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Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Beam Hopping Scheduling Algorithm for Satellite Internet System 基于深度强化学习的卫星互联网系统波束跳转调度算法
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70250
Dong Zhang, Baoqiang Jiang, Chengcheng Li, Peiying Zhang, Huaxi Gu
{"title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Beam Hopping Scheduling Algorithm for Satellite Internet System","authors":"Dong Zhang,&nbsp;Baoqiang Jiang,&nbsp;Chengcheng Li,&nbsp;Peiying Zhang,&nbsp;Huaxi Gu","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70250","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Satellite internet is a new network system that combines satellite communication and internet technology. The main space-based infrastructure of satellite internet is a low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellite constellation. The system uses flexible control of satellite antenna pointing to provide worldwide on-demand coverage with finite satellites’ resource. beam hopping (BH) is a promising technology to improve resource allocation's flexibility, which typically uses spot beams to illuminate different beam positions in different time slots. However, considering the uneven and dynamic traffic demand of every cell, it is difficult to design a dynamic beam hopping scheduling (BHS) algorithm that can provide high resource utilisation and good Quality of Experience (QoE). We propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based downlink BHS algorithm, which leverages DRL to make dynamic decisions according to varying states. The experimental results show that compared with other algorithms, the proposed algorithm performs better in terms of average queuing delay, capacity utilisation ratio, fairness between different cells and the whole throughput.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70250","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143831248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Radar Signal Modulation Recognition Based on Dual-Path Dilated Convolutional Attention 基于双路径稀释卷积注意力的雷达信号调制识别
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70251
Wenwen Xu, Yulong Chen, Jianyin Cao, Hao Wang
{"title":"Radar Signal Modulation Recognition Based on Dual-Path Dilated Convolutional Attention","authors":"Wenwen Xu,&nbsp;Yulong Chen,&nbsp;Jianyin Cao,&nbsp;Hao Wang","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70251","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The intrapulse modulation radar signal detection is essential for contemporary electronic intelligence reconnaissance and other domains. However, there are difficulties in modulated signal recognition due to the complicated electromagnetic environment and poor signal-to-noise ratio. Even though the recognition accuracy has been increased by the current methodologies, the computing pressure is high, and the generalization capacity are limited either. In this paper, the dual-path dilated convolution attention is proposed. This method is proposed as a lightweight improvement technique to increase the model performance and a lightweight recognition method by combining denoising convolutional neural networks and improved MobileViT. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively reduces the parameter size of the network. Meanwhile, a sustainable high recognition accuracy is obtained, the network inference speed is accelerated, and the hardware requirements are alleviated. Based on simulation, the recognition accuracy for ten types of radar signals attains as high as 91.4% when the signal-to-noise ratio is −16 dB.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143831249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Green Energy Management Strategy for LEO Satellites 低地轨道卫星的绿色能源管理战略
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70249
Bo Wang, Zelin Lu, Dongyan Huang, Yuhang Fang, Jiaqi Lv
{"title":"A Green Energy Management Strategy for LEO Satellites","authors":"Bo Wang,&nbsp;Zelin Lu,&nbsp;Dongyan Huang,&nbsp;Yuhang Fang,&nbsp;Jiaqi Lv","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70249","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks (LSNs) are essential for comprehensive 6G coverage. However, the high energy consumption presents a significant challenge. This letter proposes a green energy management strategy, data prediction-energy matching (DP-EM) for LEO satellites. An index, average energy matching error, is proposed to evaluate the energy matching error per time slot. Simulations demonstrate that DP-EM reduces AEME by 31.59%, 64.83% and 75.00% compared to greedy algorithm, game theory and particle swarm optimisation, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
RO-BEV: Towards Robust BEV Feature Enhancement for Surround-View Instance Prediction RO-BEV：面向环视实例预测的鲁棒BEV特征增强
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-04-10 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70207
Zhi Yang, Tao Lu, Jiaming Wang, Xiujuan Lang, Shichang Fu, Jifeng Han
{"title":"RO-BEV: Towards Robust BEV Feature Enhancement for Surround-View Instance Prediction","authors":"Zhi Yang,&nbsp;Tao Lu,&nbsp;Jiaming Wang,&nbsp;Xiujuan Lang,&nbsp;Shichang Fu,&nbsp;Jifeng Han","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70207","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The most existing instance prediction methods often lack practical understanding and enhancement of bird's-eye view (BEV) spatial-temporal features, particularly distant features. To alleviate the above problems, we propose a robust BEV feature enhancement network (RO-BEV). The proposed RO-BEV includes two major components: the novel adaptive linearly increasing dividing (ALID) strategy and the hierarchical cross-scale fusion (HCSF) module. Specifically, the ALID strategy can mitigate instance loss caused by insufficient features by providing a linearly increasing 3D representation to build a robust BEV feature. Then, the proposed HCSF module enhances spatial-temporal BEV features in the latent space to predict vehicle instances by sampling from feature distributions at different scales and timestamps. Experimental results on the nuScenes dataset show that our RO-BEV outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Adaptive Control for a Piezoelectric Positioning Platform Based on Improved Recursive Least Squares 基于改进递推最小二乘的压电定位平台自适应控制
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-04-09 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70247
Hongjun Li, Shixin Zhang, Shengjun Wen, Jun Yu, Yanghao Li
{"title":"Adaptive Control for a Piezoelectric Positioning Platform Based on Improved Recursive Least Squares","authors":"Hongjun Li,&nbsp;Shixin Zhang,&nbsp;Shengjun Wen,&nbsp;Jun Yu,&nbsp;Yanghao Li","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70247","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High-precision positioning is critical in modern industrial applications, yet the inherent hysteresis of piezoelectric actuators limits their accuracy and control performance. To address this problem, this paper proposes an adaptive control method combining feedforward and feedback control. Hammerstein structure is applied to characterize a piezoelectric actuator, which consists of a Prandtl-Ishlinskii model and a second-order linear model. The pseudo-inverse of the Prandtl-Ishlinskii model is applied as a feedforward controller to compensate for the hysteresis characteristics. As to the feedback control, a recursive least square with adaptive forgetting factor is proposed to estimate system parameters. Based on the estimated parameters, an adaptive self-tuning controller is designed to track the dynamic characteristics and reduce the feedforward compensation error. Finally, the proposed method is validated on a piezoelectric positioning platform. The results show that the feedforward pseudoinverse can compensate the hysteresis nonlinearity and the compensation error is close to 0. Compared to the PID composite control, the mean absolute error and the root mean square error are reduced by more than 12% and 13%, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70247","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An Improved Fast Independent Vector Analysis Algorithm for Enhanced Efficiency 提高效率的一种改进的快速独立矢量分析算法
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-04-09 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70246
Dahu Wang, Chang Liu
{"title":"An Improved Fast Independent Vector Analysis Algorithm for Enhanced Efficiency","authors":"Dahu Wang,&nbsp;Chang Liu","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70246","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper proposes an improved fast independent vector analysis (FastIVA) algorithm. The proposed algorithm replaces the second-order derivative with the original function and its first derivative, incorporating an adaptive scaling factor to effectively reduce the number of iterations and computation time. The experiments are conducted based on a hybrid dataset constructed from the PNL Non-Speech Corpus and the ATR Japanese Speech Database. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved algorithm achieves separation performance comparable to the traditional FastIVA while significantly reducing both the iteration count and runtime.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70246","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Secrecy Analysis and Optimization of UAV-Assisted Relaying Networks with Hardware Impairments 具有硬件缺陷的无人机辅助中继网络保密性分析与优化
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-04-07 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70248
Songlin Cheng, Jielin Chen, Xiu Hu, Niansheng Chen, Guangyu Fan, Lei Rao, Xiaoyong Song, Dingyu Yang
{"title":"Secrecy Analysis and Optimization of UAV-Assisted Relaying Networks with Hardware Impairments","authors":"Songlin Cheng,&nbsp;Jielin Chen,&nbsp;Xiu Hu,&nbsp;Niansheng Chen,&nbsp;Guangyu Fan,&nbsp;Lei Rao,&nbsp;Xiaoyong Song,&nbsp;Dingyu Yang","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70248","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper proposes a half-duplex unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted decode-forward relaying network based on the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) scheme with hardware impairments. We derive an exact expression of intercept probability in the presence of a ground eavesdropper (Eve). In addition, we elaborate an analysis of ergodic secrecy rate and formulate an optimal secrecy rate problem to seek appropriate power splitting (PS) ratio. To address the non-convex problem, equivalent transformations are deduced, an iterative algorithm that merges the bisection search and coordinate descent method is presented. The experimental simulations validate our theoretical results. In particular, the optimal flight altitude of the UAV is related to the distance between the UAV and Eve. Moreover, the proposed optimal secrecy rate scheme outperforms compared with other fixed PS ratio cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143787331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optimisation of FDA Beam Dwell Time in a Specific Direction with Time-Dependent Frequency Offset 优化FDA光束停留时间在特定方向与时间相关的频率偏移
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-04-07 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70244
Yuanhao Zhang, Huijie Liu, Kairui Gao, Cheng Chen, Rujiang Guo
{"title":"Optimisation of FDA Beam Dwell Time in a Specific Direction with Time-Dependent Frequency Offset","authors":"Yuanhao Zhang,&nbsp;Huijie Liu,&nbsp;Kairui Gao,&nbsp;Cheng Chen,&nbsp;Rujiang Guo","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70244","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The frequency diverse array (FDA) exhibits distinct characteristics from traditional phased arrays by introducing small frequency offsets among the array elements. This paper delves into the relationship between time-dependent frequency offset (TDFO) and the FDA beam direction in a specific direction and derives the corresponding variation in beam dwell time. By applying the particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm to optimise TDFO parameters, we effectively enhance control over the FDA beam's dwell time in the targeted direction. Simulation results validate the feasibility of this approach in multi-target and multi-user communication scenarios. Not only does this approach improve the flexibility of the FDA beam, it also provides novel insights for dynamic beam control in complex communication environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70244","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Loop-Unrolled SAR ADC With Complementary Voltage-to-Time Converters 带互补电压-时间转换器的环展开SAR ADC
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-04-05 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70242
Da-Yeon Kim, Sang-Won Oh, Hyeon-Gi Hwang, Young-Seung Kim, Dong-Ryeol Oh
{"title":"Loop-Unrolled SAR ADC With Complementary Voltage-to-Time Converters","authors":"Da-Yeon Kim,&nbsp;Sang-Won Oh,&nbsp;Hyeon-Gi Hwang,&nbsp;Young-Seung Kim,&nbsp;Dong-Ryeol Oh","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70242","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A 6-bit asynchronous loop-unrolled (LU) successive approximation register (SAR) analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) with a complementary voltage-to-time converter (CVTC) and the efficient latch technique needed for this structure are proposed. The proposed structure utilises CVTC to reduce the power consumed by the reset operation and halves the operating frequency of the CVTC. Designed with a 500-nm CMOS process, the 6-bit 10-MS/s LU SAR ADC shows a power saving of 23.66% compared to the VTC-based LU SAR ADC.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Near-Sensor 2D Pattern Classification System Based on 3D Memristor Array 基于三维忆阻阵列的近传感器二维模式分类系统
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70192
Raqibul Hasan, Tarek M. Taha, Md Shahanur Alam
{"title":"Near-Sensor 2D Pattern Classification System Based on 3D Memristor Array","authors":"Raqibul Hasan,&nbsp;Tarek M. Taha,&nbsp;Md Shahanur Alam","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70192","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The proposed work demonstrates a 3D memristor crossbar-based pattern classification system. Analogue signals from a 2D sensor array are directly applied to the memristor crossbar circuit using TSVs for computation. The proposed near-sensor computing system reduces the wiring complexity between the sensor unit and the compute unit significantly. The 3D memristor crossbar occupies a very small area compared to an equivalent 2D crossbar. We have leveraged ex-situ training for the memristor-based neural network using the two extreme resistance levels of the device (<i>R</i><sub>ON</sub><i>, R</i><sub>OFF</sub>) which enables simple training circuit. To process a 100 × 100 sensor array, the proposed approach requires 5.6× less wiring between the sensor array and the memristor crossbar circuit compared to a non-stacked approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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