Developmental and comparative immunology最新文献

{"title":"The class A scavenger receptor member 3 (SCARA3) regulates cell apoptosis through X-linked apoptosis inhibitory protein (XIAP) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)","authors":"Xinghua Zhuang ,&nbsp;Xuan Chen ,&nbsp;Lili Cao ,&nbsp;Beibei Wang ,&nbsp;Zhongyi Wang ,&nbsp;Suwan Li ,&nbsp;Honghong Li ,&nbsp;Chao Li ,&nbsp;Ning Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Class A scavenger receptor 3 (SCARA3), a macrophage scavenger receptor-like protein, plays important roles in inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In the present study, a SCARA3 gene of turbot (<em>Sm</em>SCARA3) (Gene ID: 118289953) with an 1815 bp ORF encoding 604 amino acids was identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that <em>Sm</em>SCARA3 showed the closest relationship to that counterpart of olive flounder (<em>Paralichthys olivaceus</em>). The synteny analysis demonstrated conserved syntenic patterns across selected vertebrates. In addition, <em>Sm</em>SCARA3 was ubiquitously expressed in all the examined tissues, with the highest expression level in intestine and the lowest expression level in the brain. <em>Sm</em>SCARA3 exhibited different expression patterns in mucosal tissues (intestine, gill, skin) after two bacterial infections. Subsequently, recombinant <em>Sm</em>SCARA3 protein (r<em>Sm</em>SCARA3) revealed the strong binding affinity to LPS and responded primarily to LPS stimulation in intestinal cells of turbot. Additionally, the interference and overexpression experiments indicated that <em>Sm</em>SCARA3 was associated with apoptosis related genes, such as Caspase1, Caspase3 and Caspase3a, and it could activate Caspase3 in HEPG2 cells. Moreover, flow cytometry revealed the apoptosis of <em>Sm</em>SCARA3 overexpression group increased by 10.03%, which was consistent with the effect of <em>Sm</em>SCARA3 on proliferation inhibition in intestinal cells of turbot. The cell apoptosis levels in the <em>Sm</em>SCARA3-Flag and XIAP-HA experimental group were significantly lower than that in the control group (51.17% vs 72.72%). Finally, the Co-IP assay showed that <em>Sm</em>SCARA3 could directly interact with XIAP. In conclusion, our results indicated that <em>Sm</em>SCARA3 could activate Caspase3 and modulate apoptosis through XIAP , highlighting its potential roles as a therapeutic target for fish diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 105370"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143802725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXOC8 of Epinephelus coioides involved in SGIV infection via innate immunity and apoptosis","authors":"Wei Huang ,&nbsp;Zi-An Chen ,&nbsp;Qi-Yin Li ,&nbsp;Cui-Fen Huang ,&nbsp;Yun-Xiang Lin ,&nbsp;Yin-Mei Lan ,&nbsp;Ze-Peng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yu-Feng Jiang ,&nbsp;Qi-Wei Qin ,&nbsp;Hong-Yan Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The exocyst complex (EXOC) plays a major role in the extracellular secretion of organisms. In this study, EXOC8, a member of the EXOC family, was characterized from <em>Epinephelus coioides</em>,an important economical important fish in southern China and Southeast Asia, and its role response to viral infection was explored. The full length of <em>E</em>. <em>coioides</em> EXOC8 is 3091 bp including a 2061 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 686 amino acids, with a molecular mass of 79037.42 Da. The mRNA of <em>E</em>. <em>coioides</em> EXOC8 can be detected in all of the tissues examined with different levels. <em>E</em>. <em>coioides</em> EXOC8 is distributed in the cytoplasm. The expression of <em>E</em>. <em>coioides</em> EXOC8 was up-regulated during Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection, an important pathogen of <em>E</em>. <em>coioides</em>. Overexpressing <em>E</em>. <em>coioides</em> EXOC8 significantly promoted the formation of cytopathic effects (CPE) caused by SGIV infection and the expressions of SGIV key genes MCP, VP19, LITAF and ICP18; but significantly inhibited the activities of NF-κB/AP-1 promoter, apoptosis induced by SGIV, and the expressions of inflammatory factors (IL-6,IL-8, IL-1<em>β</em> and TNF-α) in <em>E. coioides</em>. The results demonstrated that <em>E. coioides</em> EXOC8 may be involved in SGIV infection, providing a theoretical basis for clearing the mechanisms of viral infection in fish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 105368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143794548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ToIκB and ToIKK genes from golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus): Molecular characterization, expression, and association with tolerance to Streptococcus agalactiae infection","authors":"Jie Gao ,&nbsp;Ming-Jian Liu ,&nbsp;Jin-Min Pan ,&nbsp;Hua-Yang Guo ,&nbsp;Bao-Suo Liu ,&nbsp;Ke-Cheng Zhu ,&nbsp;Nan Zhang ,&nbsp;Dian-Chang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective disease management is crucial for sustainable aquaculture, particularly for economically important species like golden pompano (<em>Trachinotus ovatus</em>). <em>Streptococcus agalactiae</em> represents a major threat to this species, leading to severe health issues and significant economic losses. Understanding the immune mechanisms involved is essential to address this challenge. The <em>IκB</em> and <em>IKK</em> genes are known to be key regulators of immune responses, playing pivotal roles in modulating inflammatory pathways during infections. However, their specific roles in golden pompano immunity are not well characterized. In this study, we used bioinformatics analysis and tissue-specific expression profiling to investigate the roles of <em>IκB</em> and <em>IKK</em> genes in golden pompano during bacterial infection. The results demonstrated that <em>ToIKK</em> was significantly upregulated during the early stages of infection, indicating rapid immune activation, while <em>ToIκB</em> showed an initial decrease followed by recovery, suggesting its involvement in inflammation modulation. These genes were found to regulate the NF-κB signaling pathway, which is crucial for coordinating the immune response to bacterial infection. This research provides valuable insights into the molecular basis of golden pompano immune response against <em>S. agalactiae</em>, offering a foundation for developing targeted anti-infection strategies and improving disease resistance and health management practices in aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 105369"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The molecular mechanism of ferroptosis in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas under Erastin treatment or high temperature stress","authors":"Jinyuan Leng ,&nbsp;Jiejie Sun ,&nbsp;Zhicheng Guo ,&nbsp;Lingling Wang ,&nbsp;Linsheng Song","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ferroptosis is an iron- and lipotoxicity-dependent form of programmed cell death, and it is distinct from apoptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy. In the present study, the hemocytes were found to be shrunken under Erastin treatment or high temperature stress. The mitochondrial atrophy, crest loss and fracture were observed in hemocytes under high temperature stress. In addition, the fluorescence intensity of mitochondrial probe JC-1 monomers increased significantly in hemocytes under high temperature stress. Hemocytes were found to be wrinkled under ultrastructure and the contents of LPO, ROS and GSH increased significantly under Erastin treatment or high temperature stress. The band intensity of <em>Cg</em>VDAC2 also decreased under Erastin treatment or high temperature stress. The mRNA expressions of genes involved in enhancing the antioxidation system as well as genes involved in promoting the iron metabolism all decreased significantly under Erastin treatment or high temperature stress. Those of genes involved in impairing the antioxidation system, genes involved in inhibiting the iron metabolism, as well as genes involved in reducing the lipid peroxidation all increased significantly under Erastin treatment or high temperature stress. These results indicated that Erastin could activate the three key ferroptotic signaling pathways in oyster and the activation mechanism of ferroptosis in oyster under high temperature stress was similar with that under Erastin treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 105366"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allogenic grafting induces PI3K-mediated tissue overgrowth in hydrozoan jellyfish Cladonema radiatum medusae.","authors":"Crystal Tang, Miwa Tamura-Nakano, Kazunori Tachibana","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2025.105367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Allorecognition, which is the ability of an organism to discriminate between self and non-self, protects multicellular animals from somatic cell/germline parasitism. We reported and characterised allorecognition in the stolons of colonies of the hydrozoan jellyfish Cladonema radiatum (C. radiatum) in our previous publication. C. radiatum has a free-swimming medusa form besides the sessile colonial form. In this study, we investigated the allorecognition responses in the medusa form of C. radiatum. By using grafting experiments, we observed that while C. radiatum medusae show tolerance to both isogenic and allogenic chimerism, allogenic grafting induces the formation of a form of circular scars-we refer to as \"ring-shaped scars\"-around the grafts on the host umbrella. Within the scars, overgrowth of tissues occurs with additional gastrovascular canal development. By pharmaceutical experiments, we found that tissue overgrowth is dependent on phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), showing a resemblance to mammalian neoplasia.</p>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":" ","pages":"105367"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FK506 activates the BMP signaling pathway to regulate ovarian development in Portunus trituberculatus","authors":"Xiaocong Chen ,&nbsp;Ce Shi ,&nbsp;Yangfang Ye ,&nbsp;Chunlin Wang ,&nbsp;Ronghua Li ,&nbsp;Huan Wang ,&nbsp;Congcong Hou ,&nbsp;Weiwei Song ,&nbsp;Changkao Mu","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) play important regulatory roles in the development of follicles in mammals. However, studies on the roles of BMPs in ovarian development in low-level aquatic animals, especially the swimming crab <em>Portunus trituberculatus</em>, are limited. In this study, a BMP Ⅰ-type receptor-specific activator (tacrolimus, FK506) was administered at different concentrations via in vivo injection, and the effects of FK506 on the regulation of the BMP signaling pathway during ovarian development in <em>P</em>. <em>trituberculatus</em> were examined. The tissue and cell morphology was observed, and a combined transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics analysis was carried out. Crabs administered FK506 exhibited elevated GSI alongside reduced HSI compared to control and blank groups. The main biological processes enriched by joint analysis included lipid metabolism, sugar metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Fatty acid composition analysis revealed that the activator may activate the BMP signaling pathway to promote ovarian development and accelerate the transport of unsaturated fatty acids from the hepatopancreas to the ovaries. Amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism provide transporter proteins and energy for lipid metabolism. This study is highly important because it reveals the molecular mechanism by which the BMP signaling pathway regulates gonadal development in a crustacean.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 105365"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A preliminary study on the regulation and impact of unfolded protein response on circadian genes in Litopenaeus vannamei","authors":"Wan-Yi Chen ,&nbsp;Ze-Yu Yan ,&nbsp;Shu-Chen ,&nbsp;An-Na Liu ,&nbsp;Yu-Tao Miao ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Yi-Hong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Circadian rhythm serves as an adaptive mechanism to environmental changes and is known to regulate multiple physiological processes, such immune response and metabolism. This study explores how unfolded protein response (UPR) affects circadian rhythm genes and their implications at immune and metabolic systems in <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>. Under 12 light-dark cycle conditions, <em>Cry1</em> (<em>LvCry1</em>), <em>Period</em> (<em>LvPeriod</em>), and <em>Vrille</em> (<em>LvVrille</em>) had the highest expression in the eyestalk, while <em>Timeless</em> (<em>LvTimeless</em>) and <em>Shaggy</em> (<em>LvShaggy</em>) were most expressed in the hepatopancreas and nerve. Tunicamycin (TM) injection activated the shrimp UPR and affect the expression of circadian rhythm genes. The time of expression peak of <em>LvCry1</em> getting earlier, while <em>LvPeriod</em> or <em>LvTimeless</em> peak phase is left shift; <em>LvVrille</em> expression appears circadian disorder, the expression level decreases and the amplitude is significantly lower than the control group. Further investigation revealed that PERK-eIF2α pathway of UPR system may be crucial for its influence on the circadian rhythm gene expression. Further investigation showed that knocked-down expression of <em>LvTimeless</em>, which was significantly affected by the UPR, combined with transcriptomic analysis uncovered that some metabolic and immune-related genes was significantly affected by circadian rhythm. These results have laid a foundation for us to continue to deeply understand the relationship between environmental stress, circadian rhythm and health in <em>L. vannamei.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 105364"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143742632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring diversity in avian immune defence: Insights from cathelicidin clusters","authors":"Sergio González-Acosta ,&nbsp;Victoria Baca-González ,&nbsp;Patricia Asensio-Calavia ,&nbsp;Andrea Otazo-Pérez ,&nbsp;Manuel R. López ,&nbsp;Antonio Morales-delaNuez ,&nbsp;José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cathelicidins are a family of proteins from which a class of Host Defence Peptides (HDPs) is derived. They are components of the innate immune system of most vertebrates, including birds. Despite their promising activities, the genomic organisation and interspecies diversity of avian cathelicidins has been less studied than in other animal groups. In this research, we investigated the cathelicidin cluster in 72 avian species from 26 different orders by mining the avian genome assemblies available in NCBI database, using bioinformatics tools to analyse the cluster composition, gene structure and phylogenetic relationships. Cathelicidin clusters were found principally on chromosomes 1 and 2, usually located at the ends of the chromosomes, except in Falconiformes and Psittaciformes. The Galloanserae cluster diverged from the rest of avian groups by having cath1 in the Galliformes and a putative pseudogene of cathB1 in Anseriformes. In contrast, the remaining avian species displayed a predominantly cathelicidin cluster comprising cathB1, cath3, and cath2. However, Passeriformes lacked cath3 while Falconiformes exhibited the pseudogenisation of cath3. In addition, we found kelch like family member 18 and transforming growth factor beta 4 (zinc finger protein 777 in Passeriformes) as flanking genes. We identified 190 putative cathelicidins genes, of which 103 were undescribed, that displayed a high percentage of identity across cathelicidin type. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that cathelicidin genes are highly conserved supporting the hypothesis that cathelicidins play a crucial role in avian immunity. This work highlights the use of bioinformatic tools to improve our understanding of avian cathelicidins and the evolution of this important family protein.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 105363"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan-selenium nanoparticles suppress infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus through immune modulation and viral replication inhibition in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","authors":"Yi-Seol Jeong,&nbsp;Eun-Jin Baek,&nbsp;Kwang-Il Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is one of the most challenging diseases causing substantial financial losses in global aquaculture. However, effective strategies for controlling ISKNV infections in ornamental fish are lacking. In this study, chitosan-selenium nanoparticles (CTS-SeNPs) were synthesized and evaluated as potential strategies for controlling ISKNV infection. The characterization of CTS-SeNPs confirmed the conjugation of chitosan with SeNPs, resulting in the formation of spherical particles with an average size of 51.73 nm and exhibiting moderate stability. Furthermore, the morphology and stability were retained for 24 h in the freshwater environment. The CTS-SeNPs exhibited viral suppression efficacy at 40 μg/mL, downregulating major capsid protein gene expression in ISKNV-infected dwarf gourami fin (DGF) cells. The inhibition rates at 48 and 72 hpi in the DGF cells were 94.02 ± 0.39 % and 91.82 ± 3.84 %, respectively. During the ISKNV replication cycle, CTS-SeNPs were found to affect the attachment and replication stage. In zebrafish, the viral suppression efficacy of CTS-SeNPs was evaluated by two different administration methods: intraperitoneal injection (IP) and immersion administration (IM). At safe concentrations (1 μg/mL for IP and 40 μg/mL for IM), CTS-SeNPs demonstrated improved survival rates of 53.33 ± 9.42 % (IP) and 50.00 ± 8.16 % (IM). Additionally, viral loads in survivors were lower than those in ISKNV-infected fish. In terms of immune gene expression, CTS-SeNPs upregulated interferon-inducible genes. Moreover, after ISKNV infection following CTS-SeNPs administration, type I interferon induction (interferon φ2 and interferon φ3) was identified, suggesting that CTS-SeNPs enhance viral suppression through immune modulation, indicating their potential as effective anti-ISKNV agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 105362"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143673324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of the differential expression patterns of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in horses and donkeys","authors":"Yanbo Qiu ,&nbsp;Junyi Jiang ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Yi ,&nbsp;Shuhui Wang ,&nbsp;Xiuzhu Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the immunoglobulins (IG) gene locus structure and expression diversity in local Chinese horse and donkey breeds, including Ningqiang, Guanzhong horses, and varieties such as Guanzhong, Jiami, and Northern Shaanxi donkey using genome alignment and high-throughput sequencing. The aim was to expand understanding of IG expression patterns in horses, donkeys, and their different breeds. The results revealed that the donkey IGH locus contains 117 VH genes (23 functional), 44 DH genes, and 8 JH genes, arranged in a VH-DH-JH sequence on chromosome 7, spanning approximately 1189 kb. Both horses and donkeys exhibited high frequencies of the IGHV4-IGHD2-IGHJ6, IGHV4-IGHD4-IGHJ6, and IGHV4-IGHD2-IGHJ4 combinations during VDJ recombination. Significant differences in V, D, and J junctions between horses and donkeys, as well as among breeds, were observed, mainly due to variations in N-nucleotide insertion length. The CDR3H region in horses exhibited greater length diversity and a higher Cys content than that in donkeys, which may contribute to species-specific differences in IGH spatial structure. Both horses and donkeys showed a clear preference for A &gt; G and G &gt; A mutations during somatic hypermutation (SHM), with consistent trends across breeds and species. In conclusion, this study reveals that V(D)J recombination, junction diversity, and SHM are key mechanisms driving IGH diversity in horses and donkeys. While the basic mechanisms for IGH diversification are similar across species and breeds, their specific manifestations exhibit both distinct and consistent patterns, reflecting differences in immune system adaptations and providing a theoretical basis for understanding IGH expression diversity in equids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 105360"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}