Developmental and comparative immunology最新文献

{"title":"Broadly cross-reactive immune responses in chickens immunized with chimeric virus-like particles of nodavirus displaying the M2e originated from avian and human influenza A viruses","authors":"Bernard Yi Zhe Thian ,&nbsp;Mohd Nasir Nurul Fatimah ,&nbsp;Chuan Loo Wong ,&nbsp;Hui Kian Ong ,&nbsp;Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah ,&nbsp;Kok Lian Ho ,&nbsp;Abdul Rahman Omar ,&nbsp;Wen Siang Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a persistent threat to poultry industry worldwide, despite the presence of vaccines. Additionally, reverse-zoonosis transmission potentially introduces human-originated IAVs into poultry and complicates the efforts to control the spread of influenza. Current avian influenza vaccines are primarily based upon the rapidly mutating hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins, which limit their efficacy against diverse strains of IAVs. Hence, the highly conserved ectodomains of matrix 2 protein (M2e) of IAVs are widely studied as alternatives to the HA and NA. However, the differences in the M2e amino acid sequences between avian and human IAVs generate antibodies that do not cross-react reciprocally with IAVs from other origins. To broaden and enhance the immunogenicity of M2e, we fused two copies each of the M2e derived from avian and human IAVs at the C-terminal end of the <em>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</em> nodavirus (<em>Mr</em>NV) capsid protein (NvC). Transmission electron microscopic and dynamic light scattering analyses revealed that the chimeric protein self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs). Immunization of chickens with the chimeric VLPs demonstrated a robust induction of broadly reactive immune responses against both the M2e of avian and human IAVs. Additionally, the chimeric VLPs elicited the production of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), macrophages, as well as a well-balanced Th1 and Th2 population, indicating their potential in activating cell-mediated immune responses in chickens. Furthermore, the chimeric VLPs triggered the production of both Th1- and Th2-cytokines, attesting their potential in mounting a robust and balanced immune response in avian species. This study demonstrated the potential of these chimeric VLPs in stimulating and broadening cross-reactive immune responses in chickens against both avian and human IAVs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fish microglia: Beyond the resident macrophages of the central nervous system - A review of their morphofunctional characteristics","authors":"Jose Carlos Campos-Sánchez,&nbsp;José Meseguer,&nbsp;Francisco A. Guardiola","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>From classical to modern literature on microglia, the importance of the potential and variability of these immune cells in vertebrates has been pointed out. Recent aspects such as relationships and interactions between microglia and neurons in both normal and injured neural tissues, as well as their nexus with other organs and with the microbiota, or how these cells are modulated during development and adulthood are current topics of major interest. State-of-the-art research methodologies, including microscopy and potent <em>in vivo</em> imaging techniques, genomic and proteomic methods, current culture conditions together with the easy maintenance and manipulation of some fish embryos and adult specimens such as zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>), have emerged and adapted to the phylogenetic position of some fish species. Furthermore, these advancements have facilitated the development of successful protocols aimed at addressing significant hypotheses and unresolved questions regarding vertebrate glia. The present review aims to analyse the available information on fish microglia, mainly the most recent one concerning teleosts, to establish an overview of their structural and immune functional features as a basis for their potentialities, heterogeneity, diversification, involvement, and relationships with neurons under normal and pathological conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innate and adaptive immunity gene expression profiles induced by virulent Aeromonas hydrophila infection in the immune-related organs of channel catfish","authors":"Basant Gomaa,&nbsp;Hossam Abdelhamed,&nbsp;Michelle Banes,&nbsp;Saida Zinnurine,&nbsp;Lesya Pinchuk,&nbsp;Mark L. Lawrence","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em> causes motile Aeromonas <em>s</em>epticemia (MAS) in freshwater fish. In recent years, MAS outbreaks due to virulent <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em> (vAh<em>)</em> have been responsible for large-scale losses within commercial catfish farms in Mississippi and Alabama. The aim of this study was to evaluate immune gene expression in catfish immune-competent tissues during infection with vAh strain ML09-119. Specific pathogen-free catfish fingerlings were intraperitoneally infected with vAh strain ML09-119, and relative expression of thirteen immune-related genes was evaluated from head kidney, spleen, and liver. Our results revealed that vAh was detected 2 h post-infection (hpi) in the head kidney, liver, and spleen. The highest concentration of vAh was detected at 12 hpi, from which point concentrations decreased until clearance at 5 days post-infection (dpi). Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and innate immune response (TLR 4 and 5) in the first 24 hpi. Adaptive immune-related genes were upregulated at 7 dpi in the spleen and 14 dpi in the head kidney. Furthermore, immunoglobulin M showed significant upregulation at 14 dpi in the head kidney and 21 dpi in the spleen. In summary, vAh ML09-119 infection induced a strong inflammatory response involving multiple innate immunity genes, proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. Surviving catfish were able to clear the infection and produce antibodies and memory cells. Assessment of the immunological response to vAh infection is critical for understanding the pathogen's mechanisms of pathogenesis and developing means for MAS control, including vaccine development and improved treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of a Mnlrig-1 involved in testis reproductive immunity in the oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense","authors":"Haifu Wan ,&nbsp;Lei Yu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Cui ,&nbsp;Shaochun Li ,&nbsp;Shuai Guo ,&nbsp;Shumei Mu ,&nbsp;Xianjiang Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The testis evolves a highly organized testicular microenvironment to support spermatogenesis. However, the knowledge about it is limited in crustacean. In this study, we identified a member of immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) from <em>Macrobrachium nipponense</em> testis and explored its roles as a potential pattern recognition receptor (PRR) involved in reproductive immunity. Based on the domains it contains and homology analysis result, we designate it as leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein-1 (MnLrig-1). The <em>Mnlrig-1</em> comprises a 3288 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 1095 amino acid protein. MnLrig-1 is consisted of one signaling peptide; one LRR_NT domain; eight LRR domains; five LRR_TYP domains; one LRR_CT domain; three IGc2 regions; one transmembrane region, and C-terminal cytoplasmic tail, sharing similar domains with orthologs in other crustacean species. MnLrig-1 is widely expressed in various tissues of <em>M. nipponense</em>. <em>Mnlrig-1</em> is significantly induced by LPS, PGN, <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em>, and <em>Vibrio alginolyticus</em> challenge in the testis at 3 h and maintained a high level from 3 h to 24 h. Additionally, two recombinant immunoglobulin domains of MnLrig-1 are obtained, while only one domain shows direct binding affinity towards LPS, PGN, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>A. hydrophila</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, and <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> in vitro. Moreover, silencing <em>Mnlrig-1</em> results in a significant upregulation of three anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs) in the testis. These results reveal the potential role of MnLrig-1 as a PRR involved in the testis reproductive immunity in <em>M. nipponense</em>. The insights gained from this study will expand our understanding of immune system in crustacean and may have implications for aquaculture and disease management in crustaceans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142324150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phagocyte dynamics in the blastogenetic cycle of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri: Cell senescence, segregation and clearance after efferocytosis","authors":"Francesca Cima ,&nbsp;Paolo Burighel ,&nbsp;Nicolò Brunelli ,&nbsp;Oshrat Ben Hamo ,&nbsp;Loriano Ballarin","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the colonial ascidian <em>Botryllus schlosseri</em>, phagocytes are involved in the clearance of apoptotic cells and corpses during the periodical generation changes or takeovers (TOs) that assure the renewal of the colonial zooids. The persistent respiratory burst associated with efferocytosis, leads to the induction of senescence. Indeed, giant, senescent phagocytes are abundant in the colonial circulation at TO, whereas, in the other phases of the colonial blastogenetic cycle, they colonise the ventral islands (VIs), a series of mesenchymal niches located in the lateral lacunae of the mantle, on both sides of the subendostylar sinus. VI phagocytes produce reactive oxygen species probably as a consequence of the massive phagocytosis of effete cells. VIs are progressively dismantled with the progress of the blastogenetic phases and phagocytes are released in the peribranchial chamber via transepithelial expulsion to be definitely expelled with the outflowing water through the cloacal siphon.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated microRNA study and pathological analysis provides new insights into the immune response of Ruditapes philippinarum under Vibrio anguillarum challenge","authors":"Jianxin Jia ,&nbsp;Hongtao Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Manila clam (<em>Ruditapes philippenarum</em>) is an important shellfish aquaculture product. The large-scale breeding of clams is often affected by <em>V. anguillarum</em> and causes large-scale death. However, the pathogenesis, immune response and metabolic pathway of <em>V. anguillarum</em> are still unclear. In this study, we found that the bacterial load in the hepatopancreas of <em>R</em>. <em>philippinarum</em> peaked at 48 h after <em>V. anguillarum</em> infection, and then gradually decreased, while the activity of lysozyme reached the peak at 12 h. Tissue section observation reveals that the infected hepatopancreas cells lost normal structure or necrosis. Additionally, six small RNA libraries were constructed using hepatopancreas of clams. A total of 15 differentially expressed (DE) microRNA (miRNA) were identified at 48 h after <em>V. anguillarum</em> infection, including 8 upregulated and 7 downregulated miRNAs. GO and KEGG enrichment results indicated the prediction of 48 known miRNAs and 127 new miRNAs, with functional annotation suggests that endocytosis pathway and bacterial recognition proteins may play key roles in immune response. The sequencing results were basically consistent with the qRT-PCR validation, indicating the accuracy of the data. This study provides a new idea to explore the immune regulation mechanism of shellfish after <em>V. anguillarum</em> infection, which brings important reference significance for modern immunological research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of NK-lysin A, a potent antimicrobial peptide from the zebrafish Danio rerio","authors":"Marius Ortjohann,&nbsp;Matthias Leippe","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important players of the innate immune system with a major role in the defense against invading pathogens. AMPs belonging to the family of saposin-like proteins (SAPLIPs) include the porcine NK-lysin and the human granulysin. In the zebrafish <em>Danio rerio</em>, transcript analyses of NK-lysin encoding genes have been reported, but biochemical characterizations at the protein level are missing so far. Here, we present the recombinant expression, purification, and characterization of one of these homologs, namely of NK-lysin A (DaNKlA). To remove the affinity tag from DaNKlA, we made use of a self-splicing intein. Recombinant DaNKlA depolarized liposomes over a broad pH range and showed a preference for negatively charged lipids. DaNKlA inhibited the growth of and killed different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including the fish pathogenic bacterium <em>Vibrio anguillarum</em>, by membrane permeabilization but displayed substantially lower activity against yeast cells. Structural modelling and bioinformatic comparison of DaNKlA with characterized SAPLIPs suggest membrane destabilization accompanied by strong electrostatic interactions as the mode of action.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145305X24001381/pdfft?md5=795ad678195bbad403111190dad15cc0&pid=1-s2.0-S0145305X24001381-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Newly developed mRNA vaccines induce immune responses in Litopenaeus vannamei shrimps during primary vaccination","authors":"SiouNing Aileen See ,&nbsp;Subha Bhassu ,&nbsp;Swee Seong Tang ,&nbsp;Khatijah Yusoff","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105264","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes highly destructive infection in crustacean aquaculture, often resulting in 100% mortality within a week. However, there is lack of studies addressing the safety issues of WSSV vaccines in shrimps. In this study, WSSV VP28 mRNA vaccines were developed using codon deoptimization approach. These vaccines were administered to <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em> shrimps at various dosages to access their safety and the shrimps’ immune responses using quantification PCR (qPCR). The findings of this study indicate that the expression level of codon deoptimized VP28 mRNA vaccines are lower compared to the wild type VP28 vaccines, as observed through a comparison of bioinformatic predictions and experimental results. Additionally, the total haemocyte count (THC) in shrimps injected with codon deoptimized VP28 vaccine was higher than those injected with wild type VP28 vaccines. Furthermore, the expression of immune-related genes differed between codon deoptimized and wild type VP28 vaccines. In summary, the results suggest that 0.01 μg codon deoptimized VP28-D1 mRNA vaccine is the most promising WSSV mRNA vaccine, displaying low pathogenicity and expression in shrimps. To the best of our knowledge, this research represents the first attempt to attenuate WSSV using codon deoptimization method and development of a potential mRNA vaccine for shrimp purpose. The study addresses an important gap in shrimp vaccine research, offering potential solutions for WSSV control in shrimps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studies on immunological characteristics and transcriptomic analysis of Litopenaeus vannamei low salt-tolerance family","authors":"Zhihang Zhu ,&nbsp;Wei Shi ,&nbsp;Fang Li ,&nbsp;Min Zhang ,&nbsp;Kui Luo ,&nbsp;Difei Tong ,&nbsp;Yingying Yu ,&nbsp;Xunyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Lingzheng Lu ,&nbsp;Maocang Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em> is a widely distributed euryhaline aquatic animal, affected by low salinity, which can impact its disease resistance and immunity. However, there is a limited understanding of the adaptation mechanisms of <em>L</em>. <em>vannamei</em> with different genetic backgrounds to low salinity. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the immunity characteristics and transcriptomics of <em>L</em>. <em>vannamei</em> low salt-tolerant (FG I/J) and low salt-sensitive (control) families. Also, the disease resistance and immune parameters (including [THC], hemolymph cell viability, lysozyme activity [LZM], phenoloxidase content [PO], interleukin-6 [IL-6], and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) of the FG I/J and control families of <em>L</em>. <em>vannamei</em> under low salinity (5‰) and ambient salinity (24‰) were examined. Additionally, hepatopancreas transcriptomics of the FG I/J and control families were analyzed at a salinity of 5‰. The results showed that the FG I/J family had higher disease resistance to <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em> and stronger immunological capacity than the control family. Transcriptomic analysis showed significantly enriched energy metabolism and immune regulation pathways. Therefore, we speculated that energy metabolism provides sufficient energy for immunological modulation in the FG I/J family to deal with long-term low-salt stress and achieve high growth and survival rates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142196889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral administration enhances directly mucosal immune system in intestine of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","authors":"Min-Young Sohn ,&nbsp;Ji-Min Jeong ,&nbsp;Gyoungsik Kang ,&nbsp;Won-Sik Woo ,&nbsp;Kyung-Ho Kim ,&nbsp;Ha-Jeong Son ,&nbsp;Min-Soo Joo ,&nbsp;Chan-Il Park","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aquaculture is notably vulnerable to diseases, with <em>Edwardsiella tarda</em> causing significant mortality across various commercially important fish species in both freshwater and marine environments. In the aquaculture industry, sustainable disease control hinges on the effective development of vaccines. Oral vaccines present an appealing approach to immunization in fish due to their ease of antigen administration, reduced stress compared to non-oral delivery methods, and their potential applicability to both small and large finfish species. In mammals, the exposure of mucosal surfaces to antigens results in the secretion of antigen-specific IgA at these locations. Mammals have a common mucosal immune system, in which stimulation of one epithelium can also give rise to specific IgA or IgM responses in other mucosal organs. Mucosal immunoglobulins are particularly important in developing vaccines that provide mucosal immunity. However, it remains unclear whether fish share a common mucosal system. Moreover, neither Peyer's patches nor intestinal lymph nodes were identified. Nevertheless, oral vaccination remains an attractive method for inducing immunity. We investigated whether the activation of the mucosal immune response was induced by direct injection of the antigen. After oral antigen administration, antigen-specific antibody titers increased in the experimental group (<em>E. tarda</em> FKC vaccine). In the challenge experiment, the cumulative survival rate was 72% (<em>E. tarda</em>). This suggests that oral administration of antigens can activate intestinal mucosal immunity in flounders. Additionally, these results help understand the intestinal mucosal immune system of teleost fish. In the future, research on the signaling mechanisms of these genes is expected to provide helpful information for developing vaccine adjuvants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142196890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}