Developmental and comparative immunology最新文献

{"title":"Molecular characterization of the receptor subunits of IL-10 in a perciform fish, Nibea albiflora","authors":"Mingming Wenren ,&nbsp;Yue Liu ,&nbsp;Ying Zhang ,&nbsp;Xu Zhou ,&nbsp;Dongdong Xu ,&nbsp;Changfeng Chi ,&nbsp;Zhenming Lü ,&nbsp;Huihui Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transmembrane receptor complex of Interleukin-10 (IL-10), comprising the IL-10Rα subunit and IL-10Rβ subunits, belong to the class Ⅱ cytokine receptor family. In the present study, IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ were characterized in <em>Nibea albiflora</em> (referred to as <em>Na</em>IL-10Rα (MZ620685.1) and <em>Na</em>IL-10Rβ (OK149228.1)), whose full-length cDNA sequences were 2745bp (<em>Na</em>IL-10Rα) containing an ORF of 1755 bp that encoded a protein of 584 aa, and 1570bp (<em>Na</em>IL-10Rβ) with an ORF 975 bp encoding a protein of 324 aa, respectively. Both receptor subunits contained two extracellular fibronectin type Ⅲ (FNIII) domains, an intracellular domain and a transmembrane part, which are typical features of class Ⅱ cytokine receptor family. Real-time PCR analysis showed that <em>Na</em>IL-10Rα and <em>Na</em>IL-10Rβ were widely expressed in various healthy tissues, with a relatively high expression in immune-related organs (head kidney, spleen, kidney, liver and gill). Their expressions were significantly up-regulated after infection against Poly I:C, <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em> and <em>Vibrio alginolyticus</em>. As a typical membrane receptor, <em>Na</em>IL-10Rα was located on the cell membrane and co-located with <em>Na</em>IL-10 and <em>Na</em>IL-10Rβ on the membrane of HEK293T cells, suggesting the potential interaction between those components. After successful isolation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105419"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144616763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive review of humoral immune defense in the silkworm, Bombyx mori: Mechanistic insights and responses to microbial pathogens","authors":"Muhammad Usman Ghani ,&nbsp;Gexi Liu ,&nbsp;Qinghao Zhang ,&nbsp;Chunyan Liu ,&nbsp;Shuyun Li ,&nbsp;Yongyin Yang ,&nbsp;Mehboob Ahmad ,&nbsp;Hongjuan Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The silkworm <em>Bombyx mori</em> L. is an economically valuable insect and an excellent model for investigating insect immunity. Its robust innate immune system shields it from numerous pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and microsporidia. The innate immune system comprises two overlapping mechanisms, known as the humoral and cellular immune systems. It depends on recognition receptors to distinguish the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which stimulate numerous immunoresponsive pathways comprising JAK- STAT, Toll, Imd, and RNA interference. This review examines the humoral immune response, highlighting its critical components, including antimicrobial peptides, phenoloxidase (PO), pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), signaling pathways, and humoral effectors molecules. These processes synergistically counter and eradicate infectious microbes, thus aiding silkworms' immune defense. Expanding the understanding of humoral immune responses is key for comprehending molecular bases of innate immunity and essential immune elements distributed among silkworms and other invertebrates. Moreover, it could offer significant prospects for optimizing silk production methods, developing strategies for preventing infections affecting silk yield, and offering a theoretical framework for the future investigation of insect immunology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105418"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144616762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Porcine MARCH8 negatively regulates the RLR signaling pathway by targeting MAVS for protein degradation","authors":"Ying Liu ,&nbsp;Wenzhuang Guo ,&nbsp;Jingjing Li ,&nbsp;Chenyang Tang ,&nbsp;Anran Zheng ,&nbsp;Yanhua Li ,&nbsp;Chenxi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Membrane-associated RING-CH-type finger 8 (MARCH8) protein is a 'really interesting new gene' (RING) type E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates interferon-beta (IFN-β) production via regulating ubiquitination of multiple adaptor proteins in innate immune signaling pathways. Here, we cloned the porcine MARCH8 (porMARCH8) gene and analyzed its involvement in type I IFN expression. The full-length porMARCH8 gene encoded 289 amino acids, which shares high sequence similarity (87.7 %–88.9 %) with its orthologues from human, mouse and monkey. The porMARCH8 consists of a RING-CH domain and two TM domains, and is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues in pigs. porMARCH8 was found to be involved in IFN-β expression in response to poly(I:C) stimulation. Exogenous overexpression of porMARC8 significantly inhibited the mRNA expression level of IFN-β in swine testicular (ST) cell. Mechanically, porMARCH8 directly interacted with porcine mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) and catalyzed its K48-linked poly-ubiquitination at residue K286 for degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, thereby down-regulating IFN-β expression. Meanwhile, we demonstrated that the RING-CH domain was essential for the E3 ligase activity of porMARCH8. Together, these data demonstrated the importance roles of porMARCH8 in MAVS-mediated signaling pathways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105415"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144596821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel C-type lectin gene with QPS and WND motifs in clam Meretrix meretrix","authors":"Lu Zhang ,&nbsp;Yu Tao ,&nbsp;Bingxin Shi ,&nbsp;Xin Jia ,&nbsp;Qiang Xing ,&nbsp;Ying Guo ,&nbsp;Mengqiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>C-type lectins (CTLs), as a class of classical calcium-dependent pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), plays an essential role in immune recognition and defense. In this study, a novel CTLs (MmCTL5) was identified from clam <em>Meretrix meretrix</em>, and the full-length cDNA of MmCTL5 encoded a 127-amino acids carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD). The characteristic motifs of the Ca²⁺-binding site of MmCTL5 were QPS and WND. The typical double-loop structure of MmCTL5 contained three disulfide bonds at the bottom. Significant expression of MmCTL5 in hemocytes and hepatopancreas. After stimulation by <em>Vibrio splendidus</em>, the expression levels of MmCTL5 increased by 6.2-fold at 12 h in hemocytes and 9.4-fold at 3 h in hepatopancreas, respectively. The recombinant MmCTL5 protein (rMmCTL5) could agglutinate two kinds of pathogenic <em>Vibrio parahemolyticus</em>. And the rMmCTL5 could bind to a variety of carbohydrates, including four kinds of monosaccharides and two kinds of disaccharides. These results suggested that MmCTL5, as a novel CTL, took an essential part in innate immune response of <em>M. meretrix</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105416"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144605540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NGS-based transcriptome analysis of starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) reveals key immune-related genes and host defense mechanisms against Streptococcus parauberis infection","authors":"Min-Young Sohn ,&nbsp;Ji-Min Jeong ,&nbsp;Gyoungsik Kang ,&nbsp;Kyung-Ho Kim ,&nbsp;Ha-Jeong Son ,&nbsp;HyeongJin Roh ,&nbsp;Chan-Il Park","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The starry flounder (<em>Platichthys stellatus</em>) is a high-value aquaculture species in Korea, but its farming is hindered by <em>Streptococcus parauberis</em> infection. We used NGS-based de novo assembly to identify immunity-related genes and molecular markers in starry flounder.</div><div>Using de novo assembly, we analyzed transcriptomic changes in liver and leukocytes following infection. The liver exhibited greater transcriptional variability, indicating its role in systemic immune regulation, while the leukocytes focused on pathogen recognition. Transcriptomic profiling revealed a temporal shift in immune response: early activation of DNA damage repair pathways at 3 h post-infection indicated rapid host recognition and stress response, which later transitioned into immune modulation and energy conservation at 48 h, as evidenced by the downregulation of MAPK, TNF, and NF-κB signaling pathways. This pattern reflects a dynamic and regulated host defense strategy.</div><div>These findings provide foundational data for disease-resistant strain development, demonstrating the utility of NGS-based transcriptomics in identifying key immune genes in non-model fish species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105410"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic of Lactobacillus plantarum L20 and Sargassum polycystum hydrolysate enhances growth, immunity, and disease resistance against necrotizing hepatopancreatitis-like diseases-causing Aeromonas veronii in giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)","authors":"Yong Kit Chin ,&nbsp;Mohamad Azzam-Sayuti ,&nbsp;Aslah Mohammad ,&nbsp;Muhammad Farhan Nazarudin ,&nbsp;Annas Salleh ,&nbsp;Muhammad Arif Abu Bakar Radin ,&nbsp;Md Yasin Ina-Salwany","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Aeromonas</em> spp. cause significant mortality in freshwater giant prawns (<em>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</em>), posing a major challenge to freshwater aquaculture. With growing restrictions on antibiotic use, there is an urgent need for sustainable alternatives to prevent aeromoniasis outbreaks. In this study, pathogenic <em>A. veronii</em> was isolated and identified from diseased prawns. The lethal concentration of <em>A. veronii</em> UG3 in <em>M. rosenbergii</em> was determined through immersion challenges at varying concentrations (1 × 10⁷ CFU/mL, 2 × 10⁷, CFU/mL, 4 × 10⁷ CFU/mL, 6 × 10⁷ CFU/mL, 8 × 10⁷ CFU/mL and 1 × 10⁸ CFU/mL). Postlarvae (PL15) of <em>M. rosenbergii</em> were fed for 49 days with diets supplemented with either a prebiotic premixture (hydrolysate of <em>Sargassum polycystum</em>) or a synbiotic premixture (a combination of <em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em> and <em>S. polycystum</em> hydrolysate), with each treatment administered in triplicate. Following the feeding trial, prawns were challenged via immersion with <em>A. veronii</em> UG3 at a concentration of 2 × 10⁷ CFU/mL. Tissue samples from the cephalothorax and abdomen were collected for gene expression and histopathological analyses. Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis-like disease was observed in the control group upon infection, with <em>A. veronii</em> UG3 harboring virulence genes including those encoding flagella, hemolysin, cytotonic heat-labile toxin, lipase, elastase, and chitinase. Among all treatment groups, the synbiotic-fed prawns exhibited the highest weight gain, specific growth rate, and survival rate. This group also showed enhanced immune responses, with upregulation of anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF) gene expression following the feeding trial, and increased expression of immune-related genes such as IMD, prophenoloxidase, and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) after bacterial challenge. Furthermore, histological examination revealed that the synbiotic diet preserved the structural integrity of the gastrointestinal tract during infection. These findings demonstrate the potential of synbiotic supplementation to improve growth performance, enhance immune function, and increase disease resistance in <em>M. rosenbergii</em>. The use of such functional diets presents a promising and sustainable approach to mitigating production losses in freshwater prawn aquaculture while reducing dependence on antibiotics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105412"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144587464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “The role of a novel C-type lectin-like protein from planarian in innate immunity and regeneration” [Develop. Comparat. Immunol. 67 (2017) 413–426]","authors":"Lili Gao ,&nbsp;Yu Han ,&nbsp;Hongkuan Deng ,&nbsp;Wenjing Hu ,&nbsp;Hui Zhen ,&nbsp;Na Li ,&nbsp;Nianci Qin ,&nbsp;Meihui Yan ,&nbsp;Weiwei Wu ,&nbsp;Baohua Liu ,&nbsp;Bosheng Zhao ,&nbsp;Qiuxiang Pang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105402","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105402"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune responses and resource allocation in Northern elephant seal pups: Effects of fasting and sexual dimorphism","authors":"Nami Morales-Durán ,&nbsp;Olga P. García ,&nbsp;Fernando R. Elorriaga-Verplancken ,&nbsp;Andrea Esquer-Vidal ,&nbsp;Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mammalian parental care varies widely in investment and duration. While many species transition gradually from dependence on maternal care, others, such as the Northern elephant seal (<em>Mirounga angustirostris</em>), are abruptly weaned and endure prolonged fasting, relying solely on resources stored during nursing. Limited resources can lead to trade-offs between costly processes like growth and immune responses, which influence survival and fitness. Resource allocation reflects individual condition and species life-history, and may differ by sex if larger size benefits male lifetime fitness. We investigated inflammation and bacterial inhibition in Northern elephant seal pups immediately after weaning and one month into fasting, assessing whether responses were influenced by sex, growth, fatty reserves (body condition and blubber thickness), available energy (blood levels of glucose, triglycerides and total protein), nutritional stress (creatinine and δ¹⁵N), concurrent infections, and differences in maternal foraging (inferred from isotopic signals in pups’ whiskers). Newly-weaned pups had stronger immune responses than later in fasting: bactericidal ability decreased by 8.76 % (95 % CI: 5.16–12.47) and inflammation by 36.37 % (95 % CI: 16.39–53.07), as resources became depleted. Although body length and mass did not differ by sex, females maintained higher body condition (mass per unit length) throughout fasting. Newly-weaned females inhibited bacterial growth better than males, but this advantage disappeared after a month. Fatty reserves and plasma proteins were associated with immune responses later in fasting, but maternal feeding site and trophic level were not. However, endogenous resource use (measured as δ¹⁵N values) was positively correlated with bacterial inhibition. Neutrophil counts and blood iron levels explained variation in inflammation. Our study shows that innate immune responses in a rapidly growing, capital-breeding mammal depend on maternal resources and reflect early sex differences and concurrent physiological challenges. Allocation of depleting resources during fasting drives trade-offs between immune function, growth, and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105413"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Irg1 mediates inhibition of A20-triggered NF-κB signaling cascade in tilapia macrophages during early immune response","authors":"Jiadong Li ,&nbsp;Zhelin Wu ,&nbsp;Qingliang Zeng ,&nbsp;Tingyun Zhang ,&nbsp;Yansong Wang ,&nbsp;Yanjian Yang ,&nbsp;Zheng Guo ,&nbsp;Jianmin Ye ,&nbsp;Biao Han","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immune response gene 1 (Irg1) is prominently upregulated during the early phase of macrophage immune response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, concomitant with pronounced inflammatory activity. Prior investigations have identified Irg1 as one of the most rapidly and significantly upregulated immune-related genes in the teleost fish model following pathogenic challenge, suggesting its pivotal role in teleost immune responses. Herein, we investigated how Irg1 modulates early (12 h) inflammatory responses in head kidney–derived macrophages of <em>Oreochromis niloticus</em> (Nile tilapia). Our results reveal widespread distribution of Irg1 across 11 healthy <em>O. niloticus</em> tissues, with the highest expression observed in the spleen, followed by the head kidney and gills. Furthermore, dynamic upregulation of <em>Irg1</em> expression was evident within immune-related tissues (head kidney and spleen) during a 72 h period following <em>in vivo</em> stress. We successfully expressed and purified the recombinant OnIRG1 protein ((r)OnIRG1) and established a macrophage model with <em>OnIrg1</em> knockdown. At the onset of the cellular immune response (12 h post-LPS stimulation) the up-regulated <em>Irg1</em> was found to inhibit <em>A20</em> (an NF-κB negative regulatory), which activated the NF-κB signaling pathway and facilitating the expression of subsequent downstream inflammatory factors. Overall, these findings not only affirm the highly conserved structure and function of Irg1, but also broaden our comprehension of its role in teleost cellular immune regulation, emphasizing its significance in immune modulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105411"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144567276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protection of Nile tilapia against Aeromonas hydrophila using a cobalt oxide nanoparticle vaccine containing inactivated whole cell bacteria","authors":"Sreeja Lakshmi ,&nbsp;David Smith ,&nbsp;Thao Mai ,&nbsp;Preetham Elumalai ,&nbsp;Kim D. Thompson","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em> is a prevalent bacterial pathogen causing disease outbreaks in tilapia aquaculture. Vaccination has proved to be effective in protecting farmed tilapia against infectious diseases. In this study, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of a novel nanovaccine in protecting Nile tilapia (<em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>) against <em>A. hydrophila</em> using different routes of administration. The vaccine consisted of cobalt oxide coupled to formalin-killed <em>A. hydrophila</em>. The biophysical characterisation of the synthesized nanovaccine containing formalin-killed <em>A. hydrophila</em> was examined with transmission electron microscopy and by establishing its zeta potential. The particles were found as aggregates or were dispersed throughout the water. The nanovaccine was administered to fish by intraperitoneal injection (IP), immersion and oral delivery, followed by a booster dose 21 days post-vaccination (dpv) for the vaccinated groups. The vaccinated fish were challenged with an autologous strain of <em>A. hydrophila</em> at 36 dpv and monitored for three weeks to assess the development of a clinical infection. Histopathological examination of tissues from immunized fish showed infiltration of lymphocytes, suggestive of gill and gut mucosal immune responses. RT-PCR analysis of spleen from all vaccinated fish showed downregulation MHC-I, IgM, and IFN-γ expression relative to unvaccinated fish at 36 dpv. The relative percentage survival (RPS) for the group given the nanovaccine by IP injection was 66.7 %, which was higher than the group receiving the inactivated vaccine in adjuvant by IP injection, with an RPS of 44.4 %. The groups that received the nanovaccine via immersion and orally had RPS values of 11.1 % and 22.2 %, respectively. Significant levels of specific IgM were seen in fish vaccinated with the nanovaccine by IP injection at 36 dpi. In conclusion, the nanovaccine showed potential to confer immune protection against <em>A. hydrophila</em> infection when administered by IP injection, but not when administered by immersion or orally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105409"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144556953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}