Ecological Indicators最新文献

{"title":"Flatlining fens? Small-scale variations in peat properties and microtopography as indicators of ecosystem homogenisation","authors":"Sate Ahmad ,&nbsp;Miaorun Wang ,&nbsp;Adam Bates ,&nbsp;Francesco Martini ,&nbsp;Shane Regan ,&nbsp;Matthew Saunders ,&nbsp;Haojie Liu ,&nbsp;Jennifer McElwain ,&nbsp;Laurence Gill","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fens, groundwater-fed mires, are important hotspots of biodiversity, carbon storage, and water regulation, but many have been degraded through drainage for agriculture, reducing their multifunctionality. Restoration efforts, particularly rewetting, are gaining attention in Europe, but understanding small-scale spatial processes driving ecosystem recovery remains limited. To explore spatial structure in soil properties and microtopography as indicators of ecosystem homogenisation, we collected ∼200 georeferenced soil samples from a near-natural alkaline fen and a degraded counterpart. Variogram analysis revealed distinct spatial structures in peat properties according to ecosystem status. The degraded fen exhibited longer autocorrelation ranges for soil organic matter (SOM), moisture, carbonate content, and surface microelevation, suggesting higher homogeneity compared to the near-natural fen. In addition, higher SOM was associated with higher surface microelevation and moisture content at both sites, highlighting the role of peat accumulation in shaping microtopography. The relationship between soil properties and microelevation showed stronger association and greater non-linearity in the near-intact fen compared to the degraded one. The variogram range appears to be a useful indicator of ecosystem status and homogeneity, providing valuable insights into the dynamics of fen degradation and restoration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 113317"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global temporal and spatial changes of vegetation in desert steppe Ecosystems: Impacts of climate driving factors","authors":"Xiaonan Chen ,&nbsp;Bochao Cui ,&nbsp;Dongwei Gui ,&nbsp;Qi Liu ,&nbsp;Yunfei Liu ,&nbsp;Qian Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Desert steppe ecosystems are crucial for global ecological stability and human well-being. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of long-term vegetation changes in desert steppes and their relationship with climatic factors, using GIMMS NDVI data (1993–2022) and multi-source climate datasets. The research finds that 82 % of global desert steppes are concentrated in Eurasia. Over the past 30 years, approximately 50 % of these ecosystems have experienced significant vegetation declines, with Central Asia being the most affected region, highlighting increased ecological vulnerability. Quantitative analysis shows that minimum temperature and vapor pressure contribute 7.26 % and 7.67 % to positive vegetation changes, respectively, while the leaf area index of low vegetation contributes the most (14.45 %), reflecting ecosystem resilience under favorable conditions. Conversely, solar radiation and surface pressure account for 29.38 % and 10.01 % of negative changes, respectively, with solar radiation having the most significant impact, particularly near critical aridity thresholds where ecosystem degradation is most pronounced. These findings underscore the urgency of targeted conservation efforts, particularly in Central Asia and the United States, to mitigate further degradation of desert steppes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 113333"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping and assessing the multifunctional demand for agricultural land based on the “P-E-F” framework: A case study of Hangzhou City, China","authors":"Qian Yu ,&nbsp;Shan He ,&nbsp;Chenxia Hu ,&nbsp;Shixue You ,&nbsp;Lin Lin ,&nbsp;Yue Su ,&nbsp;Congmou Zhu ,&nbsp;Chenhe Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Assessing the demand for multifunctions of agricultural land (MAL) at a fine scale is critical for rationally optimizing the allocation of agricultural resources. However, the methodology for quantifying MAL demand is still exploratory and lacks a comprehensive evaluation system. This study thus proposed the “P-E-F” framework by integrating multi-source datasets (e.g., social network and remote sensing) in Hangzhou, China. Firstly, the MAL demand maps were drawn based on the “P-E-F” framework. Secondly, a multiscale analysis was conducted based on the MAL demand maps and their hotspot maps. Finally, we comprehensively analyzed the demand variations among land use types and agricultural functions to explore more precise information. The key findings are that 1) despite high MAL demand was generally concentrated near the downtown, some remote rural areas were also characterized by significant demand for cultural function; 2) compared to that of ecological and cultural functions, the production demand was less scale-dependent with a more aggregated distribution pattern; 3) agricultural land with compounding demand was clustered in the plains adjacent to cities, and hotspots of MAL demand in remote mountains were less frequently observed; 4) demand level for paddy field was outstanding among other agricultural land use types. We argue that regionally differentiated utilization and management of agricultural land are necessary from a sustainable development perspective. This study provides a new insight into the MAL demand assessment and can provide reference suggestions for the utilization, management, and planning of agricultural land.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 113298"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a quantitative framework for watershed sustainable development: The ecology-water energy food (E-WEF) approach","authors":"Lin Zhang ,&nbsp;Lingjian Kong ,&nbsp;Xingyue Ji ,&nbsp;Yanhui Ren ,&nbsp;Can Lin ,&nbsp;Zhaohua Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water, energy, and food are essential for the sustainable development of human society, forming the basis of ecological security. However, achieving sustainability within the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus, while ensuring ecological security, remains a challenge. This study introduced an Ecology-WEF (E-WEF) framework integrated socio-economic development, ecological security and WEF. We assessed the comprehensive evaluation score (CES), coupled coordination degree (CCD) and driving factor of E-WEF system during 2000–2020 and predicted CES during 2021–2030 in Yellow River Basin (YRB). The results indicated: While the WEF system fluctuated, developing E system led to an upward trend in the E-WEF system, with predictions showing a steady rise from 2020 to 2030, outpacing the WEF system. In socio-economic, energy and food subsystems, CES showed the highest in downstream and the lowest in upstream, while in the eco-environmental and water subsystems, the converse was observed. The CCD was higher in downstream, with the system layer exceeding the subsystem layer. From 2000 to 2020, the major influencing factors shifted from agricultural production and energy consumption to environmental protection and resource utilization efficiency. Interaction factors had greater effects than individual factors, with the socio-economic and food subsystems showing a high contribution, respectively. The E-WEF framework provided new insights for achieving ecological security and sustainable development in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 113291"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental drivers of microbial assembly and stability in lakes across biogeographical regions","authors":"Ivana Stanić ,&nbsp;Katarina Kajan ,&nbsp;Lorena Selak ,&nbsp;Sandi Orlić","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freshwater lake ecosystems play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle, acting as both carbon sinks and sources while providing essential ecosystem services. Within these ecosystems, planktonic microorganisms drive nutrient cycling and energy transfer in aquatic food webs. Due to their rapid response to environmental fluctuations, microbial communities serve as indicators of ecosystem change. In stratified lakes, thermal layering restricts energy and nutrient exchange, creating distinct microbial niches across depths. Microbial communities can be classified into free-living (FL) and particle-associated (PA) bacteria, which exhibit divergent metabolic strategies and responses to environmental change. Ecological theory suggests that PA bacteria are more influenced by deterministic factors (e.g., nutrient availability, oxygen gradients), whereas FL bacteria experience greater stochasticity (e.g., ecological drift). However, the stability and assembly mechanisms of these microbial fractions in dynamic lake environments remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed FL and PA bacterial communities in four karstic lakes in Croatia over two years, capturing both stratified and mixed conditions. Our results revealed that stratification and mixing events drove distinct microbial distribution patterns, with environmental gradients shaping niche partitioning between FL and PA bacteria. Contrary to the ecological theory, deterministic processes dominated community assembly in all lakes and fractions, though stochastic processes played a role, particularly in PA communities. Lakes with more stable conditions, such as Plitvice Lakes, exhibited resilient microbial networks, while more dynamic environments, like Baćina Lakes, supported less stable communities. In Lake Crniševo, seasonal salinity fluctuations created strong selection pressures, contributing to community divergence over time. These findings underscore the importance of environmental drivers in shaping microbial assembly and stability, highlighting the distinct ecological roles of FL and PA bacteria. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for predicting microbial responses to environmental change and enhancing biomonitoring strategies for freshwater ecosystem management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 113324"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aboveground biomass and carbon stocks in subtropical forests","authors":"Hiago Adamosky Machado ,&nbsp;Adriane Avelhaneda Mallmann ,&nbsp;Kauana Engel ,&nbsp;José Augusto Spiazzi Favarin ,&nbsp;Jordan Luis Campos Modesto ,&nbsp;Carlos Roberto Sanquetta ,&nbsp;Ana Paula Dalla Corte ,&nbsp;Henrique Soares Koehler ,&nbsp;Sylvio Péllico Netto ,&nbsp;Alexandre Behling ,&nbsp;Jonathan William Trautenmüller","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantifying plant biomass in native forests is essential to understanding ecosystem health, primary productivity, biodiversity, and the carbon cycle, contributing to climate regulation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish biomass estimators and quantify biomass and carbon stocks in subtropical forests in Brazil. The study area can be considered one of the largest preserved areas of the Atlantic Forest biome, covering approximately 6,000 km². Two procedures were used to quantify biomass and carbon: i) for trees with less than 50 cm of dbh, equations were established using allometric data collected; ii) for trees with more than 50 cm of dbh, the equations established by Trautenmüller et al. (2021) were used. These equations were biologically consistent and were corrected for heteroscedasticity, using the WNSUR procedure. These equations were later used to estimate the biomass of everyone in an inventory of subtropical forests in the state of Paraná, Brazil. A total of 456,302.00 ha of area with vegetation cover were found, with an average biomass stock of 117.26 Mg.ha⁻¹. The total biomass stock for the entire area was 53,505.97 Gg, and the carbon equivalent was 92,208.63 Gg, highlighting the need to preserve this area with vegetation cover. One of the most immediate actions to mitigate the effects of climate change is to reduce deforestation, which can be the result of human activities or caused by mass movement. New studies should be carried out to assess the effects of climate extremes on carbon stocks and how these can affect the lives involved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 113294"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-compensation for Farmers’ cultivated land protection based on Field-Habitus theory","authors":"Ruofang Luan ,&nbsp;Gaohui Wen ,&nbsp;Xianhui Hu ,&nbsp;Xiaxia Lin ,&nbsp;Chaozheng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agricultural nonpoint pollution (ANP) increasingly threatens cultivated land sustainability, necessitating precise eco-compensation mechanisms to incentivize farmers’ adoption of cultivated land protection (CLP) practices. Using choice experiment and a random parameter logit model with 600 farmers in Changde City, China, this study integrates capital-habitus framework to analyze willingness to accept compensation (WTA) drivers. The results reveal that: (1) Key CLP practices, reducing chemical fertilizer or pesticide application, adopting soil testing-fertilization technology, full waste recycling, income and ecological awareness, significantly increase farmers’ WTA for CLP; (2) Capital endowment critically influenced preferences: households with higher proportions of laborers and greater reliance on kinship networks exhibited reduced compensation acceptance tendencies. Conversely, agricultural producers who participated in a greater number of agrotechnical training courses were significantly more willing to engage in CLP compensation practices. (3) The total eco-compensation for CLP ranges from RMB 3393.17/hm² to RMB 5343.17/hm². Moreover, different selection attributes correspond to different eco-compensation amounts. This study recommends implementing tiered compensation schemes with bundled incentives, augmenting farmers’ capital endowments, and raising ecological cognition to optimize engagement in arable land protection. The proposed framework offers a transferable paradigm for harmonizing agricultural productivity with environmental stewardship in smallholder-dominated agricultural systems, providing actionable insights for policy formulation in China and other developing regions facing the productivity-ecosystem preservation preservation trade-off.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 113319"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating multi-model frameworks to unravel the spatiotemporal dynamics of flash floods in the Tianshan Mountain, China","authors":"Biao Zhang ,&nbsp;Haiyan Fang ,&nbsp;Guotao Zhang ,&nbsp;Songqing Li ,&nbsp;Shufang Wu ,&nbsp;Kadambot H.M. Siddique","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Tianshan Mountain in China (CTM), a critical water resource and climate change hotspot in Central Asia, faces escalating flash flood events due to global climate change and intensified human activities. This study applied the Geodetector (GD) to select driving factors with spatiotemporal variability of flash floods in the CTM from 1975 to 2015. The filtered drivers were integrated with historical flash flood data using the Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression model (GTWR) to explore the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the driving effects. Subsequently, the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation (PLS-SEM) was used to explore the direct and indirect influence pathways among driving factors. The analysis revealed a fluctuating upward trend in flash floods, accelerating after 1995 and showing different trends in various subregions after 2010. By the early 21st century, a symmetrical north–south distribution pattern emerged, with extreme precipitation events as the key driver. Terrain rainstorms were the main trigger in the eastern Tianshan Mountains (ETM), while landscape diversity, reduced snowmelt, and artificial flood control mitigated floods in the northern Tianshan Mountains (NSTM). The southern Tianshan Mountains (SSTM) experienced significant flood changes due to abundant precipitation. This study constructs a comprehensive analytical framework for investigating flash flood changes in the CTM by integrating GD, GTWR, and PLS-SEM models and proposes flash flood management strategies based on the identified mechanisms in different subzones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 113259"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on restorative perception mechanisms in rural landscapes based on structural equation modelling","authors":"Songlin Jiang ,&nbsp;Xi Li ,&nbsp;Jiayi Lin ,&nbsp;Xinmiao Ji ,&nbsp;Wenli Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To alleviate the emotional stress in modern urban life, people are increasingly relying on restorative environments to retain their physical and mental well-being. The rural landscape is an underestimated potential restorative environment. This study took the traditional rural settlement “Linpan” in Chengdu as representative rural landscape, which was further divided into tourist and agricultural rural landscapes. A structural equation model was used to construct a restoration perception mechanism consisting of landscape elements perception, place attachment, recreational activity preference, and restorative perception. The results showed that the perception score of farmland and woodland in agricultural rural landscapes were the highest, and buildings in tourism rural landscapes were more effective. Landscape elements perception, place attachment, recreational activity preference all have a significant impact on restorative perception (P &lt; 0.05), with place attachment being the most critical mediating factor affecting restorative perception (Standardized path coefficient = 0.805, P &lt; 0.001). Gender (positive moderating effect for male), age (positive), professionalism and the degree of familiarity with the rural landscape (negative) had significant moderating effects (P &lt; 0.05). The results of the study provide recommendations for rural landscape construction and tourism development, especially through the design of landscape elements and pro-natural activities to improve tourists' place attachment and further enhance restorative perception.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 113252"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards ecological security: Two-thirds of China’s ecoregions experienced a decline in habitat quality from 1992 to 2020","authors":"Qiang Xue ,&nbsp;Yang Zhang ,&nbsp;Qingmin Zhang ,&nbsp;Qingxia Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaojing Zhang ,&nbsp;Lu Lu ,&nbsp;Changbo Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>China’s six major ecoregions are cross-administrative regions that coordinate ecological security and socioeconomic development, making the preservation of regional ecological security critically prominent. However, differences in the economic development modes between administrative regions threaten the maintenance of biodiversity in these ecoregions. Currently, the spatiotemporal evolution of habitat quality (HQ) in China’s ecoregions and its drivers have not been fully analyzed. In this study, the InVEST model, trend analysis methods, and the optimal parameter-based geographic detector (OPGD) model were used to reveal the spatiotemporal distribution of HQ in China’s six ecoregions over the past 30 years and its driving mechanism. The findings indicated that since 1992, land use alterations and conflict patterns differed throughout the ecological zones, and construction land exhibited an increasing trend in all six zones. The national HQ initially decreased and then increased, with a multi-year average of 0.6304. The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Ecological Region (QTPER), Northeast Ecological Region (NEER), and Southeast Ecological Region (SER) had higher HQ values, while the Northwest Ecological Region (NWER) had the lowest value. The HQ in the NEER continuously declined. The longitudinal distribution of the HQ exhibited a weak W-shaped pattern from west to east. The HQ demonstrated an upward tendency in the NWER and QTPER and a downward trend in the SER, NEER, and Yangtze River and Sichuan–Yunnan Key Ecological Region (YRSYKER). Except for the SER, the Moran’s <em>I</em> values in the other ecoregions were greater than 0.80. The HQ was mainly high in the QTPER and NEER and low in the NWER and the Yellow River Key Ecological Region (YRKER). The main factors influencing the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of HQ differed between ecoregions. Among them, natural factors including the annual average vegetation index, elevation, and slope were the long-term dominant driving factors. The integrated HQ comprehensive analytical framework offers effective methodologies and empirical data for HQ evaluation and monitoring at different scales in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 113275"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}