Developmental and comparative immunology最新文献

{"title":"Extracellular traps release by coelomocytes in Eisenia andrei earthworm are involved in encapsulation process","authors":"Natalia Topa ,&nbsp;Magdalena Chadzińska ,&nbsp;Joanna Homa","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Earthworms have several strategies for pathogen elimination including: cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen species and formation of extracellular traps (ETs). In turn, an effective response against larger pathogens, such as parasites, is based on the encapsulation followed by melanization and formation of brown bodies. In our work, we elucidated interactions between ETs and encapsulation. We found that such interactions are time-dependent and involved humoral components of the coelomic fluids. Moreover, it was observed that <em>in vitro</em> encapsulation of agarose beads was much more effective when beads were coated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and when process took place in the presence of the coelomic fluid humoral components. Their presence was also crucial for ETs formation. Moreover, we found that protease inhibitors reduced agarose bead-induced encapsulation and ETs formation and that presence of humoral components of coelomic fluid and ETs enhanced encapsulation of the beads and the melanization processes. In contrast, induced by LPS-bead ET formation was not dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, we discovered that in the first steps of encapsulation process, extracellular DNA release may help in the formation of the brown bodies. Therefore, it could be summarized that earthworms utilize a combination of cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, ROS production, and ET formation for pathogen elimination. The encapsulation process, enhanced by humoral components and ETs, plays a significant role in their immune response, particularly against large pathogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105430"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VPAHPND pathogenesis and its mediated immune response in shrimp","authors":"Hourong Liu ,&nbsp;Junjin Lin ,&nbsp;Da Guo ,&nbsp;Lijie Jiang ,&nbsp;Xincang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shrimp aquaculture is vital for global seafood production but is severely threatened by diseases like Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND). Understanding AHPND-mediated immunity in shrimp requires an integrated approach drawing from various research contexts.This work described here include 1) the pathogenicity of VP_AHPND, PirA^<em>vp</em>, PirB^<em>vp</em> and PirAB^<em>vp</em> toxins, 2) the immune responses of shrimp's main immune organs, the role of miRNAs in regulating immune-related genes against VP_AHPND, heat shock proteins and small GTPases in combating VP_AHPND, 3) current knowledge on shrimp response toward PirA^<em>vp</em>, PirB^<em>vp</em>, and PirAB^<em>vp</em> Toxins, 4) knowledge of the virulence of different Vibrio spps., 5) the differential responses of various crustacean species to <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> induced AHPND. Despite advances, gaps remain in understanding the molecular pathways and immune evasion strategies of AHPND pathogens. We provide an overview of functional reports on AHPND induced immune response benefits fundamental and applied studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105429"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in the novel functions of insect prophenoloxidase","authors":"Fei Liu ,&nbsp;Kai Wu ,&nbsp;Wenping Hua ,&nbsp;Lizhi Wang ,&nbsp;Ruijuan Tang ,&nbsp;Erjun Ling","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a core component of the insect innate immune system, prophenoloxidase (PPO) also plays a pivotal role in various physiological processes. Since the last century, the pioneering work conducted by Professor Kenneth Söderhäll and other distinguished research groups has led to a deeper understanding of the insect PPO expression and activation mechanisms, significantly contributing to our knowledge of insect innate immunity. In the context of immunity, PPO not only mediates defense responses against bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses through melanization but also interacts with immune pathways such as Toll and IMD, thereby integrating cellular immunity into a coordinated response. Recently, a substantial body of research indicates that insect PPO possesses several other critical functions. Studies on non-immune functions have demonstrated that PPO is involved in critical physiological processes, including the detoxification, cuticular sclerotization, development, and oxygen transport. Interestingly, targeted strategies developed based on the regulatory mechanisms of PPO have exhibited substantial potential for pest control. Looking ahead, further in-depth investigations into the functional roles of PPO will be highly significant. Such studies will not only elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying insect physiological regulation but also provide a theoretical foundation for the development of novel targeted pesticides and ecological control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105428"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"β-hydroxybutyrate restricts glycolytic metabolism in bovine neutrophils during toll-like receptor 2/1 stimulation","authors":"John Quiroga,&nbsp;Rafael Agustín Burgos,&nbsp;Claudio Henríquez,&nbsp;María Daniella Carretta,&nbsp;Pablo Alarcón,&nbsp;Bayron Cortés,&nbsp;Gabriel Morán","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ketosis commonly affects high-producing dairy cows during the peripartum and peak lactation periods and is associated with immunosuppression. Elevated blood levels of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), the primary ketone body, have been linked to impaired neutrophil bactericidal activity, potentially explaining the increased susceptibility to mammary and uterine infections. Since neutrophils primarily rely on glycolysis for energy, this study investigated the effects of high β-OHB concentration on the energy metabolism of bovine neutrophils stimulated with the toll-like receptor 2/1 (TLR2/1) agonist Pam3CSK4. At both subclinical (2.5 mM) and clinical (5.0 mM) ketosis concentrations, β-OHB strongly narrowed glycolytic flux and glycolytic ATP production in unstimulated cells, accompanied by reduced extracellular glucose uptake without changes in glycogen content. TLR2/1 stimulation robustly enhanced glycolysis and ATP production, upregulated glycolytic enzyme expression, promoted the translocation of glucose transporters (GLUTs) 1 and 3, boosted extracellular glucose uptake, and decreased glycogen concentration. These changes were accompanied by increased glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL) phosphorylation over glycogen synthase (GYS1) and the activation of protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), and protein kinase A (PKA) pathways. However, preincubation with 2.5 and 5.0 mM β-OHB attenuated these metabolic responses, reducing glycolytic flux, ATP production, glycolytic enzyme expression, GLUTs translocation, and extracellular glucose uptake, while glycogen stores remained stable. Notably, β-OHB did not impact the phosphorylation of PYGL, GYS1, GSK3β, or PKA substrate, but it did decrease Akt phosphorylation at 5.0 mM. These results suggest that elevated β-OHB concentrations restrict glycolytic metabolism in bovine neutrophils, compromising their bioenergetics and potentially contributing to impaired immune competence in ketotic dairy cows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105427"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silencing the chicken seven transmembrane (Ch-7TM) receptor leads to apoptosis in chicken mononuclear phagocytes","authors":"Jia-Ling Yang ,&nbsp;Long-Huw Lee ,&nbsp;Hsing-Chieh Wu ,&nbsp;Jin-Ru Lin ,&nbsp;Yu-San Chen ,&nbsp;Chia-Yi Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The seven-transmembrane (7TM) receptors are the largest superfamily of cell-surface receptors and are involved in various physiological processes of vertebrate species. In our previous study, a new chicken 7TM receptor (Ch-7TM) was discovered in mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) derived from chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). To explore the functions of Ch-7TM, RNA interference (RNAi) was used to silence the Ch-7TM messenger RNA (mRNA) of MNPs, using small interfering RNA (siRNA) designed with BLOCK-iT™ RNAi Designer. Herein we demonstrated that silencing of the Ch-7TM mRNA induced apoptosis of MNPs, suggesting that Ch-7TM contributed to the survival of MNPs. Moreover, chicken sera could inhibit the Ch-7TM-silencing-induced apoptosis in MNPs. The survival factor presented in fraction 16 (F16) of chicken sera was highly protective against the Ch-7TM-silencing-induced apoptosis in MNPs. The proteins from F16 were identified as vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and apolipoprotein A-IV (ApoA-IV), which might be potential candidates for survival factors. The protective effect of vitamin D and ApoA-IV indicated that Ch-7TM might involve the intracellular oxidation-reduction balance, although more evidence is needed to confirm this function. The siRNA screening serves as an excellent model for studying the functions of chicken MNPs receptors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105423"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of salmonid non-classical MHC class I L lineage genes","authors":"Agata T. Gondek-Wyrozemska,&nbsp;Atefeh Kianian,&nbsp;Eva-Stina Edholm","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-classical MHC class I molecules, which are encoded by a diverse gene family, have a wide range of functions that can be immune- or non-immune related. From an evolutionary perspective, different non-classical MHC class I genes are typically specific to smaller phylogenetic groups and are often not well conserved among species within these groups rendering non-classical MHC phylogeny difficult to establish. Here we perform a comparative analysis spanning non-classical MHC class I L lineage gene content, organization, phylogeny and variability across divergent salmonid species, providing insight into L lineage immune system variation and species-specific adaptations. Based on evolutionary relationships and sequence analysis, salmonid L lineage genes can be classified into three clades, each with distinct features. Clade I gene sequences exhibit significant variation within species, comprising multiple haplotypes and null alleles, as well as notable variations between species, including highly flexible gene numbers and patterns of pseudogenization. Clade I genes comprise eleven subclades, each displaying separate evolutionary patterns, characteristic phylogenetic marker motifs and subclade specific promoter regions, indicative of unique regulatory patterns and subclade specific functional roles. Our study reveals two distinct phylogenetic patterns among these genes: some subclades display a high degree of flexibility, as demonstrated by species specific expansions and contractions, whereas others have been maintained as monogenic subfamilies with remarkably few changes in their nucleotide sequence across divergent species. Comparably, clade II L lineage genes consist of four subclades, among which <em>LIA</em> and <em>LLA</em> genes are full length genes with species specific pseudogenization patterns. We report compelling evidence that the LIA gene lineage is highly conserved and present in all 23 Salmonidae species examined as well as in representative Esociformes. This suggests that genes belonging to the LIA subclade have a conserved and likely biologically important role. This is in stark contrast to clade III genes, consisting of <em>LAA1</em> and <em>LAA2</em> gene sequences, which have been rendered non-functional in most species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105422"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144667326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The β2-adrenergic receptor modulates activity of porcine alveolar macrophages in response to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection","authors":"Wanqun Xing,&nbsp;Huiying Shi,&nbsp;Wencong Wu,&nbsp;Shizhen Lu,&nbsp;Hongxia Fu,&nbsp;Jingjing Lu,&nbsp;Shize Li,&nbsp;Bin Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is a non-spore-forming, Gram-negative facultative, anaerobic bacterium frequently associated with piglet respiratory disease syndrome, which occurs at a notably higher incidence in the winter months and contributes to considerable economic losses to the global pig industry. Following APP infection, porcine lung tissues exhibit a robust inflammatory response characterized by the accumulation of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), suggesting that the magnitude of the immune response elicited by PAMs is a critical determinant of the resolution of APP infection. Furthermore, the β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) is predominantly expressed on the surface of PAMs, although the potential influence of ADRB2 on the immunological reactivity of PAMs post-APP infection remains unclear. Additionally, the regulatory effects of ADRB2 are closely associated with intracellular signaling of the cAMP-PKA pathway, which plays a pivotal role in shaping the immune response of PAMs.</div><div>The aim of this study was to elucidate the critical regulatory mechanisms underlying the influence of ADRB2 on the antibacterial immunity capacities of PAMs in order to provide a theoretical foundation for the development of ADRB2-based immunomodulatory strategies and offer new insights into the intricate regulatory network governing host antibacterial immunity in response to APP infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105420"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144625595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Splenic tissue injury and physiological response mechanisms in juvenile yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) under acute cold stress","authors":"Junhua Huang ,&nbsp;Zhengyi Fu ,&nbsp;Xuancheng Liu ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Abnormal seawater temperatures driven by global climate change are profoundly disrupting the physiological homeostasis and immune regulation of marine fish. As a warm-blooded pelagic species, yellowfin tuna (<em>Thunnus albacares</em>) possesses partial thermoregulatory capability but still experiences significant physiological stress under abrupt cold exposure. The spleen, a key immune and metabolic organ, is highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations and serves as a critical indicator of cold stress effects. In this study, juvenile yellowfin tuna were subjected to cold stress at 24 °C (LT group) and 18 °C (ULT group), with 30 °C as the control (CG group). Sampling was conducted at 0, 12, 24, and 36 h. By evaluating splenic antioxidant and metabolic enzyme activities, histopathological changes, and immune gene expression profiles, we systematically assessed tissue injury and physiological responses under different cold intensities. Results showed that acute cold stress induced notable splenic damage, including nuclear deformation, vacuolization, and melano-macrophage aggregation, with the most severe lesions observed in the ULT group. Antioxidant responses revealed significantly elevated CAT activity at 36 h and increased MDA levels at 0 h and 36 h in both cold-stressed groups (p &lt; 0.05). Metabolic enzymes such as ALT, AST, LDH, and ACP exhibited dynamic fluctuations, with ACP activity significantly increased at 36 h in the ULT group. Immune-related genes (<em>hspa8b</em>, <em>irf3</em>, <em>b2m</em>, <em>blmh</em>) displayed time- and temperature-dependent expression, with upregulation at 24 h and partial downregulation at 36 h, indicating immune activation followed by potential suppression. These findings highlight the vulnerability of the splenic immune-metabolic axis in yellowfin tuna to cold stress and offer important implications for understanding temperature-induced physiological dysfunction in regionally endothermic marine fish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105421"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144611637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIF-1α-mediated glycolytic reprogramming facilitates decapod iridescent virus 1 pathogenesis in Macrobrachium rosenbergii: Central role of hexokinase in viral metabolic hijacking","authors":"Yu-Kun Jie ,&nbsp;Jing-Wen Hao ,&nbsp;Cui Liu ,&nbsp;Jun-Jun Yan ,&nbsp;Tian-Tian Ye ,&nbsp;Ji-Lun Meng ,&nbsp;Guo Li ,&nbsp;Yu-Tong Zheng ,&nbsp;Hong-Tuo Fu ,&nbsp;Zhi-Min Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) poses a severe threat to global aquaculture, yet the mechanisms underlying its metabolic hijacking of host pathways remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that DIV1 infection in <em>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</em> induces a hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)-mediated Warburg-like metabolic reprogramming, with hexokinase (<em>MrHK</em>) serving as a central metabolic hub. Proteomic profiling of DIV1-infected shrimp hemocytes identified 902 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), revealing striking upregulation of glycolysis pathway. The temporal analysis confirmed stage-specific induction of <em>MrHK</em> and synchronized activation of downstream glycolytic enzymes, mirroring full-pathway metabolic hijacking. Evolutionary and structural analyses revealed MrHK's conservation across crustaceans and identified two functional HK domains. Targeting <em>MrHK</em> with the inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) reduced viral copies and improved survival rates from 21.21 % to 43.33 %. Mechanistically, DIV1 stabilizes HIF-1α under normoxia to transactivate <em>MrHK</em> via three hypoxia-response elements (HREs), with mutagenesis of the core HRE motif abolishing promoter activity. Silencing <em>MrHIF-1α</em> attenuated <em>MrHK</em> expression and activity, viral copies, and improved survival, highlighting the axis's therapeutic potential. These findings establish HIF-1α-driven glycolytic reprogramming as a deliberate viral strategy, advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind DIV1 infection and offering actionable targets for metabolic interventions and host-directed therapies to combat DIV1 outbreaks in aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105414"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of thioredoxin domain-containing protein 9 in chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus): Molecular features, antioxidant activities, and involvement of cellular homeostasis","authors":"G.A.N.P. Ganepola ,&nbsp;Gaeun Kim ,&nbsp;H.M.V. Udayantha ,&nbsp;W.K.M. Omeka ,&nbsp;H.A.C.R. Hanchapola ,&nbsp;M.A.H. Dilshan ,&nbsp;D.C.G. Rodrigo ,&nbsp;Arthika Kalaichelvan ,&nbsp;Jeongeun Kim ,&nbsp;Jihun Lee ,&nbsp;Qiang Wan ,&nbsp;Jehee Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 9 (TXNDC9), a member of the thioredoxin (Trx) superfamily, is known for its role in cellular defense against oxidative stress. However, its functional role of TXNDC9 in immune response and under various stress conditions remains poorly understood. In the present study, a <em>TXNDC9</em> homolog, <em>SjTXNDC9</em>, was identified in <em>Scomber japonicus</em>. Its open reading frame consists of 669 base pairs, encoding a 222-amino acid protein. The theoretical molecular weight and isoelectric point of the SjTXNDC9 were predicted to be 25.47 kDa and 6.47, respectively. <em>In silico</em> analysis revealed a Trx domain spanning from amino acids 63 to 175, featuring an atypical/monothiol CXXC motif with “T/AFRC” residues. Subcellular localization prediction indicated SjTXNDC9 is found in the cytoplasm and nucleus of fish cells. Spatial mRNA expression analysis demonstrated the highest <em>SjTXNDC9</em> expression in the brain, followed by the blood, with the lowest expression in the skin. Upon stimulation with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), <em>SjTXNDC9</em> mRNA expression significantly increased in the blood. Recombinant SjTXNDC9 (rSjTXNDC9) displayed insulin disulfide reduction activity, suggesting a contribution to cellular redox homeostasis. SjTXNDC9-overexpressed cells showed lower levels of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress. Additionally, SjTXNDC9 exhibited cytoprotective activity against UV-induced apoptosis and aided wound healing. Overall, these findings suggest that SjTXNDC9 plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis during oxidative stress and immune response in <em>S</em>. <em>japonicus</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 105417"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144611649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}