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Optimizing BER Performance of DSP-Based Equalizer in High-Speed ADC-Based Receivers 高速adc接收机中基于dsp均衡器的误码率优化
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70408
Yoona Lee, Hanseok Kim, Jin-Seok Heo, Woo-Seok Choi
{"title":"Optimizing BER Performance of DSP-Based Equalizer in High-Speed ADC-Based Receivers","authors":"Yoona Lee,&nbsp;Hanseok Kim,&nbsp;Jin-Seok Heo,&nbsp;Woo-Seok Choi","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70408","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70408","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As four-level pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM-4) signal becomes widely adopted for high-speed wireline communication, robust equalization is crucial due to reduced eye-opening and increased sensitivity to channel loss, compared to PAM-2. Utilizing analog-to-digital converters and digital signal processing with a feed-forward equalizer (FFE) and a decision-feedback equalizer (DFE), conventional equalizer adaptation may result in suboptimal bit-error-rate (BER) performance. This letter introduces an improved training algorithm to obtain the optimal equalizer configuration (i.e., main tap position in FFE and the DFE tap coefficient). The experimental results demonstrate superior BER performance of the proposed algorithm compared to the conventional approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70408","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Beam Self-Adjusting Algorithm for UAV Swarms Using Deep Reinforcement Learning 基于深度强化学习的无人机群波束自调整算法
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70420
Yibo Wang, Ruolin Yu, Xinyao Huang, Yuan Qi, Rongrong Qian
{"title":"Beam Self-Adjusting Algorithm for UAV Swarms Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","authors":"Yibo Wang,&nbsp;Ruolin Yu,&nbsp;Xinyao Huang,&nbsp;Yuan Qi,&nbsp;Rongrong Qian","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70420","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70420","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This letter proposes a beam self-adjusting algorithm (BSA) based on deep reinforcement learning, for narrow-beam transmissions in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms with directional antennas. The proposed BSA algorithm enables UAVs to adapt their transmitted beam direction, beam arc length, and signal power through learning motion characteristics of UAVs. Simulation results show that the BSA algorithm achieves complete beam coverage while reducing beam arc length, thereby improving both communication reliability and energy efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70420","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Revisit: Multi-Tree Approach to Mutable Order-Preserving Encoding 重温：可变保序编码的多树方法
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-06 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70419
Jiseok Bang, Doyoung Chung, Seungkwang Lee
{"title":"Revisit: Multi-Tree Approach to Mutable Order-Preserving Encoding","authors":"Jiseok Bang,&nbsp;Doyoung Chung,&nbsp;Seungkwang Lee","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70419","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70419","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In order-preserving encryption, it was discovered that utilising a hypergeometric probability distribution exposed information about half of the plaintext bits and their respective distances. To address this vulnerability, mutable order-preserving encoding was introduced as a solution, but it still suffered from revealing the plaintext distribution and exhibiting high correlation. In an effort to overcome these limitations, Lee and Jho proposed a multi-tree approach that utilises the binary tree invariant and its inverse, resulting in increased complexity for client operations. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-tree approach to mutable order-preserving encoding that, by introducing a secret offset at the client side, not only simplifies the server-side structure but also reduces overall system complexity. To validate the effectiveness of our approach, we conducted comprehensive experiments using the TPC-C benchmark dataset, evaluating encoding time and query performance across varying data scales. The results demonstrate that our scheme achieves 36% higher encoding efficiency compared to existing multi-tree methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70419","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Factor Graph Approach to Moving Target Localisation Using BR Measurements in Distributed TDM MIMO Radars 分布式TDM MIMO雷达中基于BR测量的运动目标定位的因子图方法
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70410
Zehua Yu, Ziyang Jin, Shuyu Zhou, Jinshan Ding
{"title":"A Factor Graph Approach to Moving Target Localisation Using BR Measurements in Distributed TDM MIMO Radars","authors":"Zehua Yu,&nbsp;Ziyang Jin,&nbsp;Shuyu Zhou,&nbsp;Jinshan Ding","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70410","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70410","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this letter, a novel factor graph approach for moving target localisation in distributed time division multiplexing (TDM) multiple-input multiple-output radar systems is proposed. The time-sequential nature of TDM transmission causes target positions to vary as the target reflects different signals, presenting significant challenges for localisation and making conventional methods inapplicable. To address this issue, we first formulate the nonconvex and highly nonlinear maximum likelihood estimation problem, then develop its factor graph representation. Through appropriate dynamic approximations, an efficient iterative message passing algorithm is developed to solve the problem, with the Cramer–Rao lower bound also derived as a performance benchmark. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70410","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Approximate Analytic Formulas for Backscattering/Extinction Coefficients and Its Application to Lidar System 后向散射/消光系数近似解析公式及其在激光雷达系统中的应用
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70422
Jun Hyun Kim, Sang Jo Lee, Chong Hoon Kwak
{"title":"Approximate Analytic Formulas for Backscattering/Extinction Coefficients and Its Application to Lidar System","authors":"Jun Hyun Kim,&nbsp;Sang Jo Lee,&nbsp;Chong Hoon Kwak","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70422","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70422","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present approximate analytical solutions, based on anomalous diffraction theory and the modified Rayleigh-Debye approach for the backscattering/extinction coefficients and apply them to the elastic lidar equation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70422","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A 1 GHz 64-Channel High-Level Digital Correlator for Aperture Synthesis Passive Millimetre-Wave Security Imager 一种用于孔径合成无源毫米波安全成像仪的1ghz 64通道高级数字相关器
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70417
Yinzhe Liu, Ruochen Gu, Anyong Hu, Jungang Miao
{"title":"A 1 GHz 64-Channel High-Level Digital Correlator for Aperture Synthesis Passive Millimetre-Wave Security Imager","authors":"Yinzhe Liu,&nbsp;Ruochen Gu,&nbsp;Anyong Hu,&nbsp;Jungang Miao","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70417","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70417","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A new generation of aperture synthesis passive millimetre-wave imager is being developed for security screening using 4096 element antennas with 3.5 GHz bandwidth, enabling high radiometric sensitivity at a video frame rate. This paper proposed a high performance digital correlator deployed in such system that uses integrated connectors to input a 1 GHz bandwidth, 32 I/Q input signals from IF processors. The proposed correlator is implemented up to 2080 of 2-bit/4-level (2B/4L) correlation units in a field programmable gate array (FPGA). A novel structure suitable for an FPGA is developed, occupying less than 11% of hardware resource utilisation, allowing a maximum clock frequency of over 289 MHz. A test system is built to verify the design, and a correlation efficiency above 99.4% is observed at the proposed interval, which outperforms other state-of-the-art zero-lag digital cross-correlators.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70417","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optimizing TiN/Ru Schottky Contacts for N-Polar GaN n极氮化镓中TiN/Ru肖特基触点的优化
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70286
Emmanuel Kayede, Christopher J. Clymore, Nirupam Hatui, Robert Hamwey, Stacia Keller, Umesh K. Mishra
{"title":"Optimizing TiN/Ru Schottky Contacts for N-Polar GaN","authors":"Emmanuel Kayede,&nbsp;Christopher J. Clymore,&nbsp;Nirupam Hatui,&nbsp;Robert Hamwey,&nbsp;Stacia Keller,&nbsp;Umesh K. Mishra","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70286","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70286","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the effect of titanium nitride (TiN) interlayers on the performance of ruthenium (Ru)-based Schottky diodes on N-polar GaN. The Ru Schottky diodes exhibited the highest mean Schottky barrier height of 0.69 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 <annotation>$pm$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 0.03 eV; however, they demonstrated a lack of uniformity in barrier height across varying device sizes. Introducing 2 and 10 nm TiN interlayers between Ru and GaN led to consistent Schottky barrier heights and leakage characteristics for all device sizes. Notably, the 2 nm TiN/40 nm Ru configuration achieved an optimal balance between the low leakage current and uniform barrier properties, highlighting the role of TiN in obtaining desirable Schottky barrier performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70286","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Comment on ‘Provisioning Edge Computing Services in Urban Areas Through the Chaining of Unmanned Aerial’ 关于“通过无人机链提供城市边缘计算服务”的评论
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70421
Kaibin Xie
{"title":"Comment on ‘Provisioning Edge Computing Services in Urban Areas Through the Chaining of Unmanned Aerial’","authors":"Kaibin Xie","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70421","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70421","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the letter ‘provisioning edge computing services in urban areas through the chaining of unmanned aerial,’ the authors proposed a mobile edge server placement strategy using cruising UAVs based on the genetic algorithm. However, there are some errors or shortcomings in their mathematical model. In this letter, we point out these errors or shortcomings and suggest the corresponding corrections.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70421","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
White-Box Key Scheduling With Encoded Round Keys for Secure Lookup Table Generation 白盒密钥调度与编码的轮密钥安全查找表的生成
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70377
Kangmin Kim, Jae-Ho Lee, Jeong-Nyeo Kim, Seungkwang Lee
{"title":"White-Box Key Scheduling With Encoded Round Keys for Secure Lookup Table Generation","authors":"Kangmin Kim,&nbsp;Jae-Ho Lee,&nbsp;Jeong-Nyeo Kim,&nbsp;Seungkwang Lee","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70377","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70377","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The most critical aspect of building a key management system is establishing a secure key storage mechanism. Hardware-based methods for implementing secure key storage are often costly and lack flexibility. This paper proposes a software-based approach to create a secure key storage. To achieve this, the encoded round keys are connected to a white-box key scheduling implementation. Specifically, we demonstrate a technique for generating lookup tables for white-box cryptography that takes the encoded round keys as input. Using this technique, we show that the confidentiality of the secret key can be maintained from the key storage to the lookup table generation for white-box cryptography.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Parameter Estimation of Ocean Impulsive Noise Using Hybrid Deep Neural Networks 基于混合深度神经网络的海洋脉冲噪声参数估计
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70401
Xiao Feng, Xiaohuan Wu, Feng Tian
{"title":"Parameter Estimation of Ocean Impulsive Noise Using Hybrid Deep Neural Networks","authors":"Xiao Feng,&nbsp;Xiaohuan Wu,&nbsp;Feng Tian","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70401","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70401","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Impulsive noise exists widely in ocean environment and statistical parameters of impulsive noise are necessary for ocean signal processing and communication system. However, statistical parameters are generally assumed known or acquired through complicated calculations. In this letter, a hybrid deep neural network based parameter estimation is proposed for ocean impulsive noise. The proposed method formulates the parameter estimation as a non-linear mapping problem to be solved by deep learning network. The network incorporates one dimensional convolutional neural network to extend noise signals into new feature space without destroying large-amplitude characteristics. Then the refined features are input to stacked long-short term memory modules for temporal feature exploration considering temporal correlations inherently in sequential noise signals and the parameters are output through fully connected layers. The proposed network is verified and analysed through impulsive noise datasets from acknowledged ocean impulsive models and real-test ocean noise. Experimental results prove the advantages of proposed method in parameter estimation accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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