Drug Delivery最新文献

{"title":"Exploiting the potential of <i>in situ</i> forming liquid crystals: development and <i>in vitro</i> performance of long-acting depots for peptide drug thymosin alpha 1 subcutaneous administration.","authors":"Mercedes Vitek, Alenka Zvonar Pobirk, Robert Roškar, Mirjam Gosenca Matjaž","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2460708","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2460708","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fast-growing filed of long-acting depots for subcutaneous (SC) administration holds significant potential to enhance patient adherence to treatment regimens, particularly in the context of chronic diseases. Among them, injectable <i>in situ</i> forming lyotropic liquid crystals (LCCs) consisting of hexagonal mesophases represent an attractive platform due to their remarkable highly ordered microstructure enabling the sustained drug release. These systems are especially relevant for peptide drugs, as their use is limited by their short plasma half-life and inherent poor stability. In this study, we thus aimed to exploit the potential of a liquid crystalline platform for the sustained release of peptide drug thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1), characterized by a short plasma half-life and with that associated twice-weekly SC administration regimen. We initially selected specified ingredients, with ethanol serving to reduce viscosity and stabilize the peptide drug Tα1, lecithin contributing to LCCs formation and stabilization, and glycerol monooleate or glycerol monolinoleate representing the hexagonal LCCs forming matrix material. The selected studied nonaqueous precursor formulations were characterized by suitable rheological properties for SC injection. A convenient and rapid <i>in situ</i> phase transition of precursor formulations to hexagonal LCCs, triggered by water absorption, was successfully accomplished <i>in vitro.</i> Notably, <i>in situ</i> formed LCCs demonstrated sustained release kinetics of the peptide drug Tα1 for up to 2 weeks of <i>in vitro</i> release testing, offering minimized dosing frequency and thus promoting patient adherence. In summary, the newly developed <i>in situ</i> forming liquid crystalline systems represent prospective injectable long-acting depots for SC administration of the peptide drug Tα1.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"32 1","pages":"2460708"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11899226/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143603557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ADAMTS5-specific gapmer release from an albumin biomolecular assembly and cartilage internalization triggered by ultrasound.","authors":"Marwa Elkhashab, Goncalo Barreto, Maxime Fauconnier, Yohann Le Bourlout, Laura B Creemers, Heikki J Nieminen, Kenneth A Howard","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2464921","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2464921","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have reached the clinic; however, they lack tissue specificity. Albumin is a plasma-abundant macromolecule that has been shown to accumulate in inflamed tissues. In this work, we have designed a recombinant human albumin (rHA)-based biomolecular assembly incorporating a DNase-resistant phosphorothioate-based complementary oligonucleotide (cODN) and an anti-ADAMTS5 ASO for potential delivery to inflamed sites. Ultrasound (US) was used to trigger ASO release from the assembly and enhance internalization into articular cartilage.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A phosphorothioate cODN was conjugated to rHA through a maleimide cross-linker after which, a therapeutic ADAMTS5-specific gapmer ASO was annealed to the cODN. ASO release was assessed after exposing the biomolecular assembly to different US conditions using an US-actuated medical needle operating at 32.2 kHz. Gene silencing efficiency of US-treated anti-ADAMTS5 ASO was assessed in human primary chondrocytes isolated from osteoarthritic patients. US-mediated ASO penetration into articular cartilage was assessed on <i>ex vivo</i> bovine articular cartilage.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ASO release was observed after exposure to US waves in continuous mode conditions that did not compromise ASO gene silencing efficiency in human chondrocytes. Furthermore, US increased ASO internalization into bovine articular cartilage after 30 min of application without detrimental effects on chondrocyte viability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A medical needle driven by continuous US waves at 32.2 kHz has the capability of disassembling a duplex oligonucleotide and enhancing released ASOs internalization into articular cartilage. This work offers the potential delivery and the local triggered release of ASOs at the surface of articular cartilage providing potential benefits for the treatment of diverse cartilage pathologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"32 1","pages":"2464921"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11841101/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143448579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review of liposomal nanofibrous scaffolds as a drug delivery system: a decade of progress in controlled release and therapeutic efficacy.","authors":"Houssam Aaref Abboud, Romána Zelkó, Adrienn Kazsoki","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2024.2445259","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2024.2445259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drug-loaded liposomes incorporated in nanofibrous scaffolds is a promising approach as a multi-unit nanoscale system, which combines the merits of both liposomes and nanofibers (NFs), eliminating the drawback of liposomes' poor stability on the one hand and offering a higher potential of controlled drug release and enhanced therapeutic efficacy on the other hand. The current systematic review, which underwent a rigorous search process in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Central (Cochrane) employing (Liposome AND nanofib* AND electrosp*) as search keywords, aims to present the recent studies on using this synergic system for different therapeutic applications. The search was restricted to original, peer-reviewed studies published in English between 2014 and 2024. Of the 309 identified records, only 29 studies met the inclusion criteria. According to the literature, three different methods were identified to fabricate those nanofibrous liposomal scaffolds. The results consistently demonstrated the superiority of this dual system for numerous therapeutic applications in improving the therapy efficacy, enhancing both liposomes and drug stability, and releasing the encapsulated drug in a proper sustained release without significant initial burst release. Merging drug-loaded liposomes with NFs as liposomal nanofibrous scaffolds are a safe and efficient approach to deliver drug molecules and other substances for various pharmaceutical applications, particularly for wound dressing, tissue engineering, cancer therapy, and drug administration <i>via</i> the buccal and sublingual routes. However, further research is warranted to explore the potential of this system in other therapeutic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"32 1","pages":"2445259"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11703383/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142892954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> antifungal efficacy against <i>Candida albicans</i> of nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with benzyl isothiocyanate extracted from <i>Carica papaya</i> L. seeds.","authors":"Zelin Zheng, Zijie Li, Mingqi Yu, Xinyi Ma, Jie Gao, Yan Wang, Jinyan Wu, Xiaodan Yu, Yinzheng Ma, Xiaowen He","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2544687","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2544687","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Candida albicans</i> is the most prominent conditional fungal pathogen, which can cause systemic candidiasis when an individual becomes immunocompromised. The widespread and long-term use of azoles like fluconazole (FLC) has led to a significant increase in drug resistance, posing substantial challenges to clinical treatment. In our previous study, benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) was extracted from <i>Carica papaya</i> L. seed, and it exhibited a notable inhibitory effect against <i>C. albicans</i>. However, the application of BITC is restricted by its instability, poor water solubility, volatility, and easy degradation. This study aimed to prepare BITC-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (BITC-NLC) to address these limitations of BITC and enhance antifungal efficacy <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> against <i>C. albicans</i>. The results of physicochemical properties showed that BITC-NLC had small particle size, good physical stability, and high encapsulation efficiency. <i>In vitro</i>, the antifungal effect of BITC-NLC was better than BITC against both sensitive and resistant <i>C. albicans</i> and better than FLC against resistant <i>C. albicans</i>. Moreover, in the <i>in vivo</i> experiment using systemic candidiasis mice model induced by resistant <i>C. albicans</i>, BITC-NLC was more remarkable than BITC and FLC in the increase of the survival rate and the splenic index, the reduction of the fungal burden, and the alleviation of the pathological damage. These findings may be attributed to the enhanced stability and sustained release of BITC. This study highlights the potential of BITC-NLC as a novel and effective formulation for the clinical treatment of drug-resistant <i>C. albicans</i> infections, thereby expanding the application scope of papaya.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"32 1","pages":"2544687"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12344672/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144820897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Light-triggered nanocarriers for nucleic acid delivery.","authors":"Baihao Huang, Stefaan C De Smedt, Winnok H De Vos, Kevin Braeckmans","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2502346","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2502346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gene therapy has evolved into a clinically viable strategy, with several approved products demonstrating its therapeutic potential for genetic disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases, and it has ample applications in regenerative medicine. Its success depends on the ability to efficiently and specifically deliver therapeutic nucleic acids (NAs) into target cells. Although viral or chemical carriers have been used in pioneering applications, safety concerns, and variable delivery efficiencies have prompted the search for alternative delivery vehicles. Light-mediated strategies have gained particular interest due to their biocompatibility and ability to improve the intracellular delivery efficiency. In this review, we focus on recent advancements in the development of light-triggered NA delivery carriers and discuss how they can be designed to overcome specific intracellular barriers. Additionally, we discuss notable therapeutic applications and highlight challenges and opportunities for translating this technology to a clinical setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"32 1","pages":"2502346"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12082745/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144076647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanomedicine initiates ferroptosis for enhanced lung cancer therapy.","authors":"Yitianhe Xu, Kaiying Zhang, Zhanzheng Ye, Zihao Huang, Ruijie Chen, Youting Zhang, Hailin Zhang, Longfa Kou","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2527752","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2527752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide, with persistently high morbidity and mortality rates. Despite years of research in the field, a complete cure for this disease remains elusive. Current clinical treatment options primarily include chemotherapy, surgery, and targeted drugs. However, these treatments are often limited by the highly metastatic nature of lung tumors and the development of drug resistance, resulting in suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death mechanism driven by lipid peroxidation, offers promising potential to overcome drug resistance in lung cancer. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled targeted delivery and precise regulation of ferroptosis pathways, addressing the limitations of conventional therapies. This review systematically summarizes current strategies utilizing nanomedicine to induce ferroptosis in lung cancer, with a focus on key molecular targets, such as GPX4, System Xc^-, and FSP1, as well as innovative delivery platforms including metal nanoparticles, nanozymes, and responsive liposomes. Unique challenges in pulmonary drug delivery, such as mucociliary clearance and oxidative microenvironments are also discussed, along with lung cancer-specific solutions like inhalable systems and tumor microenvironment remodeling. Furthermore, we compare ferroptosis nanotherapies across different cancers to highlight the distinctive innovations in lung cancer. This article provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress and proposes optimized strategies to enhance therapeutic efficacy, offering insights into the translational potential of ferroptosis-based nanomedicine in lung cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"32 1","pages":"2527752"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12231325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144567326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dexamethasone conjugation to an Avidin-Nucleic-Acid-NanoASsembly eliminates the steroid plasma absorption, enhancing selective lung tropism in a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis.","authors":"Annalisa Morelli, Elisa Schiavon, Martina Bruna Violatto, Giulia Yuri Moscatiello, Anita Salmaso, Alice Passoni, Alessia Lanno, Simone Bernardotto, Martina Stocco, Andrea Mattarei, Renzo Bagnati, Federica Meloni, Paolo Bigini, Margherita Morpurgo","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2531063","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2531063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite their anti-inflammatory activity, corticosteroids are limited in clinic due to poor selectivity and their side effects. The ability to cross biological barriers makes them powerful yet unspecific, leading to toxicity and a low therapeutic index that limits their chronic use in autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. It is needed another approachfor innovative targeted delivery strategies. This study aimed at investigating if the dexamethasone conjugation to Avidin-Nucleic-Acid-NanoASsembly (ANANAS) could allow its selective lung release in the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. Since recent evidence showed a selective ANANAS accumulation in macrophage lysosomes in a liver fibrosis model, an acid-sensitive hydrazone linker was used to facilitate dexamethasone release into pulmonary macrophages, key players in lung fibrosis. Systemic ANANAS-Dex administration in healthy mice showed no dexamethasone release in plasma or peripheral organs, with delivery exclusively targeting the liver, independent of the health status. While this confirmed the nanocarrier safety, it underscored the influence of the administration route, rather than the disease state, on ANANAS-Dex tropism. The study on intranasal administration highlighted that: 1) free Dex circulates in the bloodstream, while ANANAS keeps the drug confined in the lungs; 2) ANANAS-Dex results in sustained drug release in the lungs, enhancing the lungs/plasma-peripheral organs ratio; 3) fibrotic mice exhibited prolonged kinetics and macrophage targeting. Based on the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics studies, it is possible to achieve controlled and safe steroid release in lung disorders, reducing systemic toxicity and potentially enhancing clinical compliance.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"32 1","pages":"2531063"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12360055/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144862217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating nurse preferences for a novel on-body delivery system vs. manual syringes for large-volume subcutaneous drug administration: a survey study.","authors":"Mehul Desai, Beth Faiman, Lisa A Gorski, Ashley Miles, Valentina Sterlin, Nicole Curry","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2484278","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2484278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While nurses report challenges with the manual administration of large-volume subcutaneous drugs, these challenges and potential solutions are not captured in the literature. In this cross-sectional study, 45 nurses with experience administering large-volume subcutaneous biologics completed an 18-item survey about preferences for syringes vs. on-body delivery systems. 100% responded that an on-body delivery system seemed easy to learn and use and preferable to syringes. In a drug delivery scenario including comprehensive administration details and assuming equivalent safety and efficacy, 97.78% preferred the on-body delivery system to a daratumumab/hyaluronidase syringe. In the total sample, this preference was primarily attributed to (1) reduced nurse effort due to hands-free delivery, (2) decreased patient pain due to a thinner needle, (3) elimination of needlestick injuries due to a hidden needle, and (4) increased clinic efficiency due to hands-free delivery. 95.56% felt that the on-body delivery system would improve clinic throughput better than syringes. Nurses reported that an on-body delivery system would be easy to learn and use and would improve clinic efficiency and safety. They underscored the importance of decreasing nurse physical burden, needlestick injuries, and patient needle phobia. Contrary to the assumption that speed is paramount, nurses prioritized reducing effort, enhancing administration safety, and improving patient comfort over injection speed.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"32 1","pages":"2484278"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11980192/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143771515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced cell-derived drug delivery systems for pulmonary diseases: from bench to bedside.","authors":"Fei Li, Wenjie Xu, Junyong Wu, Jiwen Zhang, Xingyu Wei, Dehua Liao","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2564814","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2564814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nowadays, pulmonary diseases (PDs) are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Conventional therapeutic approaches exhibit disappointing efficacies due to difficulty in drug delivery and systemic cytotoxicity. In recent years, novel formulations of therapeutic drugs rised as alternatives for clinical treatment. Among them, cell-derived drug delivery systems (CDDSs) have garnered attention for their potential in treating PDs. By harnessing the innate migratory capabilities, barrier-crossing potential, high biocompatibility, and substantial drug-loading capacity of cell derivatives, CDDSs offer a promising approach for PD treatment. However, there was no systemic report in summarizing CDDSs in PDs. In this review, We first examined the biological properties and therapeutic advantages of various CDDSs in the context of PDs, including red blood cells (RBCs), stem cells, platelets, macrophages, neutrophils, tumor cells, microalgae, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and biomimetic cell membrane. We then discussed common preparation strategies and different modification methods of CDDSs. Finally, we summarized the current therapeutic advancements of CDDSs in multiple PDs. We hope this review serves as a valuable reference for utilizing CDDSs in the treatment of PDs and other diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"32 1","pages":"2564814"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12486461/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145191359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of nebulizers on nanoparticles-based gene delivery efficiency: <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> comparison of jet and mesh nebulizers using branched-polyethyleneimine.","authors":"Rosy Ghanem, Xavier Buin, Tanguy Haute, Justine Philippe, Ghalia Kaouane, Lara Leclerc, Maël Guivarch, Tony Le Gall, Jérémie Pourchez, Tristan Montier","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2463428","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2463428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanoparticles-based gene delivery has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of genetic diseases based on efficient delivery systems for therapeutic nucleic acids (NAs) into the target cells. For pulmonary diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), infectious disease or lung cancer, aerosol delivery is the best choice to locally deliver NAs into the lungs. It is, therefore, important to investigate the effects of nebulization conditions on the efficiency of delivery. To this purpose, the non-viral vector branched polyethyleneimine (b-PEI, 25 kDa) was investigated for plasmid delivery by aerosol. Two types of nebulizers, jet nebulizer and mesh nebulizer, were compared regarding the properties of the nanoparticles (NPs) formed, the efficiency of NAs delivery <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> models and the pulmonary deposition. The results indicate that the mesh nebulizer has a better gene delivery performance than the jet nebulizer in this application. This superiority was demonstrated in terms of size, concentration, distribution of NPs and efficiency of NAs delivery. However, pulmonary deposition appears to be similar regardless of the nebulizer used, and the difference between the two systems lies in the inhalable dose. These results underline the crucial role of nebulization techniques in optimizing aerosol-mediated gene delivery by b-PEI and highlight the potential of mesh nebulizers as promising tools to improved gene therapy. Therefore, the comparison must be performed for each gene therapy formulation to determine the most suitable nebulizer.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"32 1","pages":"2463428"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11816613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143390107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}