Ecological Indicators最新文献

{"title":"Five-year carry-over effects in dune slack vegetation response to hydrology","authors":"Lisanne van Willegen ,&nbsp;Hilary Wallace ,&nbsp;Angela Curreli ,&nbsp;Ciara Dwyer ,&nbsp;John Ratcliffe ,&nbsp;Davey L. Jones ,&nbsp;Graham Williams ,&nbsp;Martin Hollingham ,&nbsp;Laurence Jones","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dune slacks are biodiverse seasonal wetlands within sand dune systems, strongly influenced by the dynamics of the local groundwater regime. Future climate predictions indicate strong adverse impact on the hydrology and therefore ecology of these wetland ecosystems. In this study we aimed to find the most appropriate hydrological and ecological indicators to summarise dune slack plant community responses to hydrology over multiple years. We evaluated 80 hydrological metrics (weighted and un-weighted median, mean, minimum, maximum, mean spring level, averaged over 1–8 year duration, and 5 additional 1-year metrics) against plant community responses (variants of Ellenberg EbF moisture indicator). The data were drawn from 453 relevées in 17 dune slacks, using permanent quadrats and co-located piezometers, set up in 2010 with vegetation monitoring repeated six times until 2019. Within our study we found a strong relationship between multiple hydrology metrics and the plant community response, but this displayed inter-annual variation with different patterns and correlations between years. The best performing hydrology metric was the unweighted 5-year average mean spring water level (MSL), linked to unweighted mean EbF using vascular plant species only. Maximum water level (MAX) also performed well, but MSL was preferred as MAX can be enhanced or truncated by topography leading to anomalies for individual slacks. MSL is also flexible to implement within manual monitoring programmes, which could be targeted to 3-months per year over the spring as a minimum requirement. These findings provide simpler metrics for site managers to monitor potential hydrology and vegetation responses to climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 113016"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mutual-information of meteorological-soil and spatial propagation: Agricultural drought assessment based on network science","authors":"Qingzhi Wen ,&nbsp;Xinjun Tu ,&nbsp;Lei Zhou ,&nbsp;Vijay P Singh ,&nbsp;Xiaohong Chen ,&nbsp;Kairong Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agricultural drought causes serious harm to food security and vegetation ecosystems, and challenges the entire food-water-energy-health-environment nexus, complicating, in turn, management strategies. By building a meteorological and soil mutual-information index, this paper developed a novel method for assessing agricultural drought from a network science perspective. The method identified the atmospheric vapor pressure deficit as the key to the information on drought propagation by the network of meteorological and hydrological elements. Results showed that the meteorological and soil mutual-information index was superior to the standardized soil moisture index in monitoring agricultural drought. The spatial propagation of information on drought led to the key source areas for the occurrence of drought. A highly clustered connectivity structure derived from the drought propagation network was demonstrated in China. Under climate scenario SSP1-26, the increase in water vapor pressure deficit was significantly suppressed, thus mitigating agricultural (and/or vegetation) drought. Under high emission scenarios SSP2-45 and SSP5-85, the mutual-information between meteorological and hydrological elements progressively increased, and this increased information to extreme agricultural drought. The information transfer that occurred under a wide range of meteorological and hydrological elements can also be applied to the mutual-information network.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 113004"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to transform cultivated land protection on the Northeast Tibetan Plateau？ A multifunctional path exploration","authors":"Rongrong Ma ,&nbsp;Yuhan Huang ,&nbsp;Wei Zhou ,&nbsp;Jun Ren ,&nbsp;Hongyu Wang ,&nbsp;Zeyu Shi ,&nbsp;Juan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112988","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coordinated development of ecological services, food production, and human survival presents new challenges for protecting cultivated land (CL) in the ecologically fragile region of the Tibetan Plateau (TPEFR). There is an urgent need to explore transformative pathways for conserving CL in the region. In this study, a multifunctional supply and demand perspective is taken to explore such pathways. Correlation analysis and a coupled coordination degree model are used to understand the intrinsic structural characteristics that impact the multifunctionality of CLs. The K-means clustering algorithm is utilized to identify the alignment between the supply and demand of multiple CL functions and determine dominant and deficient CL functions. Finally, a comprehensive zoning approach is employed to enhance the dominant functions of CL, and transformation zones and the corresponding directions of these functions are identified, along with proposed countermeasures. The findings indicate the following: (1) There were disparities between the supply and demand of production, life, and ecological functions in Qinghai Province from 2000 to 2020. (2) A trade-off relationship exists between the supply and demand of CL production and ecological functions. (3) The degree of coordination between CL functions decreases from east to west in Qinghai Province. (4) CL resources in Qinghai Province can be categorized into eight zones. Among these, four zones undergo function-enhancing transformation to enhance production function, life function, ecological function, and multifunctional synergistic enhancement and protection. The remaining four zones prioritize the protection of ecological functions. In this study, a new paradigm is provided for the protection of CL in the TPEFR. The intrinsic mechanism and extrinsic aggregation of multifunctional supply–demand relationships are considered for comprehensive multifunctional zoning of CL, and the different transformation areas and their transformation directions are clarified.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 112988"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of landscape patterns on river water quality: Spatial-scale effects across an agricultural-urban interface","authors":"Kun Mei ,&nbsp;Haonan Shi ,&nbsp;Yupeng Wu ,&nbsp;Randy A. Dahlgren ,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Ji ,&nbsp;Minmin Yang ,&nbsp;Yueru Guan","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban river water pollution is a serious environmental challenge confronting urban areas worldwide. The scientific quantification of the impact of landscape patterns on water quality provides essential support for pollution control and watershed landscape optimization. In this study, we onducted an in-depth and meticulous exploration of the relationship between the landscape patterns and water quality in the Wen-Rui Tang River watershed at four distinct spatial scales (single subwatershed, dynamic subwatershed, riparian buffer, and reach buffer) and two time scales (dry season and rainy season). Regression models were used to investigate the quantitative impact of landscape patterns on water quality, redundancy analysis was employed to assess the overall explanatory power, and non-parametric point-of-change analysis was applied to evaluate variations in water quality along landscape gradients and identify critical landscape threshold ranges. The results indicate that the model performance of disolved oxygen at the reach buffer scale, pH and total nitrogen at the riparian buffer scale, and ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and total phosphorus at the dynamic subwatershed scale were better than at other scales. Overall, the dynamic subwatershed scale showed the strongest explanatory power for water quality indicators, with 91.2 % for the rainy season and 83.2 % for the dry season. The largest patch index of agricultural land (A_LPI) and water bodies (W_LPI) were identified as the most critical landscape indices influencing water quality at the dynamic sub-watershed scale, with threshold values for these indices established as A_LPI &lt; 10 % and W_LPI &gt; 1.5 %. These findings offer a comprehensive understanding of the spatiotemporal impacts of landscape patterns on water quality and offer valuable insights for watershed management and ecological planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 113019"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional nutrient emissions and hydrological regime modulate the spatiotemporal patterns of nutrient levels within lake bay","authors":"Qiqi Yuan ,&nbsp;Zhihui Ren ,&nbsp;Ruidong Chen ,&nbsp;Qingji Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinsong Ma ,&nbsp;Lachun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many rivers and lakes worldwide, especially lake bays adjacent to rivers, have experienced eutrophication. However, the effects of nutrient emission reduction and hydrological conditions on the levels and spatiotemporal distribution patterns of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in lake bays remained insufficiently understood. In this study, a dynamic model was developed to track nutrient transport processes from source areas to rivers and lake bays, and applied it to Zhushan Bay and its upstream region in the Taihu Basin, China. Hydro-chemical analysis results indicated that during the wet season, the total nitrogen (TN) concentration (1.64 mg·L^-1) in the river inflow section was higher than that in the lake bay (1.48 mg·L^-1), while total phosphorus (TP) (0.24 mg·L^-1) was lower than in the lake bay (0.30 mg·L^-1). The model results showed that in 2020, domestic sewage sources (38.24 %) and surface sources from cultivated land (33.14 %) were the primary contributors of fluvial TN, while livestock and poultry breeding sources (59.37 %) were the main sources of fluvial TP. Scenario simulations indicated that a 30 % reduction in nutrient emissions led to a corresponding decrease in TN and TP loads in the lake bays, with more significant reductions observed during the dry season (TN: 3.05 %; TP: 9.51 %). A 12 % reduction in river discharge during the dry season resulted in a corresponding decrease in TN and TP loads in the lake bays, with the reduction in TP (1.81 %) greater than that of TN (1.39 %). This study offered insights into nutrient transport and guidance for managing nutrients in lake basins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 113046"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grazing reduces shrub-facilitated diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods in semiarid ecosystems","authors":"Jiancai Sun ,&nbsp;Rentao Liu ,&nbsp;Marcelo Sternberg ,&nbsp;Lei Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhimin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is well established that shrubs have facilitative effects on soil arthropods in semiarid ecosystems. However, there is limited knowledge about whether shrubs continue to exhibit these facilitative effects under grazing regimes. To investigate this, we examined the abundance, α and β diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods in microhabitats (shrub understory and open space) using pitfall trapping method in both ungrazed and grazed plots in a semiarid region of northwestern China. We also examined soil properties and plant attributes in order to explore the key drivers. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in abundance of ground-dwelling arthropods between both microhabitats in ungrazed plots, whereas it was significantly greater in shrub understory than in open space in grazed plots. There was significantly greater α and β diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods in shrub understory than in open spaces in ungrazed plots, whereas no significant difference in either index was observed between microhabitats in grazed plots. The decreased arthropod species turnover between microhabitats in grazed plots relative to ungrazed plots led to alterations of their original community assembly. The key drivers of herbaceous plant height in ungrazed plots and those of soil bulk density, soil organic carbon, and soil moisture in grazed plots shaped ground-dwelling arthropod distribution between microhabitats. In conclusion, grazing activities simplified the structure of ground-dwelling arthropod communities, resulting in lower α and β diversity in both shrub understory and open space in grazed plots compared to ungrazed plots.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 113052"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating responses of riparian ecosystem network complexity to flow regime shifts in arid regions","authors":"Mengmeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Chengyi Zhao ,&nbsp;Jianting Zhu ,&nbsp;Wangya Han ,&nbsp;Wenqi Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human activities have significantly altered flow regimes, but the effects of shifting flow regimes on riparian species interactions and the ecosystem network remain unclear. This study applied a modified community-wide population model, integrated with network theory, to simulate the responses of the riparian ecosystem to potential future flow regimes in a desert oasis in northwestern China. Results indicate that the riparian ecosystem network in the desert oasis is inherently unstable under the Heihe River’s current hydrological conditions, characterized by considerable intra-annual and inter-annual runoff variability, as even minor changes in flow regimes could alter the network. Specifically, increased frequency of drought year simplifies the network, while heightened flood year frequencies (not exceeding 85%) create a more intricate network. Additionally, longer flood duration (more extended overlap with seed dispersal periods) significantly improves network connectivity and redundancy. Notably, the keystone status of species within the flow regime influences the network structure. With reduced flooding and more homogeneous flow, the keystone roles shift from trees and shrubs to herbs. This underscores the essential role of flooding events in sustaining riparian ecological networks. Thus, flood frequency, timing, and duration, alongside water quantity, should be considered in ecological restoration efforts for desert oasis environments. The study’s methodology and findings provide a scientific foundation for developing comprehensive management guidelines to regulate riparian areas under global change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 113039"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial-temporal evolution and multi-scenario prediction of carbon emissions from land use in the adjacent areas of nature reserves","authors":"Yuan Li,&nbsp;Yu-Ling Peng,&nbsp;Wei-Ying Cheng,&nbsp;Hao-Na Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The carbon emissions stemming from land use in adjacent areas exert a significant influence on the ecological balance of natural reserves. Examining carbon emission patterns linked to land use enables a deeper understanding of carbon dynamics in adjacent regions, thus safeguarding the functional integrity of natural reserves as vital carbon sink zones. This study focused on the protection and development belt of Wuyi Mountain National Park,<span><span>¹</span></span> a typical adjacent area of a nature reserve. Through the integration of spatial and statistical data, it examined the intensity and distribution characteristics of carbon emissions from 2000 to 2020. Additionally, the study employed the PLUS model to forecast land use trends and overall carbon emissions across various scenarios, including natural development, carbon sink enhancement, and carbon source control, for the years 2030 and 2060. Results indicated: (1) Between 2000 and 2020, the total carbon absorption capacity of the protection and development belt of Wuyi Mountain National Park showed a diminishing trend, contrasting with the rising trend in total carbon emissions; (2) In the vicinity of the natural reserve, there was discernible spatial variation in carbon emissions associated with land use. The eastern regions exhibited elevated emissions, whereas the southern regions demonstrated comparatively lower emissions. The extent of carbon sources continued to grow, with areas exhibiting low, medium, and high carbon emissions all displaying expansion tendencies. Areas with robust carbon absorption capacities consistently showed a decreasing trend; (3) Across all three scenarios, land allocated for construction emerged as the predominant source of carbon emissions. Notably, the carbon source control scenario exhibited the smallest net carbon emissions from land use, underscoring the significance of carbon reduction as the fundamental strategy for achieving carbon neutrality goals. This research can offer insightful experience for simulating land use patterns and estimating carbon emissions in adjacent areas with similar nature reserves, contributing to the proposal of targeted carbon neutrality policies and management measures, thereby facilitating the transition of nature reserves and their surrounding areas towards a low-carbon development path.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 113047"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carabid beetles as indicators of stream zonation","authors":"Franziska Middendorf ,&nbsp;Bernhard Eitzinger ,&nbsp;Martin H. Entling ,&nbsp;Jens Schirmel","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rivers and streams are characterised by longitudinal changes in hydrology and aquatic communities. Due to the strong connectivity between watercourses and adjacent terrestrial ecosystems, riparian communities might also show characteristic changes along stream courses. Although carabid beetles are often used as ecological indicators in riparian habitats (e.g., to monitor restoration success), little is known about how they indicate stream zonation. We conducted a study of riparian habitats at five streams, each sampled in three near-natural sections upstream, midstream and downstream, to analyse changes in carabid beetle abundance, species richness, indicator species and functional trait composition along stream courses. Carabid beetles were sampled using pitfall traps and hand collections in May and September 2023. Carabid abundance, species richness and functional diversity increased significantly from upstream to downstream. Carabid communities shifted from a dominance of large-bodied and short-winged species in the upstream zone towards smaller and long-winged species downstream. In addition, 11 indicator species were identified in the downstream zone, compared to only two in the upstream and one in the midstream zone. In contrast, the percentage of riparian habitat specialists peaked midstream. Changes in carabid communities were likely driven by increasing size of the riparian area and soil pH along the course of the streams, likely reflecting the increasing hydrological connectivity and sediment deposition. Our findings clearly showed longitudinal changes in the community structure and trait composition of carabid beetles along streams. We conclude that carabids are therefore excellent ecological indicators of the zonation of the riparian zone of small streams.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 113036"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing industry ecological sustainability from the perspective of spatial association network: A case study of the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River","authors":"Weifeng Deng ,&nbsp;Shuoshuo Li ,&nbsp;Guoen Wei ,&nbsp;Ling Bai ,&nbsp;Yaobin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As zones of intensive human activity overlap with ecologically sensitive areas, human-land conflict in urban agglomerations becomes more pronounced. This highlights the need to balance industrial development with ecological protection. This study constructs an industrial ecological sustainability (IES) index based on three subsystems: industrial development, resource-environment, and ecological protection. Using the Urban Agglomeration in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (UAMRYR) as a case, we analyze the spatial–temporal patterns and spatial correlation network of IES, identifying the mechanisms driving these linkages. Firstly, from 2005 to 2020, the UAMRYR’s IES level showed a fluctuating upward trend, with spatial inequality manifesting as lower levels in the northwest and higher levels in the southeast. Leading areas of IES expanded from the southeast to the northwest, while lagging areas gradually decreased. Secondly, the spatial correlation network of IES in UAMRYR exhibits a “multi-polar and multi-thread” structure, driven mainly by intra-cluster linkages. The IES correlation intensity decreases as the distance from core cities increases. The network forms three types of blocks: bidirectional spillover, net beneficiary, and net spillover. The net beneficiary block is typically located in economically advanced areas that lead the network. Third, the spatial correlation network of IES is influenced by stable factors like geographical proximity and land use intensity differences and green innovation levels differences. It is also influenced by periodic factors such as economic development levels differences, urbanization rates differences, and energy consumption intensity differences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 113071"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}