em>, <em>caspase9</em> and decreased <em>bax/bcl2</em> ratio indicated prevention of intrinsic apoptotic pathway in treated groups. Results indicated As and Cr-induced predisposition to genomic instability and carcinogenesis in zebrafish. Overall, this study confirmed the additive genotoxic effects of As and Cr in zebrafish erythrocytes and in liver after chronic exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 104640"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143018444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}