Al-Masāq最新文献

{"title":"Exaltation of Women in the Chapter on Muḥammad in Ibn ʿArabī’s Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam","authors":"Ismail Lala","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2022.2073700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2073700","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Muḥyī al-Dīn ibn ʿArabī (d. 638/1240) is arguably the most influential Ṣūfī in Islam. Of his vast oeuvre, no work has attracted more attention than Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam. In the most important chapter of this work – on Muḥammad – Ibn ʿArabī writes of the true significance of women, showing the exceptionally high regard in which he holds them. Ibn ʿArabī is keen to underscore that it is the metaphysical significance of women, and not their physical form, that was made beloved to Muḥammad. This was due to the complementarity of their respective essences, which are the passive receptacles of the divine creative breath. This passivity is then transformed into activity when both actively transmit the divine breath in their own creative capacities and their manifestation of the divine Names. It is this amalgamation of feminine passivity and activity – reflected in Muḥammad’s own passivity and activity – that establishes an ontological connection between them. This study explores these aspects of women’s metaphysical significance in the chapter on Muḥammad as presented by Ibn ʿArabī and promulgated by the most prominent exegetes of the Fuṣūṣ.","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123009761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ifrīqiya’s Status in the Caliphal Hierarchy in the Marwānid Period","authors":"A. Bosanquet","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2022.2035040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2035040","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the integration of Ifrīqiya into the Umayyad Empire from the conquest of Carthage in 78/698 until the ʿAbbāsid revolution in 132/750. It compares the province of Ifrīqiya with the province of Egypt and argues that, although Ifrīqiya and Egypt were both directly subordinated to caliphal control from 86/705 and therefore equal in a formal administrative sense, Ifrīqiya was a less prestigious province than Egypt within the caliphal hierarchy. This argument is based on a prosopographical comparison of the governors of the two provinces and a comparison of the factors affecting their selection. It is supported by a consideration of the reasons why Ifrīqiya was a less prestigious province than Egypt. Among these reasons, an important role is attributed to Egypt’s role as a transit province between North Africa and Syria. This gave Egypt an informal dominance over Ifrīqiya, which was a disadvantage for a governorship over this province.","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121259029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ejércitos benditos: Yihad y memoria en al-Andalus (siglos X–XIII)","authors":"Alejandro García-Sanjuán","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2022.2083776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2083776","url":null,"abstract":"tation, it should come as no surprise that this is a book for specialists who will already be familiar with the contours of Orosian scholarship. Leonard, and Humphries in his foreword, do provide overviews of the state of the field, and many of the chapters begin with summaries of how others have interpreted aspects of theHistories. However, undergraduate students in particular might find it useful to pick up this work after first reading through gentler introductions to Orosius, such as that provided by Andrew Fear’s translation of the Histories or the relevant entry in the Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Notwithstanding these minor issues, In Defiance of History is a nicely produced, wellwritten and welcome addition to the scholarship. Leonard fully succeeds in her aim of demonstrating why the Spanish priest should no longer be dismissed as an inferior writer. At the risk of appropriating the clergyman’s rose-tinted rhetoric, the field of Orosian studies seems to be entering into a golden age. In addition to this monograph, a major international conference, part-organised by Leonard herself, took place in May 2022 and reaffirmed the wide range of research currently being undertaken on Orosius and his outputs. Importantly, this new wave of scholarly attention is affecting not just well-established scholars and Orosian experts, but also a host of research students, whose projects promise to augment and transform the existing scholarship on this Late Antique writer. With In Defiance of History, Leonard has thrown down the gauntlet for an ambitiously systematic and wide-ranging exploration of the Histories. We must all now wait patiently, and eagerly, for this gauntlet to be picked up.","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134633937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Defiance of History: Orosius and the Unimproved Past","authors":"Michael Wuk","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2022.2083782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2083782","url":null,"abstract":"The reception of Orosius is a fascinating subject. Few authors can claim to have had such a significant impact on their literary successors in the pre-modern world, and yet be so maligned by modern scholars over the past two hundred years. Although judges no less in stature than Gelasius I, Bede and even the padre dell’Umanesimo Petrarch deemed the Spanish clergyman’s Historiae aduersos paganos (hereafter Histories) worthy of praise, emulation and use, historians and philologists have for too long dismissed Orosius’smagnum opus as vulgar, derivative and unreliable. The writer’s reputation has suffered from unfavourable and unjust comparisons with his near-contemporaries, the theological behemoth Augustine and the classicising miles quondam et Graecus Ammianus, both of whom are still frequently judged to have crafted works far superior to that of the lowly priest. Thankfully, this tide of condemnation is now being surmounted by a new wave of reinterpretation; some scholars have recently emphasised and analysed the literary qualities of the Histories in their own right, often without the daunting shadow of Augustine, whose looming presence is rarely absent for long in Orosian scholarship. The monograph under review feeds directly into these attempts to reappraise the Late Antique author’s historiographical and ideological objectives. Offering a persuasive rebuttal to modern criticisms of the Histories, Victoria Leonard situates the churchman’s narrative within his specific temporal, cultural and religious contexts. By approaching Orosius’s account along predominantly historiographical lines of inquiry, she seeks to move the discussion away from the thorny problem of reliability and avoid comparisons between Orosius’s account and those of his contemporaries. Although the core argument – that the Histories responded to allegations that widespread support for Christianity had led to the Gothic capture of Rome in 410 CE – has been made before, Leonard focuses on four themes that have yet to receive extensive exploration. Following a brief foreword by Mark Humphries and a contextualising introduction by Leonard herself, these four themes constitute the monograph’s major chapters: Chapter 1 explores Orosius’s identification as a historical writer; Chapter 2 examines the use of time in the","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130439205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sharing Sacred Space in the Medieval Mediterranean: Introduction","authors":"J. Tearney-Pearce, Jan Vandeburie","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2022.2094584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2094584","url":null,"abstract":"On 8 July 2013, the day before the beginning of Ramad ān, Pope Francis led mass from an altar and spoke from a pulpit, both converted from migrant boats, in the Arena sports stadium, recently the refugee reception centre on Lampedusa. Five years later, in his homily for the feast day of Our Lady of Lampedusa (Madonna di Porto Salvo), Giuseppe Marciante, Bishop of Cefalù, referred to the papal visit, noting that “Lampedusa is a land that has always welcomed people –Maltese, Greeks, Spaniards – just as Mary has always welcomed the prayers that come to her from her children – Italians, Arabs, Christians and Muslims...”. Perhaps inevitably given its geographical location south-west of Sicily and east of Tunisia, in paths of trade, pilgrimage, diplomacy and conflict, this tiny Mediterranean island has a history of interand intra-religious contact. Extant sources suggest that, historically, this was frequently peaceful, with Frenchman Germain Moüette (1651–1721) noting that Lampedusa was “neutral for everyone”. In 1254, during their return to France, the crusading retinue of Louis IX (r. 1226– 1270) found an old hermitage with an orchard, a stream and caves, one of which contained an oratory with whitewashed walls and a terracotta cross. This site of worship appears in in other works by pre-modern travellers who journeyed across the Mediterranean and found themselves on Lampedusa. Moüette, known now for his detailed account of life as a slave in seventeenth-century Morocco, visited a little chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary. This chapel held various goods of use for sailing and travelling, and Moüette described the common practice by which these could be taken providing money or other goods were left in their place. By Moüette’s day, and to his surprise, this chapel","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123223091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Little History of the Lombards of Benevento by Erchempert: A Critical Edition and Translation of “Ystoriola Longobardorum Beneventum Degentium”","authors":"Christopher Heath","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2022.2083778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2083778","url":null,"abstract":"This is the first published rendition into English of the ninth-century narrative of Erchempert [fl. 880s). His “little history” represents an invaluable and contemporaneous window upon the febrile world of the south of Italy during the period that followed from the end of the Lombard kingdom in the north in 774 until c. 889. In recent years, Erchempert’s narrative has increasingly been recognised as an invaluable source and witness to broader and deeper processes that encompassed the south in the long ninth century. In this sense, Luigi Berto’s translation is both timely and useful. Building upon his Italian translation and edition published in 2013, the text and the translation here are furnished with a comprehensive contextual introduction, three appendices that deal sequentially with the codicology of the Ystoriola; a discussion of the alleged similarities between the chronicle and a poem addressed to Aio of Benevento, and an evaluation of possible textual sources for redolent phraseology in the Chronicle. These are followed by a useful genealogy of the Capuan dynasty (which assists the reader when confronted with a plethora of Landulfs, Landos, Pandos, Landonulfs and Pandonulfs) and, finally, a comprehensive Bibliography (updated from the Italian edition). Obviously, with a translated text such as this it is both the trustworthiness and utility of the rendition and the security of the text that will determine the value of the work to scholars in the future. Berto himself is confident that his rendition is superior to an earlier translation, which remains unpublished but available through the wonders of the internet – the PhD thesis of Joan Rowe Ferry of 1995. Other than odd translations of key parts of the text, Berto’s version will no doubt soon become the accepted standard. Initially and for purposes of comparison, it will be useful to consider how three translators approached the key opening prologue; it sets out Erchempert’s stated responses, which have been used to understand the author’s responses to the tumultuous landscape he described and experienced. The original Latin text is:","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121577653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconsidering the Fort at Civetot (Kibotos) and the Recent Discovery of a Submerged Building Complex in Nicomedia Bay","authors":"S. Gündüz, Işıl Akalan Gündüz","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2022.2059641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2059641","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article proposes a new approach to debates over the fort’s location at Civetot (Kibotos), known to have been built by Emperor Alexios in the eleventh century before it disappeared from the historical record after the thirteenth. The crusades significantly changed the political and cultural structure of Asia Minor so understanding the early period of the crusades is important for gauging their impact in the region. The siege of Nicaea is referred to in many historical documents but earlier events are less frequently mentioned. The victory of the crusaders and the Byzantine army resulted in the conquest of Nicaea, which led to less emphasis being placed on previous struggles and the crusaders’ defeat at Civetot, although it was a milestone for the crusaders and the Sultanate of Rum. This article combines historical sources, aerial photography, satellite images and underwater archaeological surveys to clarify details of the fort at Civetot.","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114368017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Absence of the Jewish Usurer Trope in Andalusī Written Sources","authors":"Adday Hernández","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2021.2024784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2021.2024784","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Starting in the twelfth century, usury became one of the immoral activities attributed to the Jews in Christian anti-Jewish propaganda. Jews became so commonly associated with usury in the Latin-Christian world that the word “Jew” itself became a synonym for “usurer”, mainly in the texts of Christian exegetes. However, although this trope spread geographically and over time, it does not seem to have existed in al-Andalus. In Islamic texts, while some examples associate ribā (usury) with Jews, it is equally attributed to Christians. Moreover, the practice of usury does not seem to have been used as an argument against the Jews in Muslim polemical literature. This article focuses on the Andalusī context, showing how the trope of the Jewish usurer did not take root in Muslim Iberia as it did among the Christians of the Peninsula. Of special interest are developments that took place in the Naṣrid kingdom, where several legal opinions (fatāwā) issued between the eighth/fourteenth and the ninth/fifteenth centuries reveal a concern among the population about loans at interest issued by Jews. The Naṣrid jurists, however, appear to have tolerated these interfaith activities.","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"237 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125705649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mount Sinai Monastery: A Successful Example of Shared Holy Space","authors":"B. Hamilton, A. Jotischky","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2021.2007715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2021.2007715","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mount Sinai had already been a site of the veneration of Moses for two centuries when Emperor Justinian founded a monastery on the site of the Burning Bush in the sixth century. Subsequently the site attracted worship from Muslims as well as Christians after the Arab conquest of Sinai, but although a mosque was built there the monastery remained protected under successive Muslim regimes. From the late twelfth century onward the monastery was also visited by western pilgrims, who identified Mount Sinai as the burial place of St Catherine, venerated her shrine and collected miraculous oil from her bones. Devotion to St Catherine eclipsed the biblical significance of the site in the medieval West, but by the end of the Middle Ages the Latin authorities were frustrated by the reluctance of the monks of Mount Sinai to recognize papal authority, and worship by Latins at the monastery became subject to restrictions.","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115864527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“To Breathe Life into the Past as a Means of Bringing New Blood to the Present”: The Instructional Poetry of Abraham Ibn Ezra","authors":"H. Ishay","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2021.2015213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2021.2015213","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Abraham Ibn Ezra (1092-1167), the renowned exegete and grammarian who was as well a mathematician and an astronomer, a liturgist and an author of secular Hebrew poetry left his mark on the pages of history as a consummate Renaissance man who greatly contributed to diverse knowledge areas. He was the first to introduce to Hebrew secular poetry the debate genre, realism, humor, and the instructional genre. All of these already existed in Arabic poetry, but they had not been adopted by the Hebrew poets of Spain during the classical period. Ibn Ezra made use of them in his poetry. The introduction at this moment of features from Arabic literature that previously had passed over the Spanish Hebrew classics is at first glance perplexing, and worthy of our interest.","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"325 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114805854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}