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A Novel Dynamic Model Selection Approach for Image Object Detection 一种新的图像目标检测动态模型选择方法
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-05-05 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70263
Ye Liu, Keyu Wu, Zhong Liu
{"title":"A Novel Dynamic Model Selection Approach for Image Object Detection","authors":"Ye Liu,&nbsp;Keyu Wu,&nbsp;Zhong Liu","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70263","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Model selection is crucial for image object detection, enabling the selection of the best model for varying tasks. This paper introduces a novel dynamic model selection approach that adapts to underlying scenarios. The problem is formulated as a joint clustering and model assignment task, where clustering reveals the data's inherent structure, and the best model is assigned to each cluster. To solve this, we propose a spatial structure-preserving genetic algorithm, an efficient optimization method that integrates spatial information into genetic operations, ensuring faster and more stable convergence. Experimental results show that our approach outperforms individual models, highlighting the effectiveness and efficiency of dynamic model selection.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70263","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Microwave Displacement Sensing Based on Slot Antenna Over Metasurface and Its Applications for Automatic Trolling Motor 基于缝隙天线的超表面微波位移传感及其在自动拖缆电机上的应用
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-05-05 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70281
Paulo Olavo Lima Neves Oliveira, Huawei Lin, Wen-Hai Zhang, Carlos Silvestre, Chi-Hou Chio, Junxiao Liu, Qiwei Chen, Hon-Pan Sio, Kam Weng Tam
{"title":"Microwave Displacement Sensing Based on Slot Antenna Over Metasurface and Its Applications for Automatic Trolling Motor","authors":"Paulo Olavo Lima Neves Oliveira,&nbsp;Huawei Lin,&nbsp;Wen-Hai Zhang,&nbsp;Carlos Silvestre,&nbsp;Chi-Hou Chio,&nbsp;Junxiao Liu,&nbsp;Qiwei Chen,&nbsp;Hon-Pan Sio,&nbsp;Kam Weng Tam","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70281","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This letter presents a microwave displacement sensor based on a slot antenna integrated with a solar panel metasurface. By leveraging near-field coupling between the antenna and metasurface, the sensor achieves dual-band operation (<i>f<sub>1</sub></i> = 1.59 GHz/<i>f<sub>2</sub></i> = 2.37 GHz) with high sensitivity, enabling non-contact monitoring of distance, orientation, inclination, and obstructions. The solar panel in the trolling motor's power unit acts as a metasurface at microwave frequency. Its coupling with the control unit's antenna installed above the solar panel senses the antenna displacement that is in synchronous movement with the motor. Experiments reveal distinct displacement sensitivities (−5.0 MHz/mm for f₁, −9.0 MHz/mm for <i>f₂</i>) and quasi-linear orientation responses (2.11 MHz/° for <i>f₂</i>). Frequency shifts under rotation (70 MHz for f₁, 190 MHz for <i>f₂</i>) and inclination (5.0 MHz/° for <i>f₁</i>) demonstrate robust multi-axis detection, while obstruction tests highlight resilience in dynamic environments. Based on these dual frequency matching changes, a sensing approach is validated conducive as to anti-interference attitude estimation of the trolling motors’ automatic operation, addressing the need for durable, humidity-resilient, high-precision sensing in aquatic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70281","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A New Design of High Power Gysel Power Divider/Combiner 大功率陀螺功率分配器/合成器的新设计
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-05-02 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70279
Youna Jang, Minseong Kim, Dal Ahn
{"title":"A New Design of High Power Gysel Power Divider/Combiner","authors":"Youna Jang,&nbsp;Minseong Kim,&nbsp;Dal Ahn","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70279","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The conventional Gysel power divider/combiner uses two shunt resistors to facilitate heat dissipation. Heat sinks are essential for high-power dividers, to prevent high-power signals from damaging high-power resistors and to maintain the power that high power resistors are capable of handling. However, adding a heat sink to a power divider/combiner design using two resistors will increase the total volume of the power divider/combiner. To solve this problem, we have designed and developed a high-power divider/combiner of 0.5 kW that uses a single series resistor. The Gysel power divider is modified to design the high-power power divider, and a de-embedding method was applied to extract the Device Under Test (DUT) of the two-port high-power resistor to accurately implement line compensation, achieving magnitude balance within 0.16 dB.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Time Interleaving in the Analogue Circuitry of Oversampled Digital-to-Analogue Converters: Proof of Concept 过采样数模转换器模拟电路中的时间交错：概念验证
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-05-02 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70280
Marta Laguna, Esteban Marsal, Francisco Colodro Ruiz, Juana María Martínez Heredia, Manuel R. Arahal
{"title":"Time Interleaving in the Analogue Circuitry of Oversampled Digital-to-Analogue Converters: Proof of Concept","authors":"Marta Laguna,&nbsp;Esteban Marsal,&nbsp;Francisco Colodro Ruiz,&nbsp;Juana María Martínez Heredia,&nbsp;Manuel R. Arahal","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70280","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) based on sigma-delta modulation are implemented with analog components that have low accuracy requirements. As a result, they have been widely employed in high-frequency transmitter architectures over the past decades. Time interleaving techniques allow parallel structures to operate at reduced speeds, thereby mitigating speed limitations in digital circuits. However, a common approach involves multiplexing the outputs of these parallel structures to reconstruct a single digital signal, which is subsequently converted to an analog voltage using a high-speed, low-resolution DAC. This work investigates the feasibility of employing a parallel array of low-speed DACs instead. To compensate for mismatches in analog paths, a novel dynamic element matching technique is proposed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach exhibits the characteristics required for high-frequency transmitter applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70280","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Adaptive Moving Target Detection for Forward Scatter Radar When the Noise Power Mismatch Occurs 前向散射雷达噪声功率失配时的自适应运动目标检测
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70276
Xiang Li, Zeyu Wang
{"title":"Adaptive Moving Target Detection for Forward Scatter Radar When the Noise Power Mismatch Occurs","authors":"Xiang Li,&nbsp;Zeyu Wang","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70276","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This letter addresses the problem of detecting moving targets with forward scatter radar (FSR) when the noise power mismatch between the data under test (DUT) and the secondary data occurs. To model such mismatch, it is assumed that the noise power in the DUT and the noise power in the secondary data differ by a noise-scaling factor. Under both known and unknown noise power of the DUT, two kinds of adaptive moving target detectors for FSR are designed. The performance evaluation indicates that the proposed detectors have better detection performance than their counterparts, especially when the noise-scaling factor is large.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Design of Integrated Waveform for Detection and Cover Based on Maximum Value Constraint 基于最大值约束的检测与覆盖一体化波形设计
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70274
Haoting Guo, Fulai Wang, Nanjun Li, Runlong Peng, Chen Pang, Yun Ren, Yongzhen Li
{"title":"Design of Integrated Waveform for Detection and Cover Based on Maximum Value Constraint","authors":"Haoting Guo,&nbsp;Fulai Wang,&nbsp;Nanjun Li,&nbsp;Runlong Peng,&nbsp;Chen Pang,&nbsp;Yun Ren,&nbsp;Yongzhen Li","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70274","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the complexity of the electromagnetic environment, multi-function radar is emerging as a major development trend. To achieve multiple functions simultaneously, integrated waveform design has become a key technology in this field. In this letter, a method for designing integrated waveform with good autocorrelation and cover properties is proposed. A gradient-based nonlinear programming solver is implemented to solve the nonconvex optimization problem. Numerical results show that the peak sidelobe level (PSL) of the integrated waveform is lower than that of the conventional linear frequency modulation signal. Additionally, the waveform generates strong false targets with multiple controllable positions for non-cooperative radars. Besides, this letter describes the implementation of the proposed integrated waveforms on hardware and corroborates their performance through experimental results.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A 10-Bit Two-Step Single Slope ADC With Inter-Stage Calibration for CMOS Image Sensors 用于CMOS图像传感器的10位两步单斜率级间校准ADC
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-04-30 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70253
Tianyu Liu, Rensheng Shen, Xinshuang Yu, Yang Qu, Kang Cao, Yuchun Chang
{"title":"A 10-Bit Two-Step Single Slope ADC With Inter-Stage Calibration for CMOS Image Sensors","authors":"Tianyu Liu,&nbsp;Rensheng Shen,&nbsp;Xinshuang Yu,&nbsp;Yang Qu,&nbsp;Kang Cao,&nbsp;Yuchun Chang","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70253","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This letter introduces a novel 10-bit two-step single slope analogue-to-digital converter architecture featuring high 3-bit and low 7-bit quantization stages. It reuses the programmable gain amplifier as the multiplying digital-to-analogue converter (MDAC) for residue amplification, enhancing resource efficiency. A on-demand column-level MDAC calibration mechanism without redundant bits corrects coarse quantization errors and ensures accurate residue amplification. This work achieves a maximum sampling rate of up to 1 <span>M</span> SPS and an effective number of bits of 9.5 bits, with an signal-to-noise ratio of 58 dB, and DNL and INL within 1.5 LSB, making it suitable for high-performance CMOS image sensors.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143889020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Sense-Amplifier Flip-Flop With Transition Completion Detection Scheme in 16nm for Low-Voltage and Low-Area Applications 一种适用于低电压和低面积应用的16nm转换完成检测方案的感测放大器触发器
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-04-30 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70265
Jin-Fa Lin, Cheng-Hsueh Yang
{"title":"A Sense-Amplifier Flip-Flop With Transition Completion Detection Scheme in 16nm for Low-Voltage and Low-Area Applications","authors":"Jin-Fa Lin,&nbsp;Cheng-Hsueh Yang","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70265","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A low-power sense-amplifier (SA) flip-flop (FF) with transition completion detection is proposed for low-voltage applications. By replacing logic functions, the proposed detection circuit can be efficiently integrated into SA and latch designs, leading to a significant reduction in area while reducing power and ensuring reliable operation at low voltage. The post-layout simulation results implemented in the TSMC 16-nm CMOS process show that, at an operating voltage of 0.4 V and a switching activity of 25%, the proposed design achieves a 25.8% reduction in power and up to 38.7% area savings compared to previous designs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70265","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143889021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exploration on Inaccurate Supervision Problems Generated by Noisy Labels 噪声标签产生的不准确监管问题探讨
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70275
Tong Jinwu, Guo Ranxuan, Su Jing, Ren Tianzi, Xu Shijie, Fang Yiming, Yanhong Liu
{"title":"Exploration on Inaccurate Supervision Problems Generated by Noisy Labels","authors":"Tong Jinwu,&nbsp;Guo Ranxuan,&nbsp;Su Jing,&nbsp;Ren Tianzi,&nbsp;Xu Shijie,&nbsp;Fang Yiming,&nbsp;Yanhong Liu","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70275","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the field of machine learning, the problem of noisy labels is still prevalent even though the application of artificial intelligence techniques is becoming more and more mature. Noisy labels, in other words, inaccurate or unreliable data labels, cannot be avoided due to reasons such as the complex and time-consuming process of image labelling. Meanwhile, the existence of noisy labels can have a significant impact on the training of deep learning methods. Therefore, how to effectively recognise noise labels and deal with the problems they bring remains challenging in the field. In this paper, we will first explore the reasons for the formation of noise labels and their impact and then analyse some cutting-edge methods to solve the noise labelling problem, analyse their theoretical foundations, advantages, and limitations, and discuss the future research trends in this field, with the aim of providing a systematic perspective for machine learning researchers and practitioners to deepen their theoretical understanding of the noise problem and explore effective algorithmic frameworks to improve the training efficiency and prediction confidence of machine learning models in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Simplified State-Trajectory Analysis Method for Dual-Active-Bridge DC-DC Converters 双有源桥式DC-DC变换器的简化状态轨迹分析方法
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-04-29 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70267
Ruiqi Ding, Chao Tang, Chuan Sun, Xiaodong Li, Akshay Rathore
{"title":"Simplified State-Trajectory Analysis Method for Dual-Active-Bridge DC-DC Converters","authors":"Ruiqi Ding,&nbsp;Chao Tang,&nbsp;Chuan Sun,&nbsp;Xiaodong Li,&nbsp;Akshay Rathore","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70267","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To facilitate the analysis and design of bidirectional dual-active-bridge (DAB) dc-dc converters, a new and simplified state-trajectory analysis approach is first proposed in this paper, which reveals the effects of terminal voltages on the inductor current in each switching interval. The proposed trajectory can be used to illustrate different steady states, the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) conditions and the transient transition between different steady states. Based on this state-trajectory method, two simple transient modulation strategies are derived naturally for a DAB converter under single-phase-shift control. Results from simulation and experimental tests prove that the obtained transient modulation strategies are able to achieve fast and overshoot-free transition from one load level to another without introducing dc bias in the inductor current.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70267","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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