Developmental and comparative immunology最新文献

{"title":"Expression profiling and functional investigation of peroxiredoxin 2 in Chub mackerel: Multifunctional roles in oxidative stress regulation, apoptosis, and immune modulation","authors":"D.M.U.M. Dissanayake ,&nbsp;W.K.M. Omeka ,&nbsp;B.P.M. Vileka Jayamali ,&nbsp;H.M.V. Udayantha ,&nbsp;W.A.D.L.R. Warnakula ,&nbsp;W.P.S.N. Wijeweera ,&nbsp;U.P.E. Arachchi ,&nbsp;Arthika Kalaichelvan ,&nbsp;Sumi Jung ,&nbsp;Qiang Wan ,&nbsp;Jehee Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peroxiredoxin (Prdx) 2, belonging to the Prdx superfamily, is a pivotal enzyme and a key antioxidant that maintains cellular homeostasis by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in living organisms. This study aimed to define the antioxidant and immune-related properties of the Prdx2 derived from <em>Scomber japonicus</em> (<em>SjPrdx2</em>). The molecular features of SjPrdx2 were characterized using <em>in silico</em> tools. The transcriptional responses of <em>SjPrdx2</em> and its functional features were determined under immune-stimulating conditions; functional features were investigated using <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em> approaches. The coding sequence of <em>SjPrdx2</em> consists of 612 nucleotides, which encode a protein with 203 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 22.5 kDa. In the SjPrdx2 protein, the Prdx domain serves as the main functional domain, along with the “GGLG” and “FF” signature motifs. Under normal physiological conditions, <em>SjPrdx2</em> expression was found to be highest in the heart, followed by the brain, blood, and spleen. The relative expression of <em>SjPrdx2</em> was significantly up-regulated in the immune tissues following various immune stimuli, including polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), <em>Vibrio harveyi</em>, and <em>Streptococcus iniae</em>. Additionally, the recombinant SjPrdx2 protein showed insulin disulfide reduction and radical-scavenging activity. <em>In vitro</em> functional assays demonstrated that H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress activated the ROS-scavenging function of SjPrdx2 and enhanced its apoptosis-inhibiting capacity<em>.</em> Additionally, <em>SjPrdx2</em> overexpression promoted M2 polarization and suppressed nitric oxide production in LPS-treated RAW macrophage cells. Altogether, the findings of this study underscore the multifaceted contributions of <em>SjPrdx2</em> to the active functioning of Chub mackerel, emphasizing its pivotal role in combating oxidative stress and fortifying immune functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 105553"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146003248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profiles of gut microbiome in Litopenaeus vannamei artificially infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing translucent post-larva disease","authors":"Bingxin Shi ,&nbsp;Lu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xin Jia ,&nbsp;Yu Tao ,&nbsp;Mengqiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the primary defense against pathogen invasion, the dynamic equilibrium of the shrimp gut microbiome is recognized as a critical factor influencing pathogen colonization. In recent years, translucent post-larva disease (TPD) outbreaks during the early stages of shrimp farming have become a serious threat to the sustainable development of the shrimp industry. Compared with other vibriosis, TPD caused by certain <em>Vibrio</em> strains possessing drug resistance and high-virulence genes exhibits greater virulence in shrimp tissues, with mortality rates reaching up to 90%. However, no studies have yet explored the association between this pathogen and the gut microbiome. This study employed metagenomic sequencing technology to analyze differences in the axial distribution of the gut microbiome in shrimp at varying degrees of TPD infection. Histopathological sections revealed that multiple tissue lesions induced by TPD infection in shrimp were primarily concentrated in the midgut. Alpha diversity analysis indicated that the alpha diversity index of the shrimp gut microbiome showed an upward trend as pathogen load increased. Beta diversity analysis revealed the intestinal segment with the most significant microbial community changes during pathogen colonization. Within this region, the abundance of probiotics decreased, while that of pathogenic bacteria increased. Functional prediction results indicate that under TPD stress, the gut microbiome activates a multi-layered, synergistic defense adaptation program through nutritional metabolism shifts, biofilm reinforcement, and toxin efflux. This study elucidates the pathogenic mechanism of TPD from the perspective of pathogen-gut microbiome interactions, suggesting that controlling pathogen load and restoring targeted probiotics may serve as effective strategies for preventing and controlling TPD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 105565"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146131049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Goldfish (Carassius auratus) leukocyte immune-type receptor (CaLITR) specific polyclonal antibodies identify cells co-expressing two stimulatory CaLITRs in goldfish kidney and skin","authors":"Samuel Amoah,&nbsp;Aoxue Li,&nbsp;James L. Stafford","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs) are a diverse group of teleost immunoregulatory receptor types that share structural and phylogenetic relationships with mammalian Fc receptor-like (FcRL) proteins. Most information regarding teleost LITRs has been derived from transcriptional analyses and functional characterization experiments using recombinant overexpression studies in mammalian cell lines, with little data available on the qualitative and spatial distribution of CaLITR-positive leukocytes within goldfish immune tissues. This study investigated the cellular and tissue expression patterns of two putative stimulatory LITR-types in goldfish (<em>Carassius auratus</em>), termed CaLITR3.0 and CaLITR6.1, using newly developed antibodies targeting unique epitopes in the D1 domains of the receptors. We established immunohistochemistry protocols for identifying and examining the distribution and relative types of putative stimulatory CaLITR3.0 and CaLITR6.1-positive leukocytes. Specifically, using the validated epitope-specific polyclonal antibodies, we show that both receptors are predominantly expressed by leukocytes located within the immune cell-rich regions of the goldfish kidney. In the skin, a key mucosal barrier, CaLITR-expressing leukocytes were found in the dermis and hypodermis. Notably, CaLITR6.1+ cells were enriched in proximal dermal regions, whereas CaLITR3.0+ and dual-LITR positive cells were distributed along pigmented zones in distal dermis and surrounding hypodermal adipocytes. These findings reveal a preferential immunoreactivity of both pAbs for putative CaLITR-bearing leukocytes within both immune and mucosal barrier tissues and further highlight the utility of these antibodies as reagents for identifying and tracking CaLITR + leukocytes in goldfish tissues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 105551"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146017728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization of TRADD in GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","authors":"Youchuan Wei ,&nbsp;Honglian Tan ,&nbsp;Jiashu Li ,&nbsp;Longxi Dai ,&nbsp;Guixiang Tong ,&nbsp;Tiejun Wu ,&nbsp;Xinxian Wei ,&nbsp;Zhitao Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated death domain protein (TRADD) is a crucial adaptor in the TNF signaling pathway. The role of fish TRADD remains less understood, compared with that of mammals. In the present study, TRADD of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, <em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>) was characterized. The GIFT TRADD encoded a putative protein of 291 amino acids, containing an N-terminal domain and C-terminal death domain. qPCR analysis revealed that GIFT TRADD was ubiquitously expressed in all selected tissues and upregulated in spleen following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (polyI:C) stimulation and tilapia lake virus (TiLV) infection. Overexpression of GIFT TRADD significantly inhibited expression of TiLV-S10 in TiLV infected tilapia brain (TiB) cells, and increased the expressions of melanoma di-erentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), Mx1, NF-κB and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3 in TiB cells. These results indicated that GIFT TRADD had antiviral and immunomodulatory roles, providing basis for understanding the TNF signaling pathway in GIFT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 105559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of extracellular vesicles from primary skin epithelial cells and cell lines from Atlantic salmon","authors":"Dhivya Borra Thiyagarajan ,&nbsp;Marie K. Mikkelborg ,&nbsp;Igor Kraev ,&nbsp;Roy Ambli Dalmo ,&nbsp;Sigrun Lange","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extracellular vesicle (EV) research in fish, particularly in aquaculture-relevant species, is gaining momentum, with interest in biomarker development, while the availability of <em>in vitro</em> tools to study EV-mediated cellular communication in fish is limited, particularly with respect to primary cell lines. As salmon represents one of the most valuable fish species in global aquaculture, identifying robust biomarkers for fish health monitoring is a high priority. This study introduces a novel <em>in vitro</em> model for EV research in salmon, utilising primary and immune relevant cell lines to closely mimic <em>in vivo</em> conditions. EVs were profiled from primary scale derived keratocyte cells (SKC), in addition to EVs from previously established salmon cell lines (ASK and SSP-9 from salmon head kidney). EV size profiles were identified overall in the 50–450 nm range, with some differences between the cell lines. EV protein cargoes were analyzed by LC-MS/MS alongside associated pathway enrichment, providing insights for roles of EVs in cell-type-specific communication, including immune responses. Notably, the SKC-derived EVs revealed proteins and pathways associated with wound healing, keratinization, and immune defense, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets. Additionally, shared pathways identified in EVs from all cell lines, included the non-canonical NF-κB pathway and ubiquitination, offering new perspectives into EV-mediated signaling in fish. Our <em>in-vitro</em> model system may provide a translational platform to develope EVs as robust biomarkers of fish health, with potential applications in aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 105555"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145997504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Molecular characterization and expression analysis of four toll-like receptors genes: TLR3, TLR4, TLR5M and TLR18 in Spinibarbu hollandi under Aeromonas veronii infection” [Develop. Comparat. Immunol. 174 (2026) 105543]","authors":"Jiangwei Zhou ,&nbsp;Wenwei Huang ,&nbsp;Weicheng Yang ,&nbsp;Sixun Li ,&nbsp;Mengmeng Wu ,&nbsp;Min Zhang ,&nbsp;Zihang Xie ,&nbsp;Lilin Zhan ,&nbsp;Qiang Li ,&nbsp;Jianrong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105549","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 105549"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145932756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peroxiredoxin 4 from amphioxus: An antioxidant enzyme with immunomodulatory roles in defense against Vibrio anguillarum","authors":"Bangyao Liang ,&nbsp;Wei Meng ,&nbsp;Meihan Chen ,&nbsp;Hongfei Miao ,&nbsp;Yuhan Ren ,&nbsp;Hongyu Liu ,&nbsp;Zhenhui Liu ,&nbsp;Chen Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105550","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peroxiredoxin 4 (Prdx4), a typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, functions as both an antioxidant enzyme and a regulator of immune processes, yet its roles in early chordates remain unclear. Here, we identified and characterized a Prdx4 homolog from amphioxus (<em>Branchiostoma japonicum</em>), termed BjPrdx4. Sequence analyses revealed conserved catalytic motifs and an N-terminal signal peptide, supporting its classification as Prdx4. BjPrdx4 was constitutively expressed across multiple tissues, with prominent localization in immune-associated tissues, and its expression was markedly induced following <em>Vibrio anguillarum</em> challenge. Infection also triggered BjPrdx4 secretion into the extracellular milieu and altered its oligomeric states. Recombinant BjPrdx4 exhibited robust thiol-dependent peroxidase activity, efficiently eliminating hydrogen peroxide and protecting plasmid DNA from oxidative damage, confirming its antioxidant function. Functionally, extracellular BjPrdx4 preserved gill integrity and reduced bacterial burden during infection. Transcriptomic and qRT-PCR analyses further demonstrated that BjPrdx4 influenced immune-related pathways, including phagocytosis and lysosomal activity, and positively regulated <em>ras</em> expression, suggesting involvement in Ras–MAPK signaling. Together, these findings reveal that BjPrdx4 integrates antioxidant defense with immunomodulatory functions, highlighting its dual role in amphioxus antibacterial immunity and underscoring the evolutionary significance of Prdx4 multifunctionality in basal chordates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 105550"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145932748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cloning and their roles in NF-κB, IFN-β, and AP-1 signaling pathways of AKT1 and AKT2 genes of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","authors":"Junjian Dong ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Li ,&nbsp;Zhi lin Zhu ,&nbsp;Hetong Zhang ,&nbsp;Chengfei Sun ,&nbsp;Fengying Gao ,&nbsp;Xing Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To elucidate the regulatory role of the <em>AKT</em> gene (Protein Kinase B) in the NF-κB, IFN and AP-1 signalling pathways in largemouth bass, the open reading frame (ORF) sequences of the <em>AKT1</em> and <em>AKT2</em> genes were isolated from largemouth bass (<em>Micropterus salmoides</em>). <em>AKT1</em> and <em>AKT2</em> possessed a conserved Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a catalytic serine/threonine kinase domain (STKc), and a specific serine/threonine kinase family domain (STKX). <em>AKT1</em> was most highly expressed in the spleen, whereas <em>AKT2</em> showed the highest expression in the blood. Infection with <em>N. seriolae</em>, Poly (I:C), and LMBV significantly induced the expression of <em>AKT1</em> and <em>AKT2</em> in largemouth bass. Overexpression of AKT1 and AKT2 did not significantly increased the NF-κB promoter activity; however, significantly activated the AP-1 and IFN-β promoters. Subcellular localisation analysis showed that AKT1 was distributed in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, whereas AKT2 was predominantly localised in the cytoplasm, with weak nuclear signals. Pull-down analysis revealed no interaction between AKT-IP or AKT-IP-like proteins and AKT1, whereas a direct interaction was observed with AKT2. These findings provide insight into the immune regulatory roles of AKT in teleosts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 105547"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145951266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"miR-181c Regulates the process of the Infection of Singapore Grouper Iridovirus via targeting PDCD4 in Epinephelus coioides","authors":"Hong Qi ,&nbsp;Jia-Yang He ,&nbsp;Jia-Ru Zhou ,&nbsp;Yun-Xiang Lin ,&nbsp;Yu-Rong Lei,&nbsp;Hai Zhu He,&nbsp;Wei-Yang Huang,&nbsp;Qi-Wei Qin,&nbsp;Hong-Yan Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2026.105548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent studies found that non-coding RNA could be involved in the development of pathogen infection. In this study, the role of non-coding RNA miRNA-181c (miR-181c) response to Iridovirus SGIV (an important viral pathogen and can cause huge economic losses in marine fish industry) infection was explored in <em>Epinephelus coioides</em>, an important economic fish in South China. The results showed that SGIV infection inhibited the expression of <em>E</em>. <em>coioides</em> miR-181c. Upregulated miR-181c significantly inhibited the invasion of SGIV, the expressions of key SGIV genes (<em>MCP</em>, <em>ICP18</em>, LITAF and VP19), SGIV-induced CPE, and the titers of SGIV. Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) of <em>E</em>. <em>coioides</em> was a direct target of miR-181c. miR-181c could regulate the expressions of the immune- and apoptosis-related factors, and SGIV-induced apoptosis via targeting PDCD4. Downregulated miR-181c could produce the opposite results. These findings would be useful for exploring miRNAs for potentially controlling viral infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 105548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145917372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of viral ribonucleoprotein complex genetic stability on pathogenicity in H9N2 and H6N2 avian influenza viruses","authors":"Yuwen Luo ,&nbsp;Mengyi Dong ,&nbsp;Yuxi Shen ,&nbsp;Xuelian Xiang ,&nbsp;Jiadai Lv ,&nbsp;Yi Sun ,&nbsp;Yongxin Li ,&nbsp;Yamei Huang ,&nbsp;Min Cui ,&nbsp;Xinfeng Han ,&nbsp;Jing Xia ,&nbsp;Yong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>China has a great demand for poultry, while avian influenza (AI) remains widespread and exhibits high instability, posing a persistent challenge to the poultry industry. Elucidating the genetic stability of avian influenza variants and their implications for pathogenicity is key for pandemic risk mitigation. H9 and H6 AIVs have co-circulated in China due to a specific evolutionary dynamic: H9 AIVs serve as stable genetic reservoirs, whereas H6 AIVs act as platforms for multi-subtype reassortment. <strong>This reassortment process continually generates novel variants with unpredictable virulence, posing a persistent biosecurity threat to poultry production.</strong> Genetic stability analysis of H9/H6 AI viral Ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes (<em>PB2, PB1, PA, NP</em>) revealed clear subtype-specific divergence. H9 AIVs retained highly conserved gene constellations, whereas H6 AIVs exhibited pronounced plasticity, acquiring 42.5 % of <em>PB2</em>, 20.1 % of <em>PA</em>, and 23.7 % of <em>NP</em> genes from other AIV subtypes. The H9vRNP-H6 reassortant (H6N2 backbone carrying H9N2 vRNP) showed enhanced replicability in both MDCK cells (4.7 → 5.7 log₁₀TCID₅₀/mL) and embryonated eggs (6.7 → 7.7 log₁₀EID₅₀/mL), with significantly promoted pathogenicity in chicks. These findings <strong>highlight the urgent need to integrate genetic surveillance of H9 and H6 AIVs into targeted prevention frameworks</strong>, thereby forestalling the emergence of pandemic-prone reassortants and mitigating potential losses to the poultry industry and public health. Hence, such research would provide a theoretical basis for the development of novel vaccines and enhance strategies for the control and prevention of avian influenza.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 105544"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145855021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}