Developmental and comparative immunology最新文献

{"title":"Phenotypes of porcine blood CD8β T cells and their capacity for IFN gamma production in the context of PRV vaccination","authors":"Belén Álvarez,&nbsp;Concepción Revilla,&nbsp;Ángel Ezquerra,&nbsp;Javier Domínguez","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CD8 T cells play a key role in elimination of intracellular pathogens. Here, we have carried out a detailed phenotypic and functional analysis of swine blood CD8β T cells, after vaccination with a live attenuated PRV vaccine. Based on the expression of six surface molecules (CD11a, CD27, CD45RA, CD95, CCR7 and SLA-DR), up to eight subsets can be identified within the circulating compartment of CD8β T cells of adult pigs; six of which correlate phenotypically with naïve, stem cell memory, central memory, transitional memory, effector memory, and terminal effector subsets described in humans. The remaining two subsets appear to correspond to intermediate stages between naïve and central memory cells, and between transitional memory and effector memory or terminal effector cells, respectively. Although CD45RA has been proposed as a marker to distinguish between porcine naïve and central memory CD8β T cells, we found that a substantial proportion of naïve T cells, which varies among animals, lack this marker and that the combination of CD95 and CD11a allows a more accurate discrimination of these subsets among CD27^hi CCR7⁺ cells. The majority of virus-specific IFN-γ-producing CD8β T cells in the blood of PRV-vaccinated pigs, collected at 10-16-days postvaccination, showed a CD27⁺ CD11a^hi CD45RA⁻ phenotype, consistent with that of central, and/or transitional memory T cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 105347"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143482440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The origin and evolution of necroptosis signaling pathway in metazoa","authors":"Jiejie Sun ,&nbsp;Renle Chang ,&nbsp;Linsheng Song","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Necroptosis, a new form of cell death, is attracting significant attention as it is involved in the development and progression of many diseases in mammals. The structural domains and evolutionary principles of necroptotic components as well as the potential activation mechanism are not well understood in lower vertebrates and invertebrates. In the present study, TNFα, TNFR1, TLR3 and TLR4 are all presented in Mollusca and even higher phyla. ZBP1, TRADD and TRIF are only in some vertebrates. RIPK1/3 and MLKL are early originated from Mollusca and Echinodermata, respectively. Among which, RIPK1 with RHIM and Death domain and RIPK3 with a STYKc domain and two cRHIMs in Mollusca may fuse to be the classical RIPK1/3. More importantly, RIPK1/3 in Mollusca also provides structural domain conditions for the generation of the later ZBP1/TRADD/TRIF and MLKL, respectively. Taken together, necroptotic components in Mollusca are important fundamental for the evolution of necroptotic pathways. These findings provide insights into the evolutionary principles of necroptotic components and the possible activation mechanism of necroptosis pathways in various species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 105339"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization and expression analysis of four toll-like receptors (TLR) genes: TLR2, TLR5S, TLR14 and TLR22 in Mastacembelus armatus under Aeromonas veronii infection","authors":"Kaifeng Wang ,&nbsp;Dingxian Chen ,&nbsp;Shengyue Lin,&nbsp;Sixun Li,&nbsp;Binhua Deng,&nbsp;Weijian Chen,&nbsp;Huawei Zhan,&nbsp;Ziyan Deng,&nbsp;Qiang Li,&nbsp;Chong Han","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important pattern recognition receptors that can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which in turn activate immune cells in vivo to perform immune functions. In this study, two TLR1 subfamily members (TLR2 and TLR14), one TLR5 subfamily member (TLR5S) and one TLR11 subfamily member (TLR22) genes were first identified in <em>Mastacembelus armatus.</em> In MaTLR2, MaTLR14 and MaTLR22, three main domains were identified, including leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain (TM) and an intracellular Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain as in most TLRs with no TM domain and TIR domain in MaTLR5S. The tissue expression of MaTLR2, MaTLR5S, MaTLR14 and MaTLR22 showed that they were ubiquitously expressed in all tested tissues. After infection with <em>Aeromonas veronii</em>, expression of MaTLR2, MaTLR14 and MaTLR22 was all downregulated in spleen and liver, but upregulated in kidney. By contrast, MaTLR5S showed upregulation in all three organs after bacterial infection. The amino acid sequence identity of MaTLR2 with other teleosts varied from 64.7% to 76.8%, while MaTLR5S exhibited a range of 70.9%–75.9%. MaTLR14 demonstrated a higher degree of similarity, with sequence identities ranging from 74% to 83.3%. In contrast, MaTLR22 showed the most variability, with sequence identities spanning from 42.5% to 74.6%. Phylogenetic analysis of TLR genes of <em>M. aramatus</em> clustered with Perciformes fishes, which aligned with traditional taxonomic classifications. The site model of PAML was used to detect the robust positively selected sites in extant teleost fishes. In total, 20, 12, 19 and 6 sites in the subsets of teleost TLR2, TLR5S, TLR14 and TLR22 were separately identified, indicating that the teleost TLR2, TLR5S, TLR14 and TLR22 had been subject to positive selection pressures. Our results will lay a good function for better understanding the potential function of TLRs in antibacterial process and their co-evolution with pathogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 105345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AjMALT1 promotes Vibrio splendidus-induced inflammation through the NF-κB pathway in Apostichopus japonicus","authors":"Haiping Liu ,&nbsp;Jiping Wang ,&nbsp;Weiwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuelin Zhao ,&nbsp;Heng Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (MALT1), an intracellular signaling molecule, is widely expressed during inflammatory responses. To investigate the immune function of AjMALT1 in <em>Apostichopus japonicus</em>, the full length of <em>Aj</em><em>MALT1</em> gene was cloned using transcriptome data and RACE technology. The results showed that <em>AjMALT1</em> was distributed in all tissues, with higher expression found in coelomocytes and intestine. The expression of <em>AjMALT1</em> was significantly upregulated in <em>Vibrio splendidus</em>-challenged sea cucumbers, as well as in coelomocytes exposed to inactive <em>V. splendidus</em>, and was positively correlated with the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine <em>AjIL17</em> and the inflammasome component <em>AjNLRP3</em>. Further investigation using specific siRNA to silence AjMALT1 for 48 h revealed that the expression of <em>AjIL17</em> and <em>AjNLRP3</em> was reduced under <em>V. splendidus</em> stimulation. Additionally, histological observations showed a decrease in intestinal inflammation. Interference with AjMALT1 also led to downregulation of <em>AjTRAF6</em> and <em>AjRel</em> expression, as well as inhibited nuclear translocation of AjRel. These findings suggest AjMALT1 exacerbates intestinal and coelomic inflammation by activating the AjTRAF6-dependent NF-κB pathway in <em>A. japonicus</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 105346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143472301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local immune response induced by intra-fin antigen injection in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) is a useful model for immunological studies","authors":"Tsukasa Ryu ,&nbsp;Mizuki Yoshino ,&nbsp;William Ka Fai Tse ,&nbsp;Satoshi Ansai ,&nbsp;Taisen Iguchi ,&nbsp;Anu Kumar ,&nbsp;Tomonori Somamoto ,&nbsp;Miki Nakao ,&nbsp;Yukiko Ogino","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Teleost fishes play a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of immune system evolution because they retain the ancient characteristics of vertebrate immunity, encompassing both innate and adaptive immune systems. Among these, innate immunity plays a critical role in fish as the first line of defense, coordinating rapid responses to pathogen infections. However, the lack of fish-specific immunological methodologies has limited progress in elucidating fish immune mechanisms. To better understand how the innate immune response develops and resolves in fish, detailed observation and integrative analysis of leukocytes at multiple time points is necessary. In the present study, an intra-fin injection method for observing local immune responses in Japanese medaka (<em>Oryzias latipes</em>) was tested and optimized to analyze the progression of zymosan-induced innate immune responses. Zymosan-injected medaka showed a rapid immune response characterized by leukocyte recruitment and phagocytosis. Using TG(F<em>mpx</em>P:mCherry) transgenic medaka with mCherry fluorescence driven by myeloperoxidase (<em>mpx</em>) promoter, granulocyte chemotaxis towards the site of zymosan entry was successfully visualized. The rapid increase in <em>tumor necrosis factor α</em> (<em>tnfa</em>), <em>interleukin-1β</em> (<em>il1b</em>), <em>interleukin-6</em> (<em>il6</em>)<em>,</em> and <em>CXC motif chemokine ligand 8</em> (<em>cxcl8</em>) expressions in zymosan-injected anal fins provided a molecular basis for the visualized tissue-specific cellular response. Our study underscores the dynamic orchestration of immune components during the innate immune response in Japanese medaka and highlights their potential as a promising model for immunological research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 105344"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143440080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipopolysaccharide structural modification in Salmonella Gallinarum targeting lipid a deacylation and O-antigen reduces virulence and endotoxicity with competitive protection against a wild-type challenge in chickens","authors":"Ram Prasad Aganja ,&nbsp;Muhammad Bakhsh ,&nbsp;Amal Senevirathne ,&nbsp;Jun Kwon ,&nbsp;John Hwa Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fowl typhoid (FT), caused by <em>Salmonella</em> Gallinarum (SG), inflicts a significant economic burden on the poultry industry. Our study focused on a non-reversible gene deletion to develop a safe and effective SG vaccine strain through lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structural modification. The virulence-attenuated SG JOL914 strain, generated by deleting the global regulator <em>lon</em> gene, was engineered by in-frame deletions targeting the LPS structure. Interruption on LPS deacylation was introduced by <em>pagL</em> deletion, JOL2997, to mitigate endotoxicity induced by the live vaccine. The O-antigen was truncated by <em>rfaL</em> deletion, JOL3004, to compromise virulence and facilitate Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA). Both genes were depleted in JOL3016 (<em>ΔlonΔpagLΔrfaL</em>) for their compounding effects. Subcutaneous administration of the engineered strains in chickens showed reduced endotoxicity, particularly demonstrated by JOL3016 with 2.55-fold and 3.79-fold reductions in TNF-α and IL-1β, respectively. Furthermore, discernible effects on body weight gain and the absence of pathological signs demonstrated the safety profiles of the inoculated strains. Administration of mutant strains substantially increased antigen-specific IgY, sIgA, CD4⁺, and CD8⁺ T cells, supporting immune response elicitation. The absence of antibodies against O-antigen in birds immunized with JOL3004 and JOL3016 demonstrated their DIVA capability. The result was corroborated by improved protection with a rational body weight gain and minimal tissue distortion following an SG WT challenge. JOL2997-immunized birds showed promising survival, and negligible invasion of the challenge strain in vital organs, highlighting its protective efficacy. This study underscores the potential of bioengineered vaccine strains to improve poultry health and productivity, reinforcing the necessity for ongoing vaccine development research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 105343"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Types I to IV IFNs and their receptors in white spotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum)","authors":"Yu Hang Deng ,&nbsp;Bo Li ,&nbsp;Shan Nan Chen ,&nbsp;Jia Yi Li ,&nbsp;Lan Hao Liu ,&nbsp;Yang Liu ,&nbsp;P. Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interferons (IFNs) are a class of proteins with significant antiviral and antibacterial functions. To date, four distinct types of IFNs have been identified in vertebrates, including types I, II, III and IV IFNs. However, all these IFNs have not been reported together from any species of cartilaginous fish. In this study, types I, II, III and IV IFNs have been identified in white spotted bamboo shark (<em>Chiloscyllium plagiosum</em>). Type I IFNs were distributed in a conserved locus as reported in amphibian and zebrafish with seven duplicated genes. IFN-γ and IFN-υ genes were located in conserved loci as reported in other vertebrates, but four copies of IFN-υ genes were found in the bamboo shark as compared with a single gene in other vertebrates. However, a single IFN-λ gene was found in the bamboo shark, but not in the conserved gene locus as reported in other vertebrates. It is obvious that all these IFN genes were constitutively expressed in examined organs/tissue, and were induced following poly(I:C) stimulation. The findings of four types of IFNs in bamboo shark fill up the gap in relation with the composition of IFNs in cartilaginous fish, and contributes to the understanding of IFN system from an evolutionary point of view.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 105338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of immune functional mechanisms and their roles in promoting host resistance to Haemonchus contortus infection in suckling lambs","authors":"José Gabriel G. Lins ,&nbsp;Ana Cláudia A. Albuquerque ,&nbsp;Collette Britton ,&nbsp;Alessandro F.T. Amarante","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An RNA-seq dataset of 68-day-old lambs from two sheep breeds was analysed to identify differentially expressed genes involved in biological processes, molecular functions, cellular components, and pathways associated with resistance against <em>Haemonchus contortus</em>. Naïve Santa Ines (resistant breed) and Ile de France (susceptible breed) suckling lambs were serially infected with increasing numbers of <em>H. contortus</em> infective larvae (5400 in total) and had their abomasal mucosa sampled for sequencing. Gene Ontology annotation and enrichment analysis generated a list of 312 biological processes, 56 cellular components, and 106 molecular functions significantly enriched terms. Santa Ines lambs had significantly higher expression of genes involved in inflammatory responses, B-cell activation and receptor signalling pathways, complement activation, and angiogenesis. Most of the cellular components were associated with B-cell receptor complex, Fc-epsilon receptor I complex, and MHC class II protein (MHCII) complex terms. Additionally, most of the molecular functions were associated with IgE binding and receptor activity, IgA and immunoglobulin receptor binding. Santa Ines lambs showed a robust tissue repair mechanism, mediated mainly by fibroblast proliferation and collagen biosynthesis, epithelial cell maturation and structure maintenance, and strong smooth muscle contraction. Here, we present a detailed picture of the biological processes, and a comprehensive understanding of the gene architecture involved in the resistance trait of young lambs against <em>H. contortus</em>. The cluster of genes reported here might be useful for identifying target-based markers that could provide early selection of resistant sheep to <em>H. contortus</em> infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 105337"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"N-acetylglucosaminyl 1-phosphate transferase (GPT) is a facilitator in Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus proliferation","authors":"Xiaochun Jiang ,&nbsp;Haonan Meng ,&nbsp;Hailong Wei,&nbsp;Yunqi Ouyang,&nbsp;Haoxiang Zhang,&nbsp;Ziming Zhao,&nbsp;Jiaping Xu,&nbsp;Shoujun Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>GPT is a conserved ER-resident transmembrane protein that catalyzes the initial step of protein N-glycosylation in vertebrates. However, to date, there have been no reports on GPT in silkworms. In the present study, we identified a GPT ortholog in the B. mori genome. Spatiotemporal expression profiles showed that BmGPT was highly expressed in the majority of silkworm's organs. BmGPT regulates multiple cellular processes such as cell viability, proliferation, and cell death. In addition, BmGPT overexpression increased BmNPV proliferation in BmN cells, whereas BmGPT inhibition by siRNA or a chemical inhibitor suppressed BmNPV proliferation both <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>. These results suggested that BmGPT facilitates BmNPV proliferation by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. This study identifies a potential molecular target for BmNPV prevention and for silkworm breeding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 105336"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143381819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual RNA-seq analyses of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus and olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) interactions at low and high water temperatures","authors":"Gyoungsik Kang,&nbsp;HyeongJin Roh","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transcriptomic studies in fish have considerably contributed to understanding the host responses under viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection. However, changes from the perspective of the pathogen and host-pathogen interactions have been relatively underestimated. Given that VHSV genes can be poly-adenylated during replication, this study investigated the global changes from both VHSV and host perspectives using the host transcriptomic data. To achieve this, we utilized transcriptomic data from VHSV infected flounder obtained at different water temperatures (13 °C and 20 °C). We collected the sequence reads belonging to VHSV through an bioinformatic pipeline developed especially for this study. The VHSV reads were used to construct the consensus reference genome and to investigate the expression of VHSV genes and the frequency of variants under different water temperatures. In addition, both linear and logarithmic scales of VHSV transcription levels, along with host transcriptomes, were used to understand pathogen-host interaction through weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). The results revealed that VHSV transcription can exceed 5% of host transcriptome during the infection. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) appeared more frequently in 13 °C groups than in 20 °C groups. While VHSV can replicate at both 13 °C and 20 °C, host transcriptomic responses were notably different, with stronger immune responses and more frequent VHSV genetic changes observed at a lower temperature. This suggests that VHSV infection at low water temperatures significantly influences both the host transcriptional changes and pathogen. Through WGCNA, numerous genes in the module that correlated with VHSV reads on a linear scale were found to be related to cytoskeleton modulation and viral activity. By contrast, the gene module (black) correlated with VHSV reads on a logarithmic scale was strongly associated with host immune responses, such as TNF signaling, necroptosis, and the NF-kappa B signaling pathway. The dual RNA-seq approaches developed in this study will immensely enhance our understanding of host-pathogen interactions across different temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 105335"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}