Developmental and comparative immunology最新文献

{"title":"Apolipoprotein D3 and LOX product play a role in immune-priming of a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua","authors":"Shiva Haraji ,&nbsp;Reza Talaei-Hassanloui ,&nbsp;Shabbir Ahmed ,&nbsp;Gahyeon Jin ,&nbsp;Donghee Lee ,&nbsp;Yonggyun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Immune-priming occurs in insects after a prior pathogen exposure. However, its underlying mechanism in insects remains elusive. In the present work, immune-priming was detected in a lepidopteran insect, <em>Spodoptera exigua</em>. Specifically, a prior infection with a heat-killed pathogenic bacterium, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, led to increased survival upon the second infection of different pathogens. Plasma collected from larvae with the prior infection possessed the immune-priming factor(s) that significantly up-regulated cellular and humoral immune responses of naïve larvae. Our study also finds that variations in the timing of plasma collection for priming larvae resulted in distinct impacts on both cellular and humoral responses. However, when the active plasma exhibiting the immune-priming was heat-treated, it lost this priming activity, therefore suggesting that protein factor(s) play a role in this immune-priming. An immunofluorescence assay showed that the hemocytes collected from the immune-primed larvae highly reacted to a polyclonal antibody specific to a vertebrate lipocalin, apolipoprotein D (ApoD). Among 27 ApoD genes (<em>Se-ApoD1</em> ∼ <em>Se-ApoD27</em>) of <em>S. exigua</em>, <em>Se-ApoD3</em> was found to be highly induced during the immune-priming, in which it was shown to be expressed in hemocytes and fat body from a fluorescence <em>in situ</em> hybridization analysis. RNA interference of <em>Se-ApoD3</em> expression significantly impaired the immune-priming of <em>S. exigua</em> larvae. Moreover, the inhibition of eicosanoid biosynthesis suppressed the immune-priming, in which treatment with a lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitor—and not treatment with a cyclooxygenase inhibitor—suppressed immune-priming. Further, an addition of LOX product such as lipoxin A₄ or lipoxin B₄ significantly rescued the lost immune-priming activity. Taken together, these results suggest that a complex of ApoD3 and LOX product mediates the immune-priming activity of <em>S. exigua</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 105198"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141143161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local chicken breeds exhibit abundant TCR-V segments but similar repertoire diversity","authors":"Chunhong Liang ,&nbsp;Lin Sun ,&nbsp;Ying Zhu ,&nbsp;Jianqing Wu ,&nbsp;Ayong Zhao ,&nbsp;Tao Huang ,&nbsp;Feifei Yan ,&nbsp;Ke He","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The thymus-derived lymphocytes of jawed vertebrates have four T-cell receptor (TCR) chains that play a significant role in immunity. As chickens have commercial value, their immune systems require a great deal of attention. Local chicken breeds are an essential part of poultry genetic resources in China. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing to analyze the TCRα and TCRβ repertoires and their relative expression levels in the native chicken breeds Baier Buff, Longyou Partridge, Xiaoshan, and Xianju. We found that TCR Vα and TCR Vβ were expressed and included 17, 19, 17, and six segments of the Vα2, Vα3, Vβ1, and Vβ2 subgroups, respectively. V-J pairing was biased; Jα11 was utilized by nearly all Vα segments and was the most commonly used. Breed-specific V segments and V-J pairings were detected as well. The results of the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) as well as the V-J pairing and CDR3 diversity analyses suggested that the four local chicken breeds did not significantly differ in terms of TCR diversity. Hence, they expressed not significant differentiation, and they are rich genetic resources for the development and utilization of immune-related poultry breeding.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 105196"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140956721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TLR7 in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is expressed in the endolysosome and is stimulated by synthetic ssRNA analogs, imiquimod, and resiquimod.","authors":"Kristianna L. Felch ,&nbsp;Jonathan D. Crider ,&nbsp;Debduti Bhattacharjee ,&nbsp;Cameron Huhn ,&nbsp;Melanie Wilson ,&nbsp;Eva Bengtén","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and key mediators of innate immunity. Despite the significance of channel catfish (<em>Ictalurus punctatus</em>) in comparative immunology and aquaculture, its 20 TLR genes remain largely functionally uncharacterized. In this study, our aim was to determine the catfish TLR7 agonists, signaling potential, and cellular localization. Using a mammalian reporter system, we identified imiquimod and resiquimod, typical ssRNA analogs, as potent catfish TLR7 agonists. Notably, unlike grass carp TLR7, catfish TLR7 lacks the ability to respond to poly (I:C). Confocal microscopy revealed predominant catfish TLR7 expression in lysosomes, co-localizing with the endosomal chaperone protein, UNC93B1. Furthermore, imiquimod stimulation elicited robust IFNb transcription in peripheral blood leukocytes isolated from adult catfish. These findings underscore the conservation of TLR7 signaling in catfish, reminiscent of mammalian TLR7 responses. Our study sheds light on the functional aspects of catfish TLR7 and contributes to a better understanding of its role in immune defense mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 105197"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145305X24000697/pdfft?md5=8f5a26b393381bb52400ec264573af05&pid=1-s2.0-S0145305X24000697-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141046843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of octopamine/tyramine receptors and immune regulation in Litopenaeus vannamei under acute and chronic thermal stress","authors":"Li-Yang Hsu ,&nbsp;Hsin-Wei Kuo ,&nbsp;Winton Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the impact of hyperthermal (34 °C) and hypothermal (14 °C) stress on the expression of the octopamine/tyramine receptor (LvOA/TA-R) and immune parameters in <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>, which is a species critical to the aquaculture industry. Given the sensitivity of aquatic organisms to climate change, understanding the physiological and immune responses of <em>L. vannamei</em> to temperature variations is essential for developing strategies to mitigate adverse effects. This research focuses on the immune response and expression changes of LvOA/TA-R under acute (0.5, 1, and 2 h) and chronic (24, 72, and 168 h) thermal stress conditions. Our findings reveal that thermal stress induces changes in LvOA/TA-R expression and impacts immune responses. Immune parameters such as total haemocyte count, differential haemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, respiratory bursts, lysozyme activity, clearance efficiency, and phagocytosis exhibited a general trend of significant decline under the stress conditions. LvOA/TA-R had a higher expression in haemocyte under hyperthermal stress. The study elucidated that thermal stress modifies the expression of the LvOA/TA-R and diminishes immune functionality in <em>L. vannamei</em>, underscoring the potential influence of climate change on industry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 105195"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140956720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The interaction between 20-hydroxyecdysone and AMPK through PI3K activation in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis","authors":"Qilin Yi ,&nbsp;Yuting Xi ,&nbsp;Jialin Li ,&nbsp;Zihao Wu ,&nbsp;Yuhan Ma ,&nbsp;Yusheng Jiang ,&nbsp;Dazuo Yang ,&nbsp;Shu Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In crustaceans, the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) initiates molting, and the molting process is also regulated by energy metabolism. AMPK is an energy sensor and plays a critical role in systemic energy balance. Here, the regulatory mechanism in the interaction between 20E and AMPK was investigated in Chinese mitten crab, <em>Eriocheir sinensis</em>. The results showed that the 20E concentration and the mRNA expression levels of 20E receptors in hepatopancreas were down-regulated post AMPK activator (AICAR) treatment, and were up-regulated after AMPK inhibitor (Compound C) injection in crabs. Besides, the molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) gene expression in eyestalk showed the opposite patterns in response to the AICAR and Compound C treatment, respectively. Further investigation found that there was a significant reduction in 20E concentration post PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) treatment, and the phosphorylation level of PI3K was increased in hepatopancreas after AMPK inhibitor injection. On the other hand, the positive regulation of PI3K-mediated activation of AMPK was also observed, the phosphorylation levels of AMPKα, AMPKβ and PI3K in hepatopancreas were significantly increased post 20E injection. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of AMPKα and AMPKβ induced by 20E were decreased after the injection of PI3K inhibitor. Taken together, these results suggest that the regulatory cross-talk between 20E and AMPK is likely to act through PI3K pathway in <em>E. sinensis</em>, which appeared to be helpful for a better understanding in molting regulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 105194"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140936485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virus-specific antibody secreting cells reside in the peritoneal cavity and systemic immune sites of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) challenged intraperitoneally with salmonid alphavirus","authors":"Shiferaw Jenberie,&nbsp;Henriette Rogstad Nordli,&nbsp;Guro Strandskog,&nbsp;Linn Greiner-Tollersrud,&nbsp;Ma Michelle D. Peñaranda ,&nbsp;Jorunn B. Jørgensen,&nbsp;Ingvill Jensen","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development and persistence of antibody secreting cells (ASC) after antigenic challenge remain inadequately understood in teleosts. In this study, intraperitoneal (ip) injection of Atlantic salmon (<em>Salmo salar</em>) with salmonid alphavirus (WtSAV3) increased the total ASC response, peaking 3–6 weeks post injection (wpi) locally in the peritoneal cavity (PerC) and in systemic lymphoid tissues, while at 13 wpi the response was only elevated in PerC. At the same time point a specific ASC response was induced by WtSAV3 in PerC and systemic tissues, with the highest frequency in PerC, suggesting a local role. Inactivated SAV (InSAV1) induced comparatively lower ASC responses in all sites, and specific serum antibodies were only induced by WtSAV3 and not by InSAV1. An InSAV1 boost did not increase these responses. Expression of immune marker genes implies a role for PerC adipose tissue in the PerC immune response. Overall, the study suggests the Atlantic salmon PerC as a secondary immune site and an ASC survival niche.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 105193"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145305X2400065X/pdfft?md5=eecd40ffaefb78ac97e28e99208d7b9b&pid=1-s2.0-S0145305X2400065X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140903636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and characterization of a TLR4 homologue in Eriocheir sinensis based on structure analysis","authors":"Chenchen Shi ,&nbsp;Zhixin Jin ,&nbsp;Yanping Yu ,&nbsp;Zhuyun Tang ,&nbsp;Yuguo Zhang ,&nbsp;Chen Qu ,&nbsp;Ta-Hui Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an essential role in the activation of innate immunity by recognizing diverse pathogenic components of bacteria. Six Tolls were found in <em>Eriocheir sinensis</em> but have not yet been identified as mammalian TLR4 homolog. For this purpose, we predicted three-dimensional (3D) structures of <em>Es</em>Tolls (<em>Es</em>Toll1-6) with AlphaFold2. 3D structure of LRRs and TIR most had high accuracy (pLDDT &gt;70). By structure analysis, 3D structures of <em>Es</em>Toll6 had a high overlap with <em>Hs</em>TLR4. Moreover, we also predicted potential 11 hydrogen bonds and 3 salt bridges in the 3D structure of <em>Es</em>Toll6-<em>Es</em>ML1 complex. 18 hydrogen bonds and 7 salt bridges were predicted in <em>Es</em>Toll6-<em>Es</em>ML2 complex. Co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that <em>Es</em>Toll6 could interact with <em>Es</em>ML1 and <em>Es</em>ML2, respectively. Importantly, TAK242 (a mammalian TLR4-specific inhibitor) could inhibit the generation of ROS stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in <em>Es</em>Toll6-<em>Es</em>ML2-overexpression Hela cells. Collectively, these results implied that <em>Es</em>Toll6 was a mammalian TLR4 homolog and provided a new insight for researching mammalian homologs in invertebrates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 105192"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140876061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ficus hirta Vahl. alleviate LPS induced apoptosis via down-regulating of miR-411 in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) spleen cell","authors":"YuXin Feng ,&nbsp;ZhengXinYu Liu ,&nbsp;CaoYuan Han ,&nbsp;JiaQian Chen ,&nbsp;XinHao Lin ,&nbsp;WangHao Du ,&nbsp;Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;BeiBei Dong ,&nbsp;YiKai Zheng ,&nbsp;KeXiang Lu ,&nbsp;QingJian Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Ficus hirta</em> Vahl. (<em>Fh</em>V) has been shown to have antimicrobial and antiviral efficacy. To further ascertain the pharmacological properties of <em>Fh</em>V., and to search for alternatives to antibiotics. An <em>in vitro</em> experiment was carried out to evaluate what influence <em>Fh</em>V. would have on LPS-induced apoptosis. In this study, Fas, an apoptosis receptor, was cloned, which included a 5′-UTR of 39 bp, an ORF of 951 bp, a protein of 316 amino acids, and a 3′-UTR of 845 bp. EcFas was most strongly expressed in the spleen tissue of orange-spotted groupers. In addition, the apoptosis of fish spleen cells induced by LPS was concentration-dependent. Interestingly, appropriate concentrations of <em>Fh</em>V. alleviated LPS-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of miR-411 further decreased the inhibitory effect of Fas on apoptosis, which reduced Bcl-2 expression and mitochondrial membrane potential, enhanced the protein expression of Bax and Fas. More importantly, the <em>Fh</em>V. could activate miR-411 to improve this effect. In addition, luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-411 binds to Fas 3′-UTR to inhibit Fas expression. These findings provide evidence that <em>Fh</em>V. alleviates LPS-induced apoptosis by activating miR-411 to inhibit Fas expression and, therefore, provided possible strategies for bacterial infections in fish.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 105191"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversification of Toll-like receptor 1 in swamp eel (Monopterus albus)","authors":"Han Rao ,&nbsp;Haifeng Tian ,&nbsp;Xueting Wang ,&nbsp;Caifei Huo ,&nbsp;Lilan Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhong Li ,&nbsp;Yan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) is a pattern recognition receptor that plays critical roles in triggering immune activation via detecting bacterial lipoproteins and lipopeptides. In this study, the genetic characteristic of TLR1 was studied for an important aquaculture fish, swamp eel <em>Monopterus albus</em>. The eel has been seriously threatened by infectious diseases. However, a low level of genetic heterogeneity in the fish that has resulted from a demographic bottleneck presents further challenges in breeding for disease resistance. A comparison with the homologue of closely related species <em>M</em>. <em>javanensis</em> revealed that amino acid replacement (nonsynonymous) but not silent (synonymous) differences have accumulated nonrandomly over the coding sequences of the receptors at the early stage of their phylogenetic split. The combined results from comparative analyses of nonsynonymous-to-synonymous polymorphisms showed that the receptor has undergone significant diversification in <em>M</em>. <em>albus</em> driven by adaptive selection likely after the genetic bottleneck. Some of the changes reported here have taken place in the structures mediating heterodimerization with co-receptor TLR2, ligand recognition, and/or formation of active signaling complex with adaptor, which highlighted key structural elements and strategies of TLR1 in arms race against exogenous challenges. The findings of this study will add to the knowledge base of genetic engineering and breeding for disease resistance in the eel.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 105190"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of tissue tropism of GCRV-II infection in grass carp using a VP35 monoclonal antibody","authors":"Yanan Lu ,&nbsp;Weihua Zhao ,&nbsp;Ning Ji ,&nbsp;Dan Xu ,&nbsp;Yaoguo Li ,&nbsp;Tiaoyi Xiao ,&nbsp;Junya Wang ,&nbsp;Jun Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Grass carp, one of the major freshwater aquaculture species in China, is susceptible to grass carp reovirus (GCRV). GCRV is a non-enveloped RNA virus and has a double-layered capsid, causing hemorrhagic disease and high mortalities in infected fish. However, the tropism of GCRV infection has not been investigated. In this study, monoclonal antibodies against recombinant VP35 protein were generated in mice and characterized. The antibodies exhibited specific binding to the N terminal region (1–155 aa) of the recombinant VP35 protein expressed in the HEK293 cells, and native VP35 protein in the GCRV-II infected CIK cells. Immunofluorescent staining revealed that viruses aggregated in the cytoplasm of infected cells. <em>In vivo</em> challenge experiments showed that high levels of GCRV-II viruses were present in the gills, intestine, spleen and liver, indicating that they are the major sites for virus infection. Our study showed that the VP35 antibodies generated in this study exhibited high specificity, and are valuable for the development of diagnostic tools for GCRV-II infection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 105189"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140810322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}