Developmental and comparative immunology最新文献

{"title":"Characterization of CD83 homologs differently expressed during monocytes differentiation in ginbuna crucian carp, Carassius auratus langsdorfii.","authors":"Trang Thu Tran,&nbsp;Harsha Prakash,&nbsp;Takahiro Nagasawa,&nbsp;Miki Nakao,&nbsp;Tomonori Somamoto","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>CD83 is a costimulatory molecule of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that plays an important role in eliciting adaptive responses. It is also a well-known surface protein on mature dendritic cells (DCs). Furthermore, monocytes have been reported to differentiate into macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells, which play an important role in innate immunity. <em>CD83</em> expression affects the activation and maturation of DCs and stimulates cell-mediated immune responses. This study aims to reveal the CD83 expression during monocyte differentiation in teleosts, and the CD83 homologs evolutionary relationship. This study found two distinct CD83 homologs (GbCD83 and GbCD83-L) in ginbuna crucian carp (Gb) and investigated the evolutionary relationship among GbCD83 homologs and other vertebrates and the gene and protein expression levels of the homologs during 4 days of monocyte culture. The phylogenetic tree showed that the two GbCD83 homologs are classified into two distinct branches. Interestingly, only ostariophysians (Gb, common carp, rohu, fathead minnow and channel catfish), but not neoteleosts, mammals, and others, have two CD83 homologs. Morphological observation and colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (<em>CSF-1R</em>), <em>CD83, CD80/86, and CCR7</em> gene expressions illustrated that there is a differentiation of monocytes isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes after 4 days. Specifically, gene expression and immunocytochemistry revealed that GbCD83 is mainly expressed on monocytes at the early stage of cell culture, whereas GbCD83-L is expressed in the latter stage. These findings provided the first evidence of differential expression of CD83 homologs during monocytes differentiation in teleost.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141327380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IL-20 is produced by CD3γδ T cells and induced in the mucosal tissues of grass carp during infection with Aeromonas hydrophila","authors":"Xu Guo ,&nbsp;Huifeng Dang ,&nbsp;Wenji Huang ,&nbsp;Zeinab Hassan ,&nbsp;Shengran Yun ,&nbsp;Yanan Lu ,&nbsp;Yifan Liu ,&nbsp;Junya Wang ,&nbsp;Jun Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Interleukin (IL) 20 is a multifunctional cytokine and plays a vital role in regulating autoimmune diseases, inflammation, and immune responses. IL-20 homologs have been described in fish. However, due to the lack of antibodies, cellular sources and immunological functions of fish IL-20 in response to infections have not been fully characterized. In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) was generated against the recombinant grass carp (<em>Ctenopharyngodon idella</em>) IL-20 protein and characterized by immunoblotting, immunofluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. It was shown that the IL-20 mAb specifically recognized recombinant IL-20 proteins expressed in the <em>E. coli</em> cells and HEK293 cells. Using confocal microscopy, the IL-20⁺ cells were identified in the head kidney, gills and intestine of grass carp, and induced after infection with <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em>. Moreover, the IL-20 protein was found to be secreted mainly by CD3γδ T cells which were located predominantly in the gill filaments and intestinal mucosa. Taken together, our results suggest that IL-20 producing T cells are required for the mucosal immunity against bacterial infection in fish.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141255184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of DmToll and DmToll7 homologue in Litopenaeus vannamei based on structure analysis","authors":"Chenchen Shi ,&nbsp;Zhuyun Tang ,&nbsp;Zhixin Jin ,&nbsp;Shan Huang ,&nbsp;Xiuyue Xu ,&nbsp;Chen Qu ,&nbsp;Ta-Hui Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize invading pathogens and activate downstream signaling pathways. The number of 10 Tolls is found in <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em> but have not yet been identified as the corresponding Toll homologue of model animal. In this study, we predicted the three-dimensional (3D) structures of 10 LvTolls (LvToll1-10) with AlphaFold2 program. The per-residue local distance difference test (pLDDT) scores of LvTolls showed the predicted structure of LvTolls had high accuracy (pLDDT&gt;70). By structural analysis, 3D structures of LvToll2 and LvToll3 had high similarity with <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> Toll and Toll7, respectively. 3D structure of LvToll7 and LvToll10 were not similar to that of other LvTolls. Moreover, we also predicted that LvSpätzle4 had high structural similarity to <em>Dm</em>Spätzle. There were 9 potential hydrogen bonds in LvToll2-LvSpätzle4 complex. Importantly, co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that LvToll2 could bind with LvSpätzle4. Collectively, this study provides new insight for researching invertebrate immunity by identifying the protein of model animal homologue.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141255266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional characterization of irf3 against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infection using a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated zebrafish knockout model","authors":"Sarithaa Raguvaran Sellaththurai ,&nbsp;Sumi Jung ,&nbsp;Kishanthini Nadarajapillai ,&nbsp;Myoung-Jin Kim ,&nbsp;Jehee Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are transcription factors involved in immune responses, such as pathogen response regulation, immune cell growth, and differentiation. IRFs are necessary for the synthesis of type I interferons through a signaling cascade when pathogen recognition receptors identify viral DNA or RNA. We discovered that <em>irf3</em> is expressed in the early embryonic stages and in all immune organs of adult zebrafish. We demonstrated the antiviral immune mechanism of Irf3 against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout zebrafish (<em>irf3</em>-KO). In this study, we used a truncated Irf3 protein, encoded by <em>irf3</em> with a 10 bp deletion, for further investigation. Upon VHSV injection, <em>irf3-</em>KO zebrafish showed dose-dependent high and early mortality compared with zebrafish with the wild-type Irf3 protein (WT), confirming the antiviral activity of Irf3. Based on the results of expression analysis of downstream genes upon VHSV challenge, we inferred that Irf3 deficiency substantially affects the expression of <em>ifnphi1</em> and <em>ifnphi2</em>. However, after 5 days post infection (dpi), <em>ifnphi3</em> expression was not significantly altered in <em>irf3</em>-KO compared to that in WT, and <em>irf7</em> transcription showed a considerable increase in <em>irf3</em>-KO after 5 dpi, indicating <em>irf7</em>'s control over <em>ifnphi3</em> expression. The significantly reduced expression of <em>isg15</em>, <em>viperin</em>, <em>mxa</em>, and <em>mxb</em> at 3 dpi also supported the effect of Irf3 deficiency on the antiviral activity in the early stage of infection. The higher mortality in <em>irf3</em>-KO zebrafish than in WT might be due to an increased inflammation and tissue damage that occurs in <em>irf3</em>-KO because of delayed immune response. Our results suggest that Irf3 plays a role in antiviral immunity of zebrafish by modulating critical immune signaling molecules and regulating antiviral immune genes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141194306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of defensins across the marsupial family tree","authors":"Emma Peel ,&nbsp;Carolyn Hogg ,&nbsp;Katherine Belov","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Defensins are antimicrobial peptides involved in innate immunity, and gene number differs amongst eutherian mammals. Few studies have investigated defensins in marsupials, despite their potential involvement in immunological protection of altricial young. Here we use recently sequenced marsupial genomes and transcriptomes to annotate defensins in nine species across the marsupial family tree. We characterised 35 alpha and 286 beta defensins; gene number differed between species, although Dasyuromorphs had the largest repertoire. Defensins were encoded in three gene clusters within the genome, syntenic to eutherians, and were expressed in the pouch and mammary gland. Marsupial beta defensins were closely related to eutherians, however marsupial alpha defensins were more divergent. We identified marsupial orthologs of human DEFB3 and 6, and several marsupial-specific beta defensin lineages which may have novel functions. Marsupial predicted mature peptides were highly variable in length and sequence composition. We propose candidate peptides for future testing to elucidate the function of marsupial defensins.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145305X2400079X/pdfft?md5=7ccf388ffa0ec6b628d4ee20141040bc&pid=1-s2.0-S0145305X2400079X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141132052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apolipoprotein D3 and LOX product play a role in immune-priming of a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua","authors":"Shiva Haraji ,&nbsp;Reza Talaei-Hassanloui ,&nbsp;Shabbir Ahmed ,&nbsp;Gahyeon Jin ,&nbsp;Donghee Lee ,&nbsp;Yonggyun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Immune-priming occurs in insects after a prior pathogen exposure. However, its underlying mechanism in insects remains elusive. In the present work, immune-priming was detected in a lepidopteran insect, <em>Spodoptera exigua</em>. Specifically, a prior infection with a heat-killed pathogenic bacterium, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, led to increased survival upon the second infection of different pathogens. Plasma collected from larvae with the prior infection possessed the immune-priming factor(s) that significantly up-regulated cellular and humoral immune responses of naïve larvae. Our study also finds that variations in the timing of plasma collection for priming larvae resulted in distinct impacts on both cellular and humoral responses. However, when the active plasma exhibiting the immune-priming was heat-treated, it lost this priming activity, therefore suggesting that protein factor(s) play a role in this immune-priming. An immunofluorescence assay showed that the hemocytes collected from the immune-primed larvae highly reacted to a polyclonal antibody specific to a vertebrate lipocalin, apolipoprotein D (ApoD). Among 27 ApoD genes (<em>Se-ApoD1</em> ∼ <em>Se-ApoD27</em>) of <em>S. exigua</em>, <em>Se-ApoD3</em> was found to be highly induced during the immune-priming, in which it was shown to be expressed in hemocytes and fat body from a fluorescence <em>in situ</em> hybridization analysis. RNA interference of <em>Se-ApoD3</em> expression significantly impaired the immune-priming of <em>S. exigua</em> larvae. Moreover, the inhibition of eicosanoid biosynthesis suppressed the immune-priming, in which treatment with a lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitor—and not treatment with a cyclooxygenase inhibitor—suppressed immune-priming. Further, an addition of LOX product such as lipoxin A₄ or lipoxin B₄ significantly rescued the lost immune-priming activity. Taken together, these results suggest that a complex of ApoD3 and LOX product mediates the immune-priming activity of <em>S. exigua</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141143161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local chicken breeds exhibit abundant TCR-V segments but similar repertoire diversity","authors":"Chunhong Liang ,&nbsp;Lin Sun ,&nbsp;Ying Zhu ,&nbsp;Jianqing Wu ,&nbsp;Ayong Zhao ,&nbsp;Tao Huang ,&nbsp;Feifei Yan ,&nbsp;Ke He","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The thymus-derived lymphocytes of jawed vertebrates have four T-cell receptor (TCR) chains that play a significant role in immunity. As chickens have commercial value, their immune systems require a great deal of attention. Local chicken breeds are an essential part of poultry genetic resources in China. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing to analyze the TCRα and TCRβ repertoires and their relative expression levels in the native chicken breeds Baier Buff, Longyou Partridge, Xiaoshan, and Xianju. We found that TCR Vα and TCR Vβ were expressed and included 17, 19, 17, and six segments of the Vα2, Vα3, Vβ1, and Vβ2 subgroups, respectively. V-J pairing was biased; Jα11 was utilized by nearly all Vα segments and was the most commonly used. Breed-specific V segments and V-J pairings were detected as well. The results of the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) as well as the V-J pairing and CDR3 diversity analyses suggested that the four local chicken breeds did not significantly differ in terms of TCR diversity. Hence, they expressed not significant differentiation, and they are rich genetic resources for the development and utilization of immune-related poultry breeding.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140956721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TLR7 in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is expressed in the endolysosome and is stimulated by synthetic ssRNA analogs, imiquimod, and resiquimod.","authors":"Kristianna L. Felch ,&nbsp;Jonathan D. Crider ,&nbsp;Debduti Bhattacharjee ,&nbsp;Cameron Huhn ,&nbsp;Melanie Wilson ,&nbsp;Eva Bengtén","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and key mediators of innate immunity. Despite the significance of channel catfish (<em>Ictalurus punctatus</em>) in comparative immunology and aquaculture, its 20 TLR genes remain largely functionally uncharacterized. In this study, our aim was to determine the catfish TLR7 agonists, signaling potential, and cellular localization. Using a mammalian reporter system, we identified imiquimod and resiquimod, typical ssRNA analogs, as potent catfish TLR7 agonists. Notably, unlike grass carp TLR7, catfish TLR7 lacks the ability to respond to poly (I:C). Confocal microscopy revealed predominant catfish TLR7 expression in lysosomes, co-localizing with the endosomal chaperone protein, UNC93B1. Furthermore, imiquimod stimulation elicited robust IFNb transcription in peripheral blood leukocytes isolated from adult catfish. These findings underscore the conservation of TLR7 signaling in catfish, reminiscent of mammalian TLR7 responses. Our study sheds light on the functional aspects of catfish TLR7 and contributes to a better understanding of its role in immune defense mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0145305X24000697/pdfft?md5=8f5a26b393381bb52400ec264573af05&pid=1-s2.0-S0145305X24000697-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141046843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of octopamine/tyramine receptors and immune regulation in Litopenaeus vannamei under acute and chronic thermal stress","authors":"Li-Yang Hsu ,&nbsp;Hsin-Wei Kuo ,&nbsp;Winton Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the impact of hyperthermal (34 °C) and hypothermal (14 °C) stress on the expression of the octopamine/tyramine receptor (LvOA/TA-R) and immune parameters in <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>, which is a species critical to the aquaculture industry. Given the sensitivity of aquatic organisms to climate change, understanding the physiological and immune responses of <em>L. vannamei</em> to temperature variations is essential for developing strategies to mitigate adverse effects. This research focuses on the immune response and expression changes of LvOA/TA-R under acute (0.5, 1, and 2 h) and chronic (24, 72, and 168 h) thermal stress conditions. Our findings reveal that thermal stress induces changes in LvOA/TA-R expression and impacts immune responses. Immune parameters such as total haemocyte count, differential haemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, respiratory bursts, lysozyme activity, clearance efficiency, and phagocytosis exhibited a general trend of significant decline under the stress conditions. LvOA/TA-R had a higher expression in haemocyte under hyperthermal stress. The study elucidated that thermal stress modifies the expression of the LvOA/TA-R and diminishes immune functionality in <em>L. vannamei</em>, underscoring the potential influence of climate change on industry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140956720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The interaction between 20-hydroxyecdysone and AMPK through PI3K activation in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis","authors":"Qilin Yi ,&nbsp;Yuting Xi ,&nbsp;Jialin Li ,&nbsp;Zihao Wu ,&nbsp;Yuhan Ma ,&nbsp;Yusheng Jiang ,&nbsp;Dazuo Yang ,&nbsp;Shu Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2024.105194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In crustaceans, the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) initiates molting, and the molting process is also regulated by energy metabolism. AMPK is an energy sensor and plays a critical role in systemic energy balance. Here, the regulatory mechanism in the interaction between 20E and AMPK was investigated in Chinese mitten crab, <em>Eriocheir sinensis</em>. The results showed that the 20E concentration and the mRNA expression levels of 20E receptors in hepatopancreas were down-regulated post AMPK activator (AICAR) treatment, and were up-regulated after AMPK inhibitor (Compound C) injection in crabs. Besides, the molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) gene expression in eyestalk showed the opposite patterns in response to the AICAR and Compound C treatment, respectively. Further investigation found that there was a significant reduction in 20E concentration post PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) treatment, and the phosphorylation level of PI3K was increased in hepatopancreas after AMPK inhibitor injection. On the other hand, the positive regulation of PI3K-mediated activation of AMPK was also observed, the phosphorylation levels of AMPKα, AMPKβ and PI3K in hepatopancreas were significantly increased post 20E injection. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of AMPKα and AMPKβ induced by 20E were decreased after the injection of PI3K inhibitor. Taken together, these results suggest that the regulatory cross-talk between 20E and AMPK is likely to act through PI3K pathway in <em>E. sinensis</em>, which appeared to be helpful for a better understanding in molting regulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140936485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}