Al-Masāq最新文献

{"title":"“Lest the Faithful Doubt or the Heretics Mock”: Patriarchs, Caliphs and Implementing Excommunication in the Jacobite Church c.650–850","authors":"Philip R. Wood","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2022.2124490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2124490","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article considers the role of the Muslim authorities in enforcing Christian excommunication. After setting out late Roman precedents for the use of excommunication, it examines four cases in the period 650-850 in which the patriarch opposed other high-ranking clergy. It argues that Muslim authorities were increasingly willing to intervene in these disputes to support the legitimacy of the patriarch. The significance of this relationship is illustrated by the disintegration of the patriarch's to bring his opponents into line during periods of civil war, where the caliph's government was challenged.","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"429 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114324093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Excommunication and apostasy: re-drawing Jewish communal boundaries in Fāṭimid and Ayyūbid Egypt","authors":"Moshe Yagur","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2022.2118501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2118501","url":null,"abstract":"When Ben al-Qābisī, a Jewish merchant, reached Alexandria, sometime in the early years of the twelfth century, he had already been excommunicated for quite some time on the other side of the Mediterranean, in al-Andalus. He was excommunicated in Granada, as well as in Lucena, the Jewish centre of study in Islamic Iberia, in the presence of “the Rabbi, the righteous, may his memory be a blessing.” The excommunication was likewise reiterated in Cordoba and Seville in the presence of Jewish dignitaries. This much was known in Alexandria when Ben al-Qābisī arrived at the port, and some of his fierce rivals were there, promoting a reiteration of the excommunication in Egypt as well. This was supposedly the normal procedure in cases of excommunication. However, that was easier said than done. Apparently, Ben al-Qābisī had strong and resolute friends and allies even in Alexandria. According to the letter sent from Alexandria to Cairo and found in the Cairo Geniza, a letter which is the only source of information about this incident, several of Ben al-Qābisī’s allies warned that if the local judge excommunicated him, he would apostatise. This threat seemed to have worked, at least temporarily: we are told that the local judge, although receiving full information on Ben alQābisī having already been excommunicated in several places, was hesitant to reiterate the excommunication. Allegedly he wrote to ‘our master’ in Cairo, the head of all","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122730261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minorities in Contact in the Medieval Mediterranean","authors":"Enrico Boccaccini","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2022.2129137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2129137","url":null,"abstract":"Kotán’s examination of the surviving evidence of catapult ammunition and impact marks on several castles including Margat. This piece engages with the ongoing discussion surrounding counter-weight trebuchets – their development and power. Kotán’s work identifies the range of ammunition used by these engines (including one projectile which apparently weighed 250kg!) and reaches the conclusion that the heaviest catapults of this kind were powerful enough to bring destruction to both walls and towers. Peter Edbury builds on his existing work on the Chronique d’Ernoul, in this case by looking its presentation of the Ayyubid Sultan al-Kamil. He argues that the author’s depiction of the sultan was designed to serve as a ‘foil’ for its presentation of Emperor Frederick II of Germany, especially during the negotiations which led to the return of Jerusalem in 1229. Júlia Sárközi turns to Egypt to provide a study on the influence of Frankish architecture on buildings in Cairo, especially under the Mamluks. Denys Pringle’s article then looks at the problems surrounding the dating of two linked pilgrim itineraries, an anonymous account and one named Visio Othmari presbyteri. He ascribes the former to the period 1104-c.1120 and the latter to the 1050s-1080s. The redating of Othmar’s Visio is especially notable given that it was formerly thought to date to the 1160s. Finally, this collection concludes with a thought-provoking article by Dániel Bácsatyai concerning the presence of two smaller military orders (the order of St Sampson and the order of Santiago) in Hungary during the thirteenth century. It explores the scant evidence for their development and their ultimate fate but this piece also shows how these institutions linked the kingdom closely to the territories conquered by the Fourth Crusaders after 1204. Taken overall, this collection has many strengths, perhaps most importantly the considerable corpus of analysis it offers on northern Syria. Very little research has been conducted on topics such as Eastern Christian churches in Lebanon, the port city of Latakia and Near Eastern bridges and so many of these articles make important, even ground-breaking, contributions. The ongoing work on Margat and Krak des Chevaliers is, likewise, very impressive, drawing upon a wide range of different approaches and techniques (reminiscent in many ways of recent work on the Teutonic Order’s fortress of Montfort). Splicing together an impressive range of textual and non-textual sources, Bridge of Civilizations provides inspiring glimpses into the complex, brutal and vibrant world of the medieval Near East.","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124201495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Codex Epistolaris Carolinus: Letters from the popes to the Frankish rulers, 739-791","authors":"Christopher Heath","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2022.2124628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2124628","url":null,"abstract":"that the Scientific Revolution introduced to mapping. The ninth chapter addresses the relationship between warfare and cartography, with specific attention paid to advancements made in cartography due to military conflicts. The authors note that the potential range of material is vast, and thus limit themselves to British maps of the twentieth century. The final chapter, entitled The World on the Move, works through the changes that globalisation affected in cartography, particularly the need for projection systems that distort the spherical surface of the Earth into flat two-dimensional images. Mercator’s sixteenth century projection system, which major corporations use in their digital mapping services, continues to promulgate misconceptions about the relative sizes of the continents. In turn, these spatial misconceptions led to problematic worldviews about the Global South that persist to this day. Talking Maps provides its readers an excellent general overview of the interdisciplinary questions one can and should ask of maps. It orients those new to the subject to the complex usages, histories, and materialities of maps in a way that is neither pedantic nor simplistic. As the authors illuminate the facets of cartographic objects, they take care to incorporate cultural history from beyond the United Kingdom and Western Europe in a manner that is largely culturally sensitive. Although, one would prefer that when speaking of Indigenous Peoples the authors would also use their names for themselves, such as referring to the people of the Chuckchi Peninsula as Lyg’oravetl’a. Scholars seeking further information about the secondary literature and theoretical foundations the authors build upon, or the maps themselves, will be disappointed in the limited notes and suggestions for further reading. As mentioned previously, this publication does not include an exhibition catalogue or discussion of the organisation of the exhibition, leaving the reader unclear if the chapters correspond to exhibition sections and without a parcel of concise information about the objects on view. However, the publication’s lack of these scholastic tools makes it a more approachable volume in terms of both length and content. Additionally, the copious high-quality images of maps makes for delightful engagement with the book. Overall, this publication contributes a superb introduction to the social history of cartographic objects that broadens our understanding of maps far beyond the utility of navigation.","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122853243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Talking Maps","authors":"Brittany Forniotis","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2022.2124627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2124627","url":null,"abstract":"is limited. A non-European section might have been included and delineated in the volume. Throughout the volume, extensive footnotes testify to the scholarship of each of the contributors. However, a relevant set of appendices or detailed bibliographies after each of the sections might have included the full references of the chronicles and suggested secondary readings, both eastern and western (including Greek, Armenian, Syriac, Georgian, Slavonic, Venetian, Southern Italian, German, Arabic, Persian Ottoman, and Old Anatolian Turkish). Also, The Cambridge Companion might have considered it worth noting the list of the full titles of the chansons de geste, the Occitan troubadour cansos, the northern French trouvère lyrics, Anglo-Norman, Anglo-French, and more than forty Middle English romances concerning the Saracens and the crusades at the end of each relevant section or for further reading in the missing bibliography. The organisation of the volume is not very clear in the sense of the sectioning and ordering of chapters. The Introduction might have enhanced the sense of coherence that gives an impression of the collection of unrelated essays. While there are limitations to The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of the Crusades, it significantly contributes to scholarship on crusading literature and its intersections with medieval studies. Such breadth is very welcome, not least as a means of encouraging further work. I suspect that the price will prevent the book from being bought by undergraduates (and most non-specialists in the non-European world), which is a shame. I will, however, be ordering it for the library and recommending it to my students.","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129185608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Warrior Women in Ibn Rushd’s Commentary on Plato’s Republic: Mythico-Barbarian Geography in the Case for Female Guardians, an Unsolved Passage","authors":"Tineke Melkebeek","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2022.2114065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2114065","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In his commentary on Plato’s Republic, Ibn Rushd (Averroes) discusses the case for female guardians. Besides following Socrates’s argument for female warriors, which cites the efficiency of female guard dogs, Ibn Rushd introduces an additional argument: that the female capacity for warfare is evident from the inhabitants of certain regions. Unfortunately, the precise formulation of the regions or groups he intends to mention is obscure in the existing manuscripts. Rosenthal translates “the inhabitants of deserts and frontier villages”, Lerner’s translation says “the inhabitants of deserts and the City of Women”. This article aims to analyse these and other translations of this enigmatic passage, which has not yet been the subject of study. Concerning the second region mentioned, it seems that Ibn Rushd could be indicating Northern Spain, but he might also have been alluding to the legendary places at the coldest margins of the then-known world.","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127338471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nomads in the Middle East","authors":"Nicholas Morton","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2022.2124634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2124634","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"411 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126688361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of the Crusades","authors":"Hülya Taflı Düzgün","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2022.2124626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2124626","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122182729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"May the Umayyad Coastal Ribāṭ Fortress of Kafr Lāb Have Been Built in Memory of Mujāhid ibn Jabr?","authors":"Hassan S. Khalilieh","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2022.2097993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2097993","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The history of the ribāṭ of Kafr Lāb is shrouded in obscurity. Until the IAA undertook archaeological excavations of the site near Caesarea in 1999, the great majority of contemporary scholars tended to attribute the fortress's construction to the Crusaders, who captured the port-city of Caesarea and its district in 1101. Based on written records from the Islamic and pre-Islamic periods and the newly available archaeological evidence, this article proposes an alternative origin. Considering its compounded toponym, the semi-nomadic Arabs likely established the village in which the fortress sits long before the fall of Caesarea to Muslims in 19/640. Drawing on Ibn al-Murajjā's Faḍāʾil and Ibn ʿAsākir's History of Damascus, this article asserts that the unidentified pious warrior-saint called Mujāhid al-Kafr Lābī, seeming to acquire the surname following ribāṭ service in the village, might likely be the same as the well-known Successor, exegete, and reciter Mujāhid ibn Jabr. In addition to maintaining strong ties with the ruling circles of the Umayyad dynasty, Mujāhid actively participated in two major naval expeditions. Evidence makes it probable that the caliph Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Malik constructed the ribāṭ of Kafr Lāb following the Umayyad's massive expeditions and seizures against Constantinople in 672-680 and 717–718.","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126071338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Does Ibn Khaldūn Mean by the Term Mādda? On Human Association and Political-Economic Organisation","authors":"Lilian Abou-Tabickh","doi":"10.1080/09503110.2022.2051391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2022.2051391","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Preeminent interpreters of Al-Muqaddima situate Ibn Khaldūn’s thought within ancient philosophy based on philosophical terminology that appears in the text. In this essay, I argue that in the context of ʿilm al-ʿumrān, Ibn Khaldūn does not use the term “matter” in the philosophical-metaphysical sense of natural philosophy, but in an economic sense to mean money. This interpretation is based on Ibn Khaldūn’s philosophy of language, rhetorical style and historical method. Attention to how he uses language to communicate his ideas shows that, throughout Al-Muqaddima, Ibn Khaldūn presents arguments based on religious law and tradition, theology and philosophy. However, in constructing his new science, he uses an intellectual method that is based on worldly and demonstrative factors, one of which is money. Money is one of the two foundations of the polity. This interpretation severs the connection to natural philosophy and challenges the natural-cyclical view of his historical-political thought.","PeriodicalId":112464,"journal":{"name":"Al-Masāq","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132630254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}