Developmental and comparative immunology最新文献

{"title":"Unveiling the immunomodulatory role of soluble chicken fractalkine: Insights from functional characterization and pathway activation analyses","authors":"Thi Hao Vu ,&nbsp;Chaeeun Kim ,&nbsp;Anh Duc Truong ,&nbsp;Hyun S. Lillehoj ,&nbsp;Yeong Ho Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study describes the first successful cloning and functional characterization of chicken CX3CL1, a chemokine involved in immune cell migration and inflammatory responses. Evolutionary analyses revealed its close relation to CX3CL1 from other avian species, particularly duck, turkey, and quail. Structurally, chicken CX3CL1 includes a signal peptide and a chemokine interleukin-8-like domain characterized by unique alpha-helices and disulfide bonds. Additionally, we produced and purified recombinant CX3CL1 protein and assessed its endotoxin levels. Chemotaxis assays revealed that CX3CL1 significantly enhances the migration of HD11 macrophages and CU91 T cells. Furthermore, recombinant CX3CL1 induced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-6, and CCL20) in a time-dependent manner, while exerting differential effects on anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10). Conversely, transfection with siCX3CL1 or siCX3CR1 led to the downregulation of these responses. We also observed activation of the MAPK, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT pathways, evidenced by increased phosphorylation of key signaling molecules. These findings underscore the crucial role of chicken CX3CL1 in regulating immune responses, cell migration, and the activation of key signaling pathways. This study provides valuable insights into the immunomodulatory functions of soluble CX3CL1, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for inflammatory conditions and enhancing our understanding of immune cell dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The essential function of cathepsin X of the orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides during SGIV infection","authors":"Yuexuan Wang ,&nbsp;Yewen Wang ,&nbsp;Yunxiang Jiang ,&nbsp;Qiwei Qin ,&nbsp;Shina Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cathepsin X, a class of cysteine proteases in the lysosome, involved in intracellular protein degradation processes. Numerous reports revealed that many kinds of cysteine proteases played a crucial role in pathogen invasion. To investigate the relationship between cathepsin X of teleost fish and virus infection, EcCX was cloned and characterized in the orange-spotted grouper, <em>Epinephelus coioides</em>. The open reading frame (ORF) of EcCX included 909 nucleotides and encoded a protein consisting of 302 amino acids, which shared 75% and 56% identity with zebrafish and humans, respectively. The protein EcCX mainly consisted of a signal peptide (1–19 aa), a pro-pre-peptide region (20–55 aa), and a mature cysteine protease region (56–302 aa). Subcellular localization analysis showed that EcCX was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm, but EcCX ectoped to the vicinity of apoptotic vesicles in FHM cells during SGIV infection. Following stimulation with SGIV or Poly (dA:dT), there was a notable rise in the expression levels of EcCX. EcCX overexpression facilitated virus infection, upregulated the production of inflammatory factors, and induced the activation of the NF-κB promoter. Furthermore, the overexpression of EcCX also accelerated the process of SGIV-induced apoptosis, potentially by enhancing the promoter activity of P53 and AP-1. Overall, our findings demonstrated a correlation between the function of EcCX and SGIV infection, providing a new understanding of the mechanisms involved in fish virus infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105278"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic and microbiome analyses of copepod Apocyclops royi in response to an AHPND-causing strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus","authors":"Natkanokporn Prayoonmaneerat ,&nbsp;Walaiporn Charoensapsri ,&nbsp;Piti Amparyup ,&nbsp;Chanprapa Imjongjirak","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Copepods are small crustaceans that live in microorganism-rich aquatic environments and provide a key supply of live food for fish and shellfish larviculture. To better understand the host-pathogen interaction between the copepod and <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em> causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (VP_AHPND), the comparative transcriptome and microbiome analyses were conducted in copepod <em>Apocyclops royi</em>-TH following VP_AHPND infection. Transcriptome analysis identified a total of 836 differentially expressed genes, with 275 upregulated and 561 downregulated genes. Subsequent analysis showed that a total of 37 differentially expressed genes were associated with the innate immune system, including 16 upregulated genes related to Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, antimicrobial peptides, and stress response genes, and 21 downregulated genes associated with immunological modulators, signaling molecules, and apoptosis-related proteins. Analysis of the copepod microbiome following VP_AHPND infection showed that the microbes changed significantly after bacterial infection, with a reduced alpha diversity accompanied by the increased level of Proteobacteria and decreased levels of Bdellovibrionota, Bacteroidota, and Verrucomicrobiota. The population of <em>Vibrio</em> genera were increased significantly, while several other genera, including <em>Denitromonas</em>, <em>Nitrosomonas</em>, <em>Blastopirellula</em>, <em>Fusibacter</em>, <em>Alteromonas</em>, <em>KI89A_clade</em>, and <em>Ruegeria</em>, were decreased significantly after infection. These findings suggest that VP_AHPND infection has a significant impact on the immune defense and the composition of the copepod microbiota.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105277"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and antibacterial activity of a novel phage-type lysozyme from the freshwater mussel Hyriopsis cumingii","authors":"Hui Xu ,&nbsp;Wenjuan Dai ,&nbsp;Zhengyu Xiong ,&nbsp;NaNa Huang ,&nbsp;Yanrui Wang ,&nbsp;Zhe Yang ,&nbsp;Shanshan Luo ,&nbsp;Jielian Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A cDNA encoding a phage-type lysozyme, designated as HcPLYZ, was successfully cloned from <em>Hyriopsis cumingii</em>. The full-length cDNA sequence of HcPLYZ was determined to be 896 base pairs in length. Analysis revealed the absence of a signal peptide at its N-terminus, and identified two highly conserved phage-type lysozyme activity sites, Glu²⁰ and Asp²⁹, within the deduced amino acid sequence of HcPLYZ. The results of the cloning and sequencing symbiotic bacteria in tissues were consistent with those obtained using tissue cDNA as the template, suggesting that HcPLYZ may originate a symbiotic bacterium. The expression levels of HcPLYZ mRNA exhibited significant variations across different tissues. Successful expression was induced using IPTG, and the native recombinant protein was subsequently purified through affinity chromatography employing Ni²⁺, and the optimal pH and temperature of which were determined to be 5.5 and 50 °C, respectively. Following exposure to <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em>, there was a significant increase in the levels of HcPLYZ mRNA in the hemocytes, hepatopancreas, and gills. HcPLYZ was demonstrated the inhibition activity of 55% and 83% against <em>Micrococcus lysodeikticus</em> under pH 5.5 and 50 °C conditions, respectively. These results suggested that HcPLYZ possessed antibacterial activity against both <em>A. hydrophila</em> and <em>M. lysodeikticus</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105272"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broadly cross-reactive immune responses in chickens immunized with chimeric virus-like particles of nodavirus displaying the M2e originated from avian and human influenza A viruses","authors":"Bernard Yi Zhe Thian ,&nbsp;Mohd Nasir Nurul Fatimah ,&nbsp;Chuan Loo Wong ,&nbsp;Hui Kian Ong ,&nbsp;Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah ,&nbsp;Kok Lian Ho ,&nbsp;Abdul Rahman Omar ,&nbsp;Wen Siang Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a persistent threat to poultry industry worldwide, despite the presence of vaccines. Additionally, reverse-zoonosis transmission potentially introduces human-originated IAVs into poultry and complicates the efforts to control the spread of influenza. Current avian influenza vaccines are primarily based upon the rapidly mutating hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins, which limit their efficacy against diverse strains of IAVs. Hence, the highly conserved ectodomains of matrix 2 protein (M2e) of IAVs are widely studied as alternatives to the HA and NA. However, the differences in the M2e amino acid sequences between avian and human IAVs generate antibodies that do not cross-react reciprocally with IAVs from other origins. To broaden and enhance the immunogenicity of M2e, we fused two copies each of the M2e derived from avian and human IAVs at the C-terminal end of the <em>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</em> nodavirus (<em>Mr</em>NV) capsid protein (NvC). Transmission electron microscopic and dynamic light scattering analyses revealed that the chimeric protein self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs). Immunization of chickens with the chimeric VLPs demonstrated a robust induction of broadly reactive immune responses against both the M2e of avian and human IAVs. Additionally, the chimeric VLPs elicited the production of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), macrophages, as well as a well-balanced Th1 and Th2 population, indicating their potential in activating cell-mediated immune responses in chickens. Furthermore, the chimeric VLPs triggered the production of both Th1- and Th2-cytokines, attesting their potential in mounting a robust and balanced immune response in avian species. This study demonstrated the potential of these chimeric VLPs in stimulating and broadening cross-reactive immune responses in chickens against both avian and human IAVs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105275"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fish microglia: Beyond the resident macrophages of the central nervous system - A review of their morphofunctional characteristics","authors":"Jose Carlos Campos-Sánchez,&nbsp;José Meseguer,&nbsp;Francisco A. Guardiola","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>From classical to modern literature on microglia, the importance of the potential and variability of these immune cells in vertebrates has been pointed out. Recent aspects such as relationships and interactions between microglia and neurons in both normal and injured neural tissues, as well as their nexus with other organs and with the microbiota, or how these cells are modulated during development and adulthood are current topics of major interest. State-of-the-art research methodologies, including microscopy and potent <em>in vivo</em> imaging techniques, genomic and proteomic methods, current culture conditions together with the easy maintenance and manipulation of some fish embryos and adult specimens such as zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>), have emerged and adapted to the phylogenetic position of some fish species. Furthermore, these advancements have facilitated the development of successful protocols aimed at addressing significant hypotheses and unresolved questions regarding vertebrate glia. The present review aims to analyse the available information on fish microglia, mainly the most recent one concerning teleosts, to establish an overview of their structural and immune functional features as a basis for their potentialities, heterogeneity, diversification, involvement, and relationships with neurons under normal and pathological conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105274"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innate and adaptive immunity gene expression profiles induced by virulent Aeromonas hydrophila infection in the immune-related organs of channel catfish","authors":"Basant Gomaa,&nbsp;Hossam Abdelhamed,&nbsp;Michelle Banes,&nbsp;Saida Zinnurine,&nbsp;Lesya Pinchuk,&nbsp;Mark L. Lawrence","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em> causes motile Aeromonas <em>s</em>epticemia (MAS) in freshwater fish. In recent years, MAS outbreaks due to virulent <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em> (vAh<em>)</em> have been responsible for large-scale losses within commercial catfish farms in Mississippi and Alabama. The aim of this study was to evaluate immune gene expression in catfish immune-competent tissues during infection with vAh strain ML09-119. Specific pathogen-free catfish fingerlings were intraperitoneally infected with vAh strain ML09-119, and relative expression of thirteen immune-related genes was evaluated from head kidney, spleen, and liver. Our results revealed that vAh was detected 2 h post-infection (hpi) in the head kidney, liver, and spleen. The highest concentration of vAh was detected at 12 hpi, from which point concentrations decreased until clearance at 5 days post-infection (dpi). Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and innate immune response (TLR 4 and 5) in the first 24 hpi. Adaptive immune-related genes were upregulated at 7 dpi in the spleen and 14 dpi in the head kidney. Furthermore, immunoglobulin M showed significant upregulation at 14 dpi in the head kidney and 21 dpi in the spleen. In summary, vAh ML09-119 infection induced a strong inflammatory response involving multiple innate immunity genes, proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. Surviving catfish were able to clear the infection and produce antibodies and memory cells. Assessment of the immunological response to vAh infection is critical for understanding the pathogen's mechanisms of pathogenesis and developing means for MAS control, including vaccine development and improved treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of a Mnlrig-1 involved in testis reproductive immunity in the oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense","authors":"Haifu Wan ,&nbsp;Lei Yu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Cui ,&nbsp;Shaochun Li ,&nbsp;Shuai Guo ,&nbsp;Shumei Mu ,&nbsp;Xianjiang Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The testis evolves a highly organized testicular microenvironment to support spermatogenesis. However, the knowledge about it is limited in crustacean. In this study, we identified a member of immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) from <em>Macrobrachium nipponense</em> testis and explored its roles as a potential pattern recognition receptor (PRR) involved in reproductive immunity. Based on the domains it contains and homology analysis result, we designate it as leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein-1 (MnLrig-1). The <em>Mnlrig-1</em> comprises a 3288 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 1095 amino acid protein. MnLrig-1 is consisted of one signaling peptide; one LRR_NT domain; eight LRR domains; five LRR_TYP domains; one LRR_CT domain; three IGc2 regions; one transmembrane region, and C-terminal cytoplasmic tail, sharing similar domains with orthologs in other crustacean species. MnLrig-1 is widely expressed in various tissues of <em>M. nipponense</em>. <em>Mnlrig-1</em> is significantly induced by LPS, PGN, <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em>, and <em>Vibrio alginolyticus</em> challenge in the testis at 3 h and maintained a high level from 3 h to 24 h. Additionally, two recombinant immunoglobulin domains of MnLrig-1 are obtained, while only one domain shows direct binding affinity towards LPS, PGN, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>A. hydrophila</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, and <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> in vitro. Moreover, silencing <em>Mnlrig-1</em> results in a significant upregulation of three anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs) in the testis. These results reveal the potential role of MnLrig-1 as a PRR involved in the testis reproductive immunity in <em>M. nipponense</em>. The insights gained from this study will expand our understanding of immune system in crustacean and may have implications for aquaculture and disease management in crustaceans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105273"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142324150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phagocyte dynamics in the blastogenetic cycle of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri: Cell senescence, segregation and clearance after efferocytosis","authors":"Francesca Cima ,&nbsp;Paolo Burighel ,&nbsp;Nicolò Brunelli ,&nbsp;Oshrat Ben Hamo ,&nbsp;Loriano Ballarin","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the colonial ascidian <em>Botryllus schlosseri</em>, phagocytes are involved in the clearance of apoptotic cells and corpses during the periodical generation changes or takeovers (TOs) that assure the renewal of the colonial zooids. The persistent respiratory burst associated with efferocytosis, leads to the induction of senescence. Indeed, giant, senescent phagocytes are abundant in the colonial circulation at TO, whereas, in the other phases of the colonial blastogenetic cycle, they colonise the ventral islands (VIs), a series of mesenchymal niches located in the lateral lacunae of the mantle, on both sides of the subendostylar sinus. VI phagocytes produce reactive oxygen species probably as a consequence of the massive phagocytosis of effete cells. VIs are progressively dismantled with the progress of the blastogenetic phases and phagocytes are released in the peribranchial chamber via transepithelial expulsion to be definitely expelled with the outflowing water through the cloacal siphon.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated microRNA study and pathological analysis provides new insights into the immune response of Ruditapes philippinarum under Vibrio anguillarum challenge","authors":"Jianxin Jia ,&nbsp;Hongtao Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Manila clam (<em>Ruditapes philippenarum</em>) is an important shellfish aquaculture product. The large-scale breeding of clams is often affected by <em>V. anguillarum</em> and causes large-scale death. However, the pathogenesis, immune response and metabolic pathway of <em>V. anguillarum</em> are still unclear. In this study, we found that the bacterial load in the hepatopancreas of <em>R</em>. <em>philippinarum</em> peaked at 48 h after <em>V. anguillarum</em> infection, and then gradually decreased, while the activity of lysozyme reached the peak at 12 h. Tissue section observation reveals that the infected hepatopancreas cells lost normal structure or necrosis. Additionally, six small RNA libraries were constructed using hepatopancreas of clams. A total of 15 differentially expressed (DE) microRNA (miRNA) were identified at 48 h after <em>V. anguillarum</em> infection, including 8 upregulated and 7 downregulated miRNAs. GO and KEGG enrichment results indicated the prediction of 48 known miRNAs and 127 new miRNAs, with functional annotation suggests that endocytosis pathway and bacterial recognition proteins may play key roles in immune response. The sequencing results were basically consistent with the qRT-PCR validation, indicating the accuracy of the data. This study provides a new idea to explore the immune regulation mechanism of shellfish after <em>V. anguillarum</em> infection, which brings important reference significance for modern immunological research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 105270"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}