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Advanced CNN Architecture for Intelligent Driver Drowsiness Detection 用于智能驾驶员困倦检测的高级CNN架构
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70516
Jyoti Pandey, Abhijit Asati
{"title":"Advanced CNN Architecture for Intelligent Driver Drowsiness Detection","authors":"Jyoti Pandey,&nbsp;Abhijit Asati","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70516","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70516","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A Drowsiness-Detection-Network (DDN) is proposed that combines a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for spatial feature extraction with a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) module for temporal dependencies. The 68-point model approach of Dlib is used to identify and extract facial features to detect drowsiness. Further, for enhancing the interpretability of predictions, Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) along with the gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) technique are incorporated. Experimental evaluations using 5-fold cross validation on two benchmark datasets, Yawning Detection Dataset (YawDD) and University of Texas at Arlington Real-Life Drowsiness Dataset (UTA RLDD), demonstrate that the proposed DDN consistently outperforms Inception-V3, VGG-16, and VGG-19 in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70516","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146002226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-16
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148078066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-16
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148078067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Data Augmentation Approach With CVAE and DML Method for Antenna Modelling 基于CVAE和DML方法的天线建模数据增强方法
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70524
Shenghao Ye, Yubo Tian, Guangshen Tan
{"title":"Data Augmentation Approach With CVAE and DML Method for Antenna Modelling","authors":"Shenghao Ye,&nbsp;Yubo Tian,&nbsp;Guangshen Tan","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70524","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70524","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Full-wave electromagnetic simulators, such as HFSS and CST, are essential in antenna design and analysis, but their high computational resources and time cost often limit the amount of training data available for building surrogate models. To enhance modelling accuracy, particularly in contexts where the constraint of limited data arises, this study proposes a data augmentation (DA) framework that integrates a conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE) with deep metric learning (DML), where a contrastive loss is employed to ensure the quality of the synthetic samples. This approach is experimentally validated on the proposed wideband circularly polarized S-shaped slot antenna (WB-SSA), where the surrogate model is built as an inverse design, mapping multi-objective performances, including S<sub>11</sub>, axial ratio (AR), and gain, to the corresponding structural parameters. Specifically, the CVAE encoder learns to map the structural parameter sets to a latent distribution, conditioned on the multi-objective performances. A contrastive loss regularizes this latent space by separating latent vectors with divergent multi-objective performances. The decoder, in turn, generates synthetic samples from randomly generated multi-objective vectors, thereby producing more reliable synthetic samples for DA application. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method contributes to a clear improvement in the performance of the inverse model.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70524","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146016477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-15
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148080578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hybrid FEA-ML Optimization of Passive Low-Frequency Shields With Eccentric Conductors 偏心导体无源低频屏蔽的混合FEA-ML优化
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70521
Tianchu Li, Yuanhuang Liu, Ning Wei, Wuqi Han
{"title":"Hybrid FEA-ML Optimization of Passive Low-Frequency Shields With Eccentric Conductors","authors":"Tianchu Li,&nbsp;Yuanhuang Liu,&nbsp;Ning Wei,&nbsp;Wuqi Han","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70521","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70521","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work proposes an eccentric conductor plate design aimed at overcoming the pervasive issue of diminished shielding effectiveness (SE) at the boundaries of traditional plates, thereby enabling wider and more efficient low-frequency electromagnetic shielding. Compared to traditional flat and other shaped plates, the wave-type configuration demonstrates superior SE and effective shielding area, compared to traditional plat type, achieving a maximum increase of 12.36% in SE at the point of maximum magnetic field intensity and 94.42% in effective shielding coverage. Utilizing 1600 finite element analysis (FEA) simulations, a Deep Belief Networks—backpropagation model was developed to capture multi‑parameter relationships. This led to the establishment of a multi‑objective geometric optimization procedure based on central SE, SE at the point of maximum field strength, and effective shielding area, thereby laying a foundation for practical engineering applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70521","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145996677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Piezoelectric Ceramic Resonator for Physical Reservoir Computing 物理储层计算用压电陶瓷谐振器
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70520
Senhao Wang, Xiaosheng Wu
{"title":"Piezoelectric Ceramic Resonator for Physical Reservoir Computing","authors":"Senhao Wang,&nbsp;Xiaosheng Wu","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70520","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70520","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Physical reservoir computing (RC) uses nonlinear device dynamics for energy-efficient temporal processing. Most MEMS RC was implemented with multi-component reservoirs or time-delayed feedback. In this study, we harness the intrinsic Duffing nonlinearity of a piezoelectric ceramic disc resonator to implement physical reservoir computing. The resonator's underdamped transients provide fading memory and self-masking, while Duffing nonlinearity maps the input data into a high-dimensional state space. The mechanism is quantified by establishing a nonlinear equivalent-circuit model, and the computational capability is validated via end-to-end simulations. The feasibility of a PZT disc resonator as a physical reservoir is experimentally verified. Driven near resonance, the device achieves 98.5% accuracy on a 3-bit parity-check task at 5000 b/s. The simple sensing-and-computing architecture provides high-throughput temporal processing and has potential for edge computing.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70520","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146007383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-13
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148074933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Behavioural Modelling and Verification of a Novel Weighted System-Level Chopping for High-Resolution Incremental ADCs 一种用于高分辨率增量adc的新型加权系统级斩波的行为建模与验证
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70497
Woosol Han, Keonhee Sim, Taehoon Kim, Jaehoon Jun
{"title":"Behavioural Modelling and Verification of a Novel Weighted System-Level Chopping for High-Resolution Incremental ADCs","authors":"Woosol Han,&nbsp;Keonhee Sim,&nbsp;Taehoon Kim,&nbsp;Jaehoon Jun","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70497","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70497","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The system-level chopping (SLC) technique attenuates low-frequency noise, such as 1/<i>f</i> noise, particularly in an incremental analogue-to-digital converter (IADC). To achieve additional low-frequency noise attenuation, SLC can be utilised together with dynamic offset cancellation (DOC) techniques such as correlated double sampling (CDS) and auto-zeroing (AZ). In this letter, a novel weighted system-level chopping (WSLC) technique is proposed to achieve a further suppressed low-frequency noise characteristic. By applying the proposed WSLC with a dynamic circuit weight, a third-order high-pass noise transfer function (NTF) can be achieved efficiently. Consequently, with the noise weight of 0.9, it provides a 1/<i>f</i> noise suppression of 78.94% compared to the conventional second-order SLC technique while maintaining the same ADC latency.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145963869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2026-01-05
{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148065891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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