Current Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Parerythrobacter aurantius sp. nov., a Member of the Family Erythrobacteraceae Isolated from a Coastal Breakwater Stone.","authors":"Yang Liu, Tao Pei, Juan Du, Ming-Rong Deng, Honghui Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s00284-025-04340-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00284-025-04340-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A novel bacterial isolate designated as strain 1C24^T was isolated from a coastal breakwater stone. Its cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω6c and/or C_18:1 ω7c), iso-C_18:0 and C_18:1 ω7c 11-methyl; the main polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and sphingoglycolipid; the respiratory quinone was Q-10. The 16S rRNA gene-based analysis demonstrated that strain 1C24^T belonged to the family Erythrobacteraceae. The phylogenomic inference revealed that strain 1C24^T belonged to the genus Parerythrobacter and formed a separate branch independent from its relatives. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity and amino acid identity values between strain 1C24^T and its relatives of the genus Parerythrobacter further indicated that strain 1C24^T should represent a putative novel species of this genus. The genomic size and DNA G + C content of strain 1C24^T were 2.88 Mbp and 64.85%. The genome analysis demonstrated that strain 1C24^T contained a complete photosynthesis gene cluster and a carotenoid biosynthesis gene cluster, and the latter was confirmed by carotenoid detection. Based on genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, strain 1C24^T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Parerythrobacter within the family Erythrobacteraceae, for which the name Parerythrobacter aurantius sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1C24^T (= GDMCC 1.2450^T = KCTC 82667^T).</p>","PeriodicalId":11360,"journal":{"name":"Current Microbiology","volume":"82 8","pages":"350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome Analysis and Characterization of Enterococcus sp. SB12 Isolated from Carpathian Artisanal Cheese.","authors":"Viktoriia Mushynska, Stepan Tistechok, Ivan Roman, Iryna Slyvka, Orysia Tsisaryk, Oleksandr Gromyko, Oksana Shtapenko, Vasyl Syrvatka","doi":"10.1007/s00284-025-04337-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00284-025-04337-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of probiotics is becoming increasingly popular in animal husbandry and medicine and is offered as an alternative to antibiotics. Due to the ability to produce bacteriocins with antimicrobial effects and survival in the gastrointestinal tract, certain strains of Enterococcus faecium are used in probiotics to prevent diseases of the digestive system. Here, we present the genomic analysis and characterization of Enterococcus sp. SB12 isolated from Carpathian cheese. Whole-genome sequencing and analysis revealed that the genome of strain SB12 is represented by one circular chromosome and two circular plasmids, with a total size of 2.69 Mb. Phylogenetic analysis positioned Enterococcus sp. SB12 within a clade of Enterococcus strains with recognized probiotic potential. The genome analysis identified several antibiotic resistance genes (AAC(6')-Ii, vanY in vanB cluster, efrA, eatAv). Several virulence factors were also identified in the genome; however, none of them were major virulence factors typically found in clinical E. faecium strains. In addition, we identified clusters of genes for the synthesis of bacteriocins: enterocin A, enterocin SE-K4, enterocin P, enterolysin A, and enterocin L50. The Enterococcus sp. SB12 strain showed a limited capacity for tyrosine decarboxylation. Notably, this strain also showed resistance to high temperatures, salinity, lysozyme and low pH.</p>","PeriodicalId":11360,"journal":{"name":"Current Microbiology","volume":"82 8","pages":"349"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungal Biodegradation of Amlodipine and Lisinopril by Penicillium citrinum: Towards a Sustainable Approach to Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment.","authors":"Joel Augustine, Jayanthi Abraham","doi":"10.1007/s00284-025-04330-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00284-025-04330-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Concerns are rising globally about the contamination caused by pharmaceutical waste, where improper disposal of unused medications can harm the environment and pose risks to public health. Household pharmaceutical waste needs careful management to mitigate its impact, as medicines disposed in sinks or flushed down in toilets can end up in sewage systems and eventually contaminate waterways. This study aims to address these concerns by investigating the degradation of most commonly used drugs for hypertension amlodipine besylate and lisinopril, using Penicillium citrinum. The fungal isolate tolerated 100 mg L^-1 of amlodipine and lisinopril and degraded 96.4% and 95.7% within 7th and 8th d, respectively, and exhibited enzyme activities such as lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and laccase, which played a crucial role in amlodipine and lisinopril degradation. Notably, the degradation process yields novel byproducts which was not previously identified in any scientific studies. The degradation process was confirmed through various analytical techniques including High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (LCMS). The LCMS analysis showed the presence of three degradation products of amlodipine; Octadecanal, dodecane-1,1-diol and Pentane-1, 1-diol. And for lisinopril two byproducts (3-ethyloctane and Diethoxymethane) were identified. The degradation satisfies the first order kinetics model with a higher R² value of 0.95 and 0.963. The results indicate that the strain was successful in removing amlodipine and lisinopril efficiently.</p>","PeriodicalId":11360,"journal":{"name":"Current Microbiology","volume":"82 8","pages":"348"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodegradation of Neonicotinoid Insecticides Thiacloprid and Thiamethoxam by Microorganisms: Metabolic Process, Metabolic Enzymes and Toxicity Assessments of their Metabolites.","authors":"Yun-Xiu Zhao, Li-Wen Chen, Yue Shen, Hao Chen, Zi-Yan Yu, Chao Xing, Yi-Fei Chen, Peng-Fei Zhai, Jiu-Wei Song, Ju Yang","doi":"10.1007/s00284-025-04326-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00284-025-04326-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The extensive agricultural use of neonicotinoid insecticides, particularly thiacloprid (THI) and thiamethoxam (THIA), has raised profound environmental and ecological concerns. Microbial bioremediation has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate these impacts. While numerous microorganisms capable of degrading THI and THIA have been identified and characterized, the underlying degradation mechanisms remain poorly understood. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the microbial metabolic pathways involved in THI and THIA degradation, with a particular focus on the ecotoxicological effects of these compounds and their transformation products. Special emphasis is placed on the key catabolic enzymes in promoting the breakdown of these neonicotinoids, including nitrile hydratases (NHases), cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs), and aldehyde oxidases (AOXs). We place particular emphasis on the synergistic potential of microbial communities in enhancing degradation efficiency through complementary metabolic pathways, especially in environments contaminated with complex pesticide mixtures. Furthermore, we advocate for the integration of multi-omics technologies, computational biology, synthetic biology, and metabolic engineering to advance microbial biodegradation strategies. The insights presented in this review deepen our understanding of the enzymatic mechanisms underlying the microbial degradation of THI and THIA, highlighting their potential for mitigating neonicotinoid-induced environmental contamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":11360,"journal":{"name":"Current Microbiology","volume":"82 8","pages":"347"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144483595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Penicillin-Non-Susceptible, Multidrug-Resistant Streptococcus agalactiae Using Whole-Genome Sequencing.","authors":"Junghun Park, Min-Kyung So, Yu-Hee Kim, Hae-Sun Chung","doi":"10.1007/s00284-025-04334-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00284-025-04334-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a major pathogen in neonates and adults causing neonatal sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis. Although penicillin is the first-line treatment, GBS infections have developed multidrug resistance, including non-susceptibility to penicillin. Given a lack of molecular genetic research, further characterization of clinical isolates is essential. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to advance our understanding of their resistance profiles and molecular epidemiology of penicillin-non-susceptible GBS isolates. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the genetic characteristics of penicillin-non-susceptible, multidrug-resistant (MDR) GBS and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Four penicillin-non-susceptible GBS isolates were obtained from clinical specimens. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using VITEK2, MicroScan, broth microdilution, and Etest. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted using the Illumina MiSeq platform, followed by sequence analysis of resistance-related genes, including pbp, ciaH, rpo, and quinolone resistance determinants. The clinical data of patients were also reviewed. All four isolates exhibited penicillin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.25 μg/mL and were resistant to levofloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline, as determined by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, confirming an MDR phenotype. The MICs of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone were close to the susceptibility breakpoints, indicating borderline susceptibility. Several amino acid substitutions in penicillin-binding proteins were associated with penicillin non-susceptibility and additional substitutions in CiaH and RpoD. Substitutions associated with fluoroquinolone resistance were also identified in GyrA and ParC. All isolates carried the resistance genes erm(B), mre(A), and tet(M). Although rare, the detection of these isolates underscores the need for continued surveillance and further research to inform effective treatment and prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11360,"journal":{"name":"Current Microbiology","volume":"82 8","pages":"344"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobile Genomic Island GEI-FN1A in Aeromonas salmonicida FN1 Contributes to the Spread of Antibiotic-Resistance Genes.","authors":"Xinru Xie, Zhaorui Ren, Rong Wang, Kanglu Tian, Xindi Huang, Yang Lyu, Guangxiang Cao, Jiafang Fu","doi":"10.1007/s00284-025-04327-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00284-025-04327-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibiotics are used to treat severe bacterial infections. However, owing to excessive antibiotic use, bacteria under high selective pressure for antibiotics develop resistance through spontaneous mutation or by acquiring antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Horizontal transfer of ARGs among bacteria in the environment can lead to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria that infect animals and humans, thus causing disease outbreaks. In this study, MDR strain FN1 was isolated from a feces-contaminated soil sample from a chicken farm under pressure from the antibiotic florfenicol (16 mg/L) and identified as Aeromonas salmonicida. Whole-genome sequencing and analysis revealed the 86.8-kb antibiotic-resistant genomic island, GEI-FN1A, in the FN1 genome. Genome annotation revealed that GEI-FN1A carried several ARGs, including two tetracycline-resistance genes [tetR and tet(A)], three aminoglycoside-resistance genes [aph(6), aph(3\"), and aac(3)], one trimethoprim-resistance gene (dfrB4), two chloramphenicol/florfenicol-resistance genes (catB3 and floR), three macrolide-resistance genes [mphR(A), mrx(A), and mph(A)] and two sul1 genes. GEI-FN1A also contained genes encoding integrase, transposase, and recombinase, which mediate the horizontal transfer of MDR genes. These findings suggest that GEI-FN1A in A. salmonicida FN1 can potentially spread ARGs among environmental bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":11360,"journal":{"name":"Current Microbiology","volume":"82 8","pages":"345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photocatalytic Degradation of Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 and Antimicrobial Activities of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized by Aspergillus flavus.","authors":"Rania R Elkhouli, Khaled Z ElBaghdady, Mostafa M H Khalil, Samar S Mohamed","doi":"10.1007/s00284-025-04299-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00284-025-04299-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores the biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) by Aspergillus flavus recovered from The Iron and Steel Factory (Helwan) in EGYPT. Various factors, including metal salt concentration, inoculum size, pH, incubation time, temperature, and aeration, were optimized to enhance nanoparticle production. Characterization of the IONPs was performed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The synthesized IONPs were found to be quasi-spherical with sizes ranging from 7.66 to 49 nm and exhibited an amorphous structure. The photocatalytic activity of the IONPs was evaluated for the degradation of Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 under UV light. At pH 3 and with 10 mg/mL IONPs, 61% degradation of 7 ppm dye was achieved after 180 min. The antimicrobial activity of the IONPs was assessed against 8 microbial strains (Aspergillus flavus MT102937, Aspergillus niger MT103092, Aspergillus fumigatus MT103062, Candida albicans CA10231, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Shigella sonnei ATCC 29930, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, and Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175). The IONPs showed the highest inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, with a zone of inhibition of 22.33 ± 0.58 mm, while Aspergillus niger MT103092 was the most sensitive fungal species, showing an inhibition zone of 16.33 ± 1.53 mm. The results highlighting the potential applications of biosynthesized IONPs in environmental remediation and antimicrobial therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11360,"journal":{"name":"Current Microbiology","volume":"82 8","pages":"346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agar Composition Modulates Production of Trichoderma Peptaibols, Affecting Antibacterial and Antiproliferative Activity.","authors":"Patrik Macášek, Adriana Kapustová, Jitka Viktorová, Ján Víglaš, Petra Olejníková, Lukas Grey, Lucia Laubertová, Helena Gbelcová","doi":"10.1007/s00284-025-04322-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00284-025-04322-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Current antibiotics and chemotherapeutics are becoming ineffective because pathogenic bacteria and tumor cells have developed multiple drug resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to find new substances that can be used in treatment, either alone or as sensitizing molecules in combination with existing drugs. Peptaibols are bioactive, membrane-active peptides of non-ribosomal origin, mainly produced by filamentous fungi such as Trichoderma spp. This study focused on producing peptaibol-rich extracts from Trichoderma atroviride O1, cultivated on malt extract agar (MA) under circadian and constant darkness conditions for 13 days. Peptaibol production was detected by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry after six days of cultivation. The extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus strains, particularly the methicillin-resistant variant, but not against the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Quorum sensing interference revealed that a peptaibol-rich extract suppressed Vibrio campbellii BAA-1119's AI-2 signaling system to a degree comparable with gentamycin. Beyond antibacterial properties, the extracts exhibited notable antiproliferative activity against human ovarian cancer cells and their adriamycin-resistant subline in both 2D and 3D models. Specifically, MA-derived extracts reduced ovarian cancer cell viability by 70% at 50 μg/mL, especially under light/dark regime of cultivation. Compared to previously published results for PDA-based extracts, MA cultivation shifted the biological effects of peptaibol-containing extracts toward anticancer potential. These findings support the idea that modifying fungal cultivation parameters, the bioactivity of secondary metabolite mixtures can be tailored for specific therapeutic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":11360,"journal":{"name":"Current Microbiology","volume":"82 8","pages":"342"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12181216/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144332641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Importinα3 Mediates BmNPV Nucleocapsid Nuclear Entry via a Ran-Independent Pathway.","authors":"Tianran Zhang, Kangping Yin, Ying Xu, Kai Chen, Jinshan Huang, Bifang Hao","doi":"10.1007/s00284-025-04314-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00284-025-04314-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Baculoviruses, such as Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), are arthropod-specific DNA viruses with a complex entry mechanism that relies on host importin proteins for nuclear import. Despite significant advances in understanding viral entry, the precise role of importins in BmNPV nuclear import remains poorly understood. In this study, we identify importin α3 (IMPα3) as a critical mediator for the nuclear entry of the BmNPV nucleocapsid. Using RT-qPCR, we found that IMPα3, along with IMPα5 and IMP13, is upregulated during the early stages of BmNPV infection. Knockdown of IMPα3 significantly reduced viral infection rates, while overexpression of IMPα3 increased the infection rate by 24%. Functional domain analysis revealed that the N- and C-terminal regions of IMPα3 are essential for nucleocapsid nuclear entry, with truncation of either domain impairing this process. Interestingly, our findings indicate that BmNPV nuclear entry is independent of the classical RanGTP hydrolysis pathway, suggesting a Ran-independent mechanism for nucleocapsid transport. Further analysis confirmed that IMPα3, but not IMPβ, is essential for nuclear import, bypassing the need for traditional importin β-mediated transport. These results provide new insights into the role of IMPα3 in BmNPV infection and suggest that targeting IMPα3 could be a promising strategy for antiviral intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":11360,"journal":{"name":"Current Microbiology","volume":"82 8","pages":"343"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144336343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp): A Narrative Review.","authors":"Manoj Kumar Thirugnanasambantham, Srichandrasekar Thuthikkadu Indhuprakash, Diraviyam Thirumalai","doi":"10.1007/s00284-025-04311-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00284-025-04311-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypervirulence, an emerging term used to describe an ability of pathogen to survive in harsh environments, is particularly suited to the enigmatic Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp). Numerous studies are underway to comprehend how this bacterium evolve into hypervirulent forms. While K. pneumoniae typically affects immunocompromised individuals in hospital settings as an opportunistic pathogen, certain strains are capable of infecting healthy individuals in community settings. This observation triggered the researchers to recognize the emergence of a new pathotype in Kp and termed it into \"Hypervirulence.\" Nevertheless, the differentiation of hypervirulent from the classical strains became a great challenge in hospital settings and research laboratories as well. This review addresses the critical challenge of differentiating hvKp from cKp by evaluating phenotypic traits, such as hypermucoviscosity, siderophore overproduction, and enhanced biofilm formation, alongside genotypic markers, including various key virulence genes and specific capsular serotypes. Additionally, virulence gene expression level in various environmental stress, pathogenicity assays using in vitro serum resistance and immune cell models, and in vivo animal or insect models provide functional confirmation of hypervirulence. The integration of these phenotypic, genotypic, virulence gene expression level, and pathogenicity-based approaches enables accurate identification of hvKp, thereby resolving the diagnostic dilemma and improving clinical management and epidemiological surveillance of this increasingly significant pathogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":11360,"journal":{"name":"Current Microbiology","volume":"82 8","pages":"341"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144324721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}