Andrei Dăescu, Alexandru Guzu, Georgian Nicolae, Claudius Dan
{"title":"Evaluating the Impact of Circuit Representation on LLM-Based Functional Block Recognition in Analogue Circuits","authors":"Andrei Dăescu, Alexandru Guzu, Georgian Nicolae, Claudius Dan","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70512","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70512","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Large language models (LLMs) have shown increasing potential in analogue circuit analysis automation, yet their ability to understand and identify functional blocks can vary significantly depending on the representation format of the circuit. This paper investigates how circuit representation, flat SPICE Netlists versus structured PySpice code, influences LLM performance in functional block recognition tasks. Using a benchmark of ten analogue comparator circuits derived from a standard educational collection, we evaluate five state-of-the-art LLMs across both representations. Each circuit is annotated with ground-truth sub-topologies, and models are prompted to extract these blocks in a standardized JSON format. Our results reveal that DeepSeek R1 achieves the highest average accuracy on Netlist inputs, while GPT 5 provides the most balanced performance across both formats. LLaMA 4 shows a slight advantage on PySpice compared to Netlist, indicating that semantic cues in structured code can benefit certain models. Overall, most models still perform better on Netlist than on PySpice, demonstrating that code-structured representations do not generically improve performance and highlighting the importance of representation format selection in LLM-driven electronic design automation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146096409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Novel Quantised Image Sensing for Machine Vision","authors":"Paul K. J. Park","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70515","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70515","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper proposes a quantisation-driven data-compression framework for machine vision sensors by combining nonlinear quantisation and bit-shift masking. The proposed approach compresses pixel data to an effective 1–4 bits per pixel while preserving edge-salient information required for object detection and feature tracking. Experimental results show that the compressed/quantised images maintain detection and tracking performance without degradation, indicating the proposed framework can reduce sensor-to-processor bandwidth and optimise required bit resolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146091245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sehoon Park, Yang Zhang, Arno Hemelhof, Kristof Vaesen, Mark Ingels, Piet Wambacq
{"title":"A 2.5 mW D-Band Broadband Simultaneous Noise- and Input-Matched InP LNA","authors":"Sehoon Park, Yang Zhang, Arno Hemelhof, Kristof Vaesen, Mark Ingels, Piet Wambacq","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70517","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70517","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A D-band ultra-low-power and broadband two-stage, gain-boosted low-noise amplifier (LNA) in a 250-nm InP DHBT process is presented. The LNA adopts a simultaneous noise and input matching technique, minimizing loss at the input while boosting the gain over a broad frequency range. The gain boosting core uses a feedback network based on a long transmission line between the base and collector and feedback at the emitter to satisfy the gain, stability and bandwidth requirements at once. The LNA achieves 6.2 dB noise figure, 27 dB gain between 130 and 155 GHz while consuming only 2.5 mW DC power.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70517","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146091249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Robust Beamforming for ISAC Systems via Probability of Detection Optimisation","authors":"Yong Wang, Xianren Kong","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70523","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70523","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Due to the trade-off between sensing and communication performance in the integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems, the sensing ability will inevitably be reduced for guaranteed communication performance. This degradation can severely compromise target detection performance. Existing methods fail to effectively address this issue. To address this, we propose a two-step optimisation framework for robust beamforming design. First, we optimise the correlation matrix via manifold optimisation to maximise multi-target detection probability without communication constraint. Second, we jointly design the beamforming matrix under communication SINR constraints by projecting the solution to a convex set that satisfies the communication SINR constraint and power constraint. This approach strategically distributes transmit energy across targets while strictly guaranteeing communication performance. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms the baselines, significantly improving the probability of detection without sacrificing communication quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70523","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146096482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"GaN-Based Red Resonant Cavity Light-Emitting Diode up to 673 nm","authors":"Wei Ou, Xin Hou, Yang Mei, Baoping Zhang, Daisuke Iida, Kazuhiro Ohkawa","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70522","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70522","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We successfully fabricated GaN-based red resonant-cavity light-emitting diodes by using two dielectric distributed Bragg reflectors as the top and bottom reflector mirrors. The device exhibited resonant modes up to 673 nm, being the longest emission wavelength ever reported for a GaN-based microcavity device. This achievement establishes spectral overlap between GaN-based light-emitting devices and GaAs-based devices. This work contributes significantly to the development of GaN-based microcavity devices in longer wavelengths.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70522","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146007726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}