{"title":"DFS-GAN: A One-Stage Backbone Enhancement Model for Text-to-Image","authors":"Junkai Yi, Yiran Wei, Lingling Tan","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70399","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70399","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The text-to-image technology primarily relies on generative adversarial networks (GANs). However, traditional GANs encounter several challenges, for example, limited semantic correlation between generated images and textual information, fuzzy details and inadequate structural integrity, and the prevalent utilisation of redundant phased network architectures. In this paper, we propose a deep fusion generative adversarial network (DF-GAN) enhancement model (DFS-GAN) combined with a self-attention mechanism. The generator of the DF-GAN model is more streamlined compared to previous network models, enabling it to synthesise images with higher quality and text-image semantic consistency. We also made targeted improvements based on the “limitations” mentioned in the DF-GAN paper, specifically addressing the model's ability to synthesise fine-grained features and the use of existing pre-trained large models. bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) is used to mine the semantic features of text context, and the deep text-image fusion block (DFBlock) is added to realise the matching of deep text semantics and image regional features. Then, a self-attention mechanism module is introduced as a supplement to the convolution module at the model architecture level, aiming to better establish long-distance and multi-level dependencies. The experimental results show that the proposed DFS-GAN model not only strengthens the semantic relationship between the text and the image but also ensures the precise details and overall integrity of the generated image.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70399","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144910148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yun Yu, Yajuan Guan, Solomon Mamo Banteywalu, Juan C. Vasquez, Josep M. Guerrero
{"title":"Damping of Low-Frequency Oscillations in Grid-Forming DFIG Employing the Swing Equation","authors":"Yun Yu, Yajuan Guan, Solomon Mamo Banteywalu, Juan C. Vasquez, Josep M. Guerrero","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70394","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70394","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For a grid-forming (GFM) doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) that employs a swing equation, low-frequency oscillations may easily manifest, owing to the limited flexibility of tuning a swing equation for active damping. To address this issue, this article develops an active-damping control for the GFM DFIG. The developed control is directly applied in parallel with the conventional swing equation, enabling a straightforward implementation in practice. Concerning the control tuning burden, the control development process restricts the number of control coefficients to just one. Subsequently, theoretical analyses are performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control method. Based on a practical DFIG integration system, the developed control has been further validated by the simulation studies in different scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70394","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144897391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Radar Emitter Sorting Based on Multi-Head ResGAT","authors":"Liangang Qi, Hongzhuo Chen, Qiang Guo, Mykola Kaliuzhnyi","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70294","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70294","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Conventional graph neural networks (GNNs) fail to effectively capture high-order relationships among radar pulses, thereby compromising discrimination accuracy in precise signal sorting. Therefore, this paper proposes a radar emitter signal sorting method based on an enhanced graph attention network (GAT). The model combines a multi-head attention mechanism with a residual network structure, enabling dynamic weight allocation to graph nodes. This effectively captures the complex correlation patterns of radar signals across a multi-dimensional parameter space and thus enhances classification performance. In scenarios with scarcely available labels and complex signal features, the proposed method demonstrates stronger average accuracy and robustness when handling radar signal sorting tasks\u0000.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junhan Zhang, Limeng Dong, Yong Li, Wei Cheng, Chenxi Liu
{"title":"Energy Efficiency for STAR-RIS Aided Multi-User MISO Networks","authors":"Junhan Zhang, Limeng Dong, Yong Li, Wei Cheng, Chenxi Liu","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70382","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70382","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This letter focuses on a multi-user multi-input single-output downlink wireless communication network aided by a simultaneous transmission and reflection reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS). To enhance the energy efficiency (EE) of this network under energy splitting protocol at STAR-RIS, an efficient alternating optimisation algorithm in combination with successive convex approximation, semi-definite relaxation and the Dinkelbach method is proposed to efficiently design the transmit beamforming for the base station and phase shifts for the STAR-RIS. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm with energy splitting protocol can achieve superior EE performance than both the model selection and time switching protocols when there is enough transmit power.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70382","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144897470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mengjia Liu, Xi Zhang, Yu Zhou, Peiji Zhang, Ran Zhang, Yukun Liu, Chun Tao
{"title":"Textual Embedding Optimised CCLLM Model for Work Order Text Classification in Smart Grid","authors":"Mengjia Liu, Xi Zhang, Yu Zhou, Peiji Zhang, Ran Zhang, Yukun Liu, Chun Tao","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70397","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70397","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Text classification is a core task in natural language processing with significant implications across industries. In the context of grid work order classification within the power sector, it directly impacts the monitoring of power equipment status, the efficiency of fault diagnosis and the stability of power supply services. However, issues such as spelling errors in grid work orders pose significant challenges to traditional classification methods. While deep learning models like BERT have advanced semantic understanding, they still face limitations when handling texts with spelling errors. To address this issue, we propose the CCLLM model, which optimises ChineseBERT by integrating semantic feature prompting design and intelligent knowledge mining techniques. This enhancement improves the accuracy and robustness of grid work order classification. Experimental results demonstrate that CCLLM achieves notable improvements in both accuracy and robustness compared to models like BERT and ERNIE, and these findings are validated through ablation studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70397","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144892516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyoung-Jung Kim, Jae-Hyuk Lee, Jae-Geun Lim, Seong-Bo Park, Seung-Hun Park, Myoungbo Kwak, Jaewoo Park, Young Choi, Jun-Ho Boo, Gil-Cho Ahn
{"title":"A 7-Bit 700 MS/s 2b/Cycle Asynchronous SAR ADC With Partially Merged Capacitor Switching","authors":"Hyoung-Jung Kim, Jae-Hyuk Lee, Jae-Geun Lim, Seong-Bo Park, Seung-Hun Park, Myoungbo Kwak, Jaewoo Park, Young Choi, Jun-Ho Boo, Gil-Cho Ahn","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70395","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70395","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This letter introduces a 7-bit, 700 MS/s, 2b/cycle asynchronous successive approximation register (SAR) analogue-to-digital converter (ADC). To relax the settling requirement, the capacitive digital-to-analogue converter (CDAC) is designed with non-binary weighting to provide redundancy, implemented using a pre-charge reduction scheme that removes next-cycle pre-charge activity in a 2b/cycle SAR ADC. To reduce the area of this non-binary weighted CDAC, a partially merged capacitor switching scheme is proposed. The prototype ADC is fabricated in a 28 nm CMOS process with an active die area of 0.0077 mm<sup>2</sup>. At a 700 MS/s sampling rate, the ADC achieves a signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio of 37.6 dB and a spurious-free dynamic range of 49.1 dB at the Nyquist input frequency. The power consumption is 2.41 mW from a 1.0 V supply, resulting in a Walden figure of merit of 55.56 fJ/conversion step at Nyquist.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70395","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"HazeTrendNet: Single-Image Dehazing via Haze-Concentration-Trend Guidance","authors":"Chen Wang, Yuanyuan Fan","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70396","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70396","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Single-image dehazing is vital for restoring clear visuals from haze-affected images in applications like surveillance and autonomous driving. Most existing models struggle with local haze variations and detail preservation in dense haze. This study introduces HazeTrendNet, a lightweight dehazing framework, incorporating haze-concentration-trend guidance via transmittance estimation, dynamic convolution kernel selection and haze-aware attention. Experiments show state-of-the-art performance: PSNR/SSIM of 42.29 dB/0.997 on RESIDE-Indoor, 17.68 dB/0.655 on Dense-Haze and 22.14 dB/0.812 on NH-HAZE, outperforming EENet, SANet and FocalNet. With 6.17 M parameters and 56.46 GFLOPs, it suits edge deployment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70396","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Measurement Matrix Design Algorithm for Ad Hoc Networks Using Phased Array Antennas","authors":"Fukang Zhao, Xu Li, Ying Liu, Yanan Liang, Qiang Zhang","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70393","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70393","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In GPS-denied ad hoc networks equipped with single-port phased array antennas, accurate incident-angle estimation is critical for enabling reliable directional communication. Traditional methods based on the spatial covariance matrix or compressed sensing often assume uniformly distributed incident angles, which results in an elevated expected estimation error (EEE) in realistic deployments where nodes are randomly distributed (e.g., following a Poisson point process). To address this issue, this paper introduces a probability-based optimisation framework that designs the measurement matrix by leveraging the distribution of incident angles. The optimisation objective is to minimise the EEE of an orthogonal matching pursuit estimator, leading to a non-convex expectation minimisation problem. This problem is solved using a Grey Wolf Optimisation-based algorithm that determines the beam angles for the measurement matrix. Simulation results on a six-element uniform linear array show that the proposed algorithm reduces the EEE by 13.2% compared to uniform beam design when the node deployment region has an aspect ratio of 4. These results demonstrate that the algorithm effectively exploits angular distribution characteristics to achieve significant performance improvements.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ReCIM: A SRAM-Based Digital–Analogue Hybrid CIM Reformer Accelerator Macro","authors":"Yu Liu, Hao Li, Xin He, Xiulong Wu, Xin Li, Chunyu Peng, Wenjuan Lu, Zhiting Lin","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70389","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70389","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reformer reduces redundant self-attention computations via hash bucketing. In this study, we introduce a SRAM-based digital-analogue hybrid reformer computing-in-memory (ReCIM) accelerator macro. This macro presents an absolute maximum value addressing circuit which facilitates the hash bucketing process and enables the utilisation of strongly-correlated (S-C) vectors for attention mechanism computations, thereby improving computational efficiency and saving memory space. Additionally, we introduce a reusable weight array which is suitable for matrix operations across various processes of self-attention, minimising unnecessary area overhead and enhancing device reusability. The proposed 4 Kb ReCIM macro was analysed using 28-nm CMOS technology. Simulation results demonstrate that the macro achieves a frequency of 500 MHz at a supply voltage of 0.9 V. During the hash bucketing process, energy efficiency reaches 9.74 TOPS/W.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70389","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144869564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sanghong Park, Changhyeon Eom, Jisu Yoon, Min Kim, Inoh Choi, Jongchul Park
{"title":"Efficient Markerless Radar Motion Recognition Using the 3D Coordinate Extracted by the Human Pose Estimation Software","authors":"Sanghong Park, Changhyeon Eom, Jisu Yoon, Min Kim, Inoh Choi, Jongchul Park","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70392","DOIUrl":"10.1049/ell2.70392","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This letter presents a simple yet highly accurate markerless motion-recognition method that uses radar. The proposed approach employs a freely available pose-estimation tool (BlazePose) to extract 3D coordinates of a body while it is engaged in micro-motions. These coordinates are used to generate basis signals, which are then combined with radar measurements to derive amplitude-based features. Experimental results with a 77 GHz frequency-modulated continuous wave radar show that the proposed method achieves classification accuracy that approaches 100%.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70392","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144869565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}