Developmental and comparative immunology最新文献

{"title":"Synergistic effects of combined probiotics Bacillus pumilis D5 and Leuconostoc mesenteroide B4 on immune enhancement and disease resistance in Litopenaeus vannamei","authors":"Mei-Ying Huang ,&nbsp;Bich Ngoc Truong ,&nbsp;Tan Phat Nguyen ,&nbsp;Huei-Jen Ju ,&nbsp;Po-Tsang Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the effects of two distinct probiotics, <em>Leuconostoc mesenteroides</em> B4 (B4) and <em>Bacillus pumilus</em> D5 (D5), along with their combination, on the diet of white shrimp (<em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>) during an eight-week feeding trial. The diets tested included B4 + dextran at 10⁷ CFU/g feed (the B4 group), D5 alone at 10⁷ CFU/g feed (the D5 group), and a combination of B4 + dextran and D5 at 5 × 10⁶ CFU/g feed each (the B4+dextran + D5 group). Relative to the control group, those administered probiotics exhibited moderate enhancements in growth. By the eighth week, the weight gain for the B4, D5, and B4+D5 groups was 696.50 ± 78.15%, 718.53 ± 130.73%, and 693.05 ± 93.79%, respectively, outperforming the control group's 691.66 ± 31.10% gain. The feed conversion ratio was most efficient in the B4 group (2.16 ± 0.06), closely followed by B4+D5 (2.21 ± 0.03) and D5 (2.22 ± 0.06), with the control group having the highest ratio (2.27 ± 0.03). While phenoloxidase activity was somewhat elevated in the B4 and D5 groups, no significant differences were noted in respiratory burst activity or total hemocyte count across all groups. Challenge tests at weeks 4 and 8 showed that the B4 + D5 combination offered superior protection against AHPND-causing <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em>. The 4-week cumulative survival rate was highest in shrimp treated with B4 + dextran + D5 (56.25%), followed by B4 + dextran (31.25%), control (18.75%), and lowest in D5 (12.5%). By week 8, the B4 + dextran + D5 (43.75%) and B4 + dextran (37.5%) groups significantly outperformed the control group (6.25%, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), with no significant difference observed between the D5 group (37.5%) and the control group at day 56. Analysis of the shrimp's foregut microbiota revealed an increase in unique OTUs in the B4 and B4 + D5 groups. Compared to the control, Proteobacteria abundance was reduced in all probiotic groups. Potential pathogens like <em>Vibrio</em>, <em>Bacteroides</em>, <em>Neisseria</em>, <em>Botrytis</em>, <em>Clostridioides</em>, and Deltaentomopoxvirus were detected in the control but were reduced or absent in probiotic groups. Beneficial microbes such as <em>Methanobrevibacter</em> and <em>Dictyostelium</em> in the B4+D5 group, and <em>Sugiyamaella</em> in the B4 group, showed significant increases.</p><p>Probiotics also led to higher transcript levels of <em>nitric oxide synthase</em> in the hemocytes, and <em>lysozyme</em> and <em>transglutaminase</em> in the midgut, along with <em>lysozyme</em> and <em>α2-macroglobulin</em> in the foregut. Notably, the combined B4 + D5 probiotics synergistically enhanced the expression of <em>superoxide dismutase</em> and <em>prophenoloxidase</em> in the foregut, indicating an improved immune response. In summary, this study demonstrates that the probiotics evaluated, especially when used in combination, significantly boost the expression of specific","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140101286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of extracellular trap production and release by equine neutrophils in response to different stimuli","authors":"John Quiroga ,&nbsp;Bayron Cortes ,&nbsp;José Sarmiento ,&nbsp;Gabriel Morán ,&nbsp;Claudio Henríquez","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study explores Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation in equine neutrophils, which is crucial for eliminating infections and is implicated in various equine inflammatory diseases. We investigated the molecular pathways involved in NET release by equine neutrophils in response to stimuli. We use PMA, A23187, LPS, PAF, OZ, and cytokines, observing NET release in response to PMA, PAF, and A23187. In contrast, LPS, OZ, and the cytokines tested did not induce DNA release or did not consistently induce citrullination of histone 4. Peptidyl-arginine deiminase inhibition completely halted NET release, while NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species only played a role in PMA-induced NETs. Neutrophil elastase inhibition modestly affected PAF-induced NET liberation but not in PMA or A23187-induced NET, while myeloperoxidase did not contribute to NET release. We expect to provide a foundation for future investigations into the role of NETs in equine health and disease and the search for potential therapeutic targets.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139995903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cytokine genes of Oncorhynchus masou formosanus include a defective interleukin-4/13A gene","authors":"Ying-Hsuan Yen ,&nbsp;De Yu Zheng ,&nbsp;Shu Yuan Yang ,&nbsp;Jin-Chywan Gwo ,&nbsp;Sebastian D. Fugmann","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Oncorhynchus masou formosanus</em> (Formosa landlocked salmon) is a critically endangered salmonid fish endemic to Taiwan. To begin to understand how its drastic change in lifestyle from anadromous to exclusively river-dwelling is reflected in its immune genes, we characterized the genes encoding six cytokines (IL-2A, IL-2B, IL-4/13A, IL-4/13B1, IL-4/13B2, and IL-17A/F2a) important for T cell responses as no genomic data is available for this fish. Interestingly, all genes appeared homozygous indicative of a genetic bottleneck. The <em>IL2</em> and <em>IL17A/F2a</em> genes and their products are highly similar to their characterized homologs in <em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em> (rainbow trout) and other salmonid fish. Two notable differences were observed in <em>IL4/13</em> family important for type 2 immune responses. First, <em>O. m. formosanus</em> carries not only one but two genes encoding IL-4/13B1 proteins and expansions of these genes are present in other salmonid fish. Second, the <em>OmfoIL4/13A</em> gene carries a 228 bp deletion that results in a premature stop codon and hence a non-functional IL-4/13A cytokine. This suggests a reduced ability for T cell responses against parasitic infections in this species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139995904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The interactions between CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and Toll-like receptors in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei","authors":"Xuerui Gong ,&nbsp;Feng Hu ,&nbsp;Jingjie Hu ,&nbsp;Zhenmin Bao ,&nbsp;Mengqiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), as a novel type of adjuvant with immunomodulatory effects, are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>. In the present study, eleven <em>Lv</em>TLRs-pCMV recombinants (r<em>Lv</em>TLRs) were constructed to investigate the relationships between various CpG ODNs and different <em>Lv</em>TLRs in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells, which was further confirmed by bio-layer interferometry (BLI) technique. The results of dual luciferase reporter assay showed that every <em>Lv</em>TLR could activate multiple downstream genes, mainly including NF-κB, CREB, ISRE, IL-6-promoter, TNF-α-promoter and Myc, thereby inducing main signaling pathways in shrimps. Most CpG ODNs possessed affinities to more than one <em>Lv</em>TLR, while each <em>Lv</em>TLR could recognize multiple CpG ODNs, and the widely recognized ligands within CpG ODNs are A-class and B-class. Moreover, BLI analysis showed that CpG 2216, Cpg 2006, CpG 2143 and CpG 21425 exhibited dose-dependent affinity to the expressed TLR protein, which were consistent with the results in HEK293T cells. It suggested that the interactions of CpG ODNs with <em>Lv</em>TLRs were indispensable for the immune regulation triggered by CpG ODNs, and these findings would lay foundations for studying the activations of <em>Lv</em>TLRs to immune signaling pathways and shedding lights on the immune functions and mechanisms of CpG ODNs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139995905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interferon regulatory factors inhibit TiLV replication by activating interferon-a3 in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","authors":"Zishan Ke ,&nbsp;Jing Wen ,&nbsp;Yingying Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Li ,&nbsp;Siyu Wu ,&nbsp;Defeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Xubing Mo ,&nbsp;Yingying Li ,&nbsp;Yan Ren ,&nbsp;Jiyuan Yin ,&nbsp;Cunbin Shi ,&nbsp;Qing Wang ,&nbsp;Shucheng Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is an emerging virus that seriously threatens the tilapia industries worldwide. Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), which are the crucial mediators regulating the response of interferon (IFN) to combat invading viruses, have not yet been reported in tilapia during TiLV infection. Here, six IRF (IRF1, IRF2, IRF4, IRF7, IRF8, and IRF9) homologs from tilapia were characterized and analyzed. These IRFs typically shared the conserved domains and phylogenetic relationship with IRF homologs of other species. Tissue distribution analysis showed that all six <em>IRF</em> genes were expressed in various tissues, with the highest expression in immune-related tissues. Furthermore, overexpression of IRFs in tilapia brain (TiB) cells significantly inhibited TiLV propagation, as evidenced by decreased viral segment 8 gene transcripts and copy numbers of viral segment 1. More importantly, all six IRF genes significantly enhanced the promoter activity of type I interferon-a3 (IFNa3) in TiB cells, suggesting that tilapia IRF genes serve as positive regulators in activating IFNa3. Surprisingly, the promoter activity of IFNa3 mediated by IRF genes was markedly inhibited post-TiLV infection, indicating that TiLV antagonized IRF-mediated IFN immune response. Taken together, six IRF genes of tilapia are highly conserved transcription factors that inhibit TiLV infection by activating the promoter of IFNa3, which is in turn restrained by TiLV. These findings broaden our knowledge about the functionality of IRF-mediated antiviral immunity in tilapia against TiLV infection and host-TiLV interaction, which lays a foundation for developing antiviral strategies in tilapia cultural industries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139971277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptional profiling of Bulinus globosus provides insights into immune gene families in snails supporting the transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis","authors":"Lijing Bu ,&nbsp;Mohamed R. Habib ,&nbsp;Lijun Lu ,&nbsp;Martin W. Mutuku ,&nbsp;Eric S. Loker ,&nbsp;Si-Ming Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Schistosomiasis, urogenital and intestinal, afflicts 251 million people worldwide with approximately two-thirds of the patients suffering from the urogenital form of the disease. Freshwater snails of the genus <em>Bulinus</em> (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) serve as obligate intermediate hosts for <em>Schistosoma haematobium</em>, the etiologic agent of human urogenital schistosomiasis. These snails also act as vectors for the transmission of schistosomiasis in livestock and wildlife. Despite their crucial role in human and veterinary medicine, our basic understanding at the molecular level of the entire <em>Bulinus</em> genus, which comprises 37 recognized species, is very limited. In this study, we employed Illumina-based RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to profile the genome-wide transcriptome of <em>Bulinus globosus</em>, one of the most important intermediate hosts for <em>S. haematobium</em> in Africa. A total of 179,221 transcripts (N50 = 1,235) were assembled and the benchmarking universal single-copy orthologs (BUSCO) was estimated to be 97.7%. The analysis revealed a substantial number of transcripts encoding evolutionarily conserved immune-related proteins, particularly C-type lectin (CLECT) domain-containing proteins (n = 316), Toll/Interleukin 1-receptor (TIR)-containing proteins (n = 75), and fibrinogen related domain-containing molecules (FReD) (n = 165). Notably, none of the FReDs are fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) (immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) + fibrinogen (FBG)). This RNAseq-based transcriptional profile provides new insights into immune capabilities of <em>Bulinus</em> snails, helps provide a framework to explain the complex patterns of compatibility between snails and schistosomes, and improves our overall understanding of comparative immunology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139885112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive analysis of diel rhythmic expression of the medaka toll-like receptor gene family","authors":"Takahiko Hata ,&nbsp;Hidetoshi Shimawaki ,&nbsp;Suzuka Setoguchi ,&nbsp;Natsuki Morimoto ,&nbsp;Jun-ichi Hikima ,&nbsp;Masahiro Sakai ,&nbsp;Tomoya Kono","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Several immune-related genes, including Toll-like receptors (TLR), are associated with circadian rhythms in mammals. However, information on the circadian rhythmic expression of TLRs in fish is limited. In this study, we aimed to analyze the regulation of diel oscillations in the expression of TLR genes in Japanese medaka (<em>Oryzias latipes</em>). The expression analysis revealed diel expression patterns of <em>tlr1</em>, <em>tlr5m</em>, <em>tlr21</em>, and clock genes (<em>bmal1</em> and <em>clock1</em>) under a 12 h light:12 h dark cycle. The clock gene response element (E-box) was identified in the transcriptional regulatory regions of <em>tlr1</em>, <em>tlr5m</em>, and <em>tlr21</em>. Moreover, overexpressed <em>bmal1</em> and <em>clock1</em> enhanced expression levels of <em>tlr1</em>, <em>tlr5m</em>, and <em>tlr21</em> in medaka embryo (OLHdrR-e3) cells. The expression of <em>tlr1</em>, <em>tlr5m</em>, and <em>tlr21</em> was significantly decreased in OLHdrR-e3 after generating a <em>bmal1</em> knockdown using a morpholino oligo. These results indicate the regulation of the diel rhythmic expression of several fish TLRs by clock genes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139715899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A family of olfactory receptors uniquely expanded in marsupial and monotreme genomes are expressed by a T cell subset also unique to marsupials and monotremes","authors":"Jordan M. Sampson ,&nbsp;Kimberly A. Morrissey ,&nbsp;Daniel C. Douek ,&nbsp;Robert D. Miller","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Olfactory receptors (OR), expressed on olfactory neurons, mediate the sense of smell. Recently, OR have also been shown to be expressed in non-olfactory tissues, including cells of the immune system. An analysis of single-cell transcriptomes of splenocytes of the grey short-tailed opossum (<em>Monodelphis domestica</em>) found OR are expressed on a subset of T cells, the γμ T cells, that are unique to marsupials and monotremes. A majority of opossum γμ T cells transcriptomes contain OR family 14 transcripts, specifically, from the OR14C subfamily. Amongst the mammals, the OR14 gene family is expanded in the genomes of marsupials and monotremes, and rarer or absent in placental mammals. In summary, here we demonstrate the intriguing correlation that a family of OR genes, abundant in the genomes of marsupials and monotremes, are ectopically expressed in a particular subset of T cells unique to the marsupials and monotremes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139715898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caenorhabditis elegans immune responses to microsporidia and viruses","authors":"Rubén González,&nbsp;Marie-Anne Félix","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The model organism <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> is susceptible to infection by obligate intracellular pathogens, specifically microsporidia and viruses. These intracellular pathogens infect intestinal cells, or, for some microsporidia, epidermal cells. Strikingly, intestinal cell infections by viruses or microsporidia trigger a common transcriptional response, activated in part by the ZIP-1 transcription factor. Among the strongest activated genes in this response are ubiquitin-pathway members and members of the <em>pals</em> family, an intriguing gene family with cross-regulations of different members of genomic clusters. Some of the induced genes participate in host defense against the pathogens, for example through ubiquitin-mediated inhibition. Other mechanisms defend the host specifically against viral infections, including antiviral RNA interference and uridylation. These various immune responses are altered by environmental factors and by intraspecific genetic variation of the host. These pathogens were first isolated 15 years ago and much remains to be discovered using <em>C. elegans</em> genetics; also, other intracellular pathogens of <em>C. elegans</em> may yet to be discovered.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145305X2400020X/pdfft?md5=99c7c54f4bd5fbfd50d2df70456f1997&pid=1-s2.0-S0145305X2400020X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139688889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural selection directing molecular evolution in vertebrate viral sensors","authors":"Balraj Melepat,&nbsp;Tao Li,&nbsp;Michal Vinkler","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diseases caused by pathogens contribute to molecular adaptations in host immunity. Variety of viral pathogens challenging animal immunity can drive positive selection diversifying receptors recognising the infections. However, whether distinct virus sensing systems differ across animals in their evolutionary modes remains unclear. Our review provides a comparative overview of natural selection shaping molecular evolution in vertebrate viral-binding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Despite prevailing negative selection arising from the functional constraints, multiple lines of evidence now suggest diversifying selection in the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and oligoadenylate synthetases (OASs). In several cases, location of the positively selected sites in the ligand-binding regions suggests effects on viral detection although experimental support is lacking. Unfortunately, in most other PRR families including the AIM2-like receptor family, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and cyclic GMP-AMP synthetase studies characterising their molecular evolution are rare, preventing comparative insight. We indicate shared characteristics of the viral sensor evolution and highlight priorities for future research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139702067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}