Developmental and comparative immunology最新文献

{"title":"Respiratory nematodiasis (Nematoda, Metastrongyloidea) is associated with marked type 2 inflammation in a marine mammal","authors":"Winson King Wai Tsang ,&nbsp;Katherine Wu ,&nbsp;Jared R Fischbach ,&nbsp;Serena Zhang ,&nbsp;Aranza Gomez-Camus ,&nbsp;Margaret E. Martinez ,&nbsp;Pádraig Duignan ,&nbsp;Mauricio Seguel","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Type 2 inflammation, mediated by T-helper 2 (Th2) cells, promotes wound healing and clears large pathogens such as helminths. However, exacerbated type 2 inflammation can lead to tissue damage prompting a debate on the protective versus detrimental role of this response in an evolutionary context. Wild mammals with significant morbidity and mortality due to helminth infection offer a unique opportunity to understand the mechanisms and role of type 2 inflammation in a natural animal model. Here, we characterized leukocyte populations and cytokine production in the lung and lymph nodes of stranded harbour porpoises (<em>Phocoena phocoena</em>) infected with metastrongyle lungworms, a group of helminths that at high burdens may cause mortality in cetaceans. In the lung, the number of eosinophils, IL-4 and IL-13 producing leukocytes was higher in porpoises with mild and moderate lungworm burden compared to non-infected porpoises or individuals with severe lungworm burden. The number of T-lymphocytes was higher in porpoises with a mild burden compared to non-infected porpoises and those with moderate and severe burdens. A large proportion of these T-lymphocytes produced IL-13. The number of CD21⁺ leukocytes was higher in all lungworm infected porpoises compared to non-infected individuals, regardless of lungworm burden, while the production of IFNγ was minimal in lung or lymph nodes with the lungworm burden or infection status having no effect. Harbour porpoises with mild to moderate metastrongyle burdens recruit large numbers of Th2 committed inflammatory cells in the lung. The milder inflammation in animals with severe, potentially fatal parasite burdens, suggests that exposure to large numbers of nematodes damps down type 2 inflammation or that individuals with a milder type 2 inflammation fail to control the worm burden. This reinforces the notion that the type 2 inflammation is critical for the survival of mammals exposed to common helminth infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105437"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144803866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peroxiredoxin 4 (Prx 4) plays important gene expression regulatory roles in antimicrobial innate immune by regulating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the hepatopancreas of freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii","authors":"Jing Wen ,&nbsp;Shuyao Liu ,&nbsp;Bingbing Yang ,&nbsp;Mingyue Tan ,&nbsp;Xiuli Shen ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Du","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focused on peroxiredoxin (Prx) as a core target to investigate its regulatory mechanism in the innate immunity of <em>Procambarus clarkii</em> (crayfish). We observed that a reduction in the expression of <em>prx 4</em> via injection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) induced early upregulation of H₂O₂ levels in the hepatopancreas of crayfish. When the crayfish were subsequently infected with <em>Vibrio harveyi</em>, the H₂O₂ levels further increased, and the antioxidant enzyme system was activated. After injecting ds<em>Pc</em>-Prx 4 and subsequently stimulating the crayfish with <em>V</em>. <em>harveyi</em>, we observed upregulated expression of genes related to the melanization pathway, reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway, apoptosis pathway, and Toll pathway.</div><div>Furthermore, after the injection of ds<em>Pc</em>-Prx 4 followed by <em>V</em>. <em>harveyi</em> and subsequent N-acetylcysteine (NAC) exposure, the expression of genes related to the melanization, apoptosis, and Toll pathways was downregulated; moreover, the melanization phenomenon was significantly weakened, and the survival rate of the crayfish decreased.</div><div>The abovementioned experimental results demonstrate that <em>Pc</em>-Prx 4 is an important regulatory enzyme in the antioxidant system of crayfish. It can influence the antibacterial innate immune response of <em>P</em>. <em>clarkii</em> by modulating H₂O₂ levels. This study provides a significant addition to the fundamental theory of antibacterial innate immunity in invertebrates and offers a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of bacterial diseases in <em>P</em>. <em>clarkii</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105438"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144803865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Bacillus subtilis and fungal enzymes on immune responses and gut microbiota of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou masou)","authors":"Mungkornpan Santiwijai ,&nbsp;Yousuke Taoka","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of oral administration of probiotics <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> (BS) and <em>Aspergillus sojae</em>-fermented materials (AFM) supplementation on immune responses and the gut microbiome of masu salmon <em>Oncorhynchus masou masou</em> were evaluated. Masu salmon (44.07 ± 7.1 g) were individually raised on a commercial diet without supplementation (control group), with <em>B</em>. <em>subtilis</em> strain DB9011 at 1.0 × 10⁶ cfu/g-feed (BS group), and with <em>A. sojae</em>-fermented materials supplementation at 0.2 % (AFM group) for 24 days. Lysozyme activity in fish serum was determined using turbidimetric assays. Immune-related gene expression and gut microbiota were analyzed through real-time PCR and metagenomics analysis with a next-generation sequencer, respectively. Both the BS and AFM groups showed higher lysozyme activity but lower serum protein concentrations compared to the control group without significant different. The gut bacterial composition in the BS and AFM groups was dramatically different compared to that in the control group. The alpha diversity of the BS group showed significantly greater richness in terms of Chao1, faith_pb, and shannon_entropy. Conversely, the alpha diversity of the AFM group showed significantly greater richness only on faith_pb. The expression of immune-related genes such as TNF-α and IFN-γ was upregulated in the treatment group compared to the control group. IL1-β was upregulated in the AFM group. Regarding IL1-β, no differences were observed between the control and BS group. Thus, results indicated that oral administration of the BS and AFM modify gut microbiota and stimulated the expression of immune-gene expression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144768472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profiles of extracellular vesicle shutter proteins from Chlamys farreri stimulated by lipopolysaccharide","authors":"Shengwen Li ,&nbsp;Yansong Hou ,&nbsp;Lihan Wang ,&nbsp;Dianli Zhao ,&nbsp;Qiang Xing ,&nbsp;Shi Wang ,&nbsp;Ying Guo ,&nbsp;Mengqiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in aquatic animals can resist pathogen infection by delivering bioactive substances between cells. <em>Chlamys farreri</em>, as a commercial aquaculture species, was used as the research object in this study to explore the possible innate immune regulation mediated by EVs. In this study, data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics analysis was performed on EVs in the serum of <em>C. farreri</em> after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. A total of 124 upregulated and 205 downregulated differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified through comparative analysis. Related DEPs that may be involved in immune regulation in EVs were further screened, such as glucose-regulated protein 94 (HSP90B1), lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 (LAMP1), calreticulin (CALR), ras-related protein Rab-11 A (RAB11A), serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1), tumor susceptibility gene 101 protein (TSG101), and vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3). Enrichment analysis demonstrated that these DEPs were identified to be involved in the response to stimulus function, immune system process, and classical immune-related signaling pathways, such as the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway. Further, PPI analysis was performed to predict the interactions between immune-related DEPs, which were mainly divided into proteins directly involved in immune regulation (such as HSP90B1, LAMP1, CALR, and RAB11A) and proteins indirectly involved in immune regulation by vesicle transport (such as TSG101, VAMP3, SNAP25, RAB14, and RAB2). These findings reveal that EVs play a central role in mediating innate immune regulation in <em>C. farreri</em> via cell communication under LPS stimulation, and are expected to provide important insights into disease-resistant breeding and aquaculture practices in shellfish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105435"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144739566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CqStathmin negatively regulates white spot syndrome virus infection by destabilizing microtubules in Cherax quadricarinatus","authors":"Jiani Xu ,&nbsp;Dongli Li ,&nbsp;Bei Huang ,&nbsp;Ying Liang ,&nbsp;Jing Xiong ,&nbsp;Hongjiao Cai ,&nbsp;Chunping Jen ,&nbsp;Wenshu Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stathmin is a microtubule-destabilizing protein that disrupts microtubule dynamics by promoting the depolymerization of microtubules or preventing the polymerization of tubulin heterodimers, thereby performing various cellular functions. In this study, a <em>Cq</em>Stathmin in the invertebrate crayfish was found to be involved in the infection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), a DNA virus susceptible to shrimp. The <em>Cq</em>Stathmin was identified from the red claw crayfish <em>Cherax quadricarinatus,</em> sharing the conserved domain and phylogenetic relationship with stathmin homologs of other species. The expression of <em>CqStathmin</em> was significantly upregulated in crayfish hematopoietic tissue (Hpt) cells after WSSV infection. <em>Cq</em>Stathmin silencing promoted WSSV infection in Hpt cells. Further evidence indicated that silencing <em>Cq</em>Stathmin promoted the polymerization of crayfish microtubule structural proteins <em>Cq</em>α-Tubulin and <em>Cq</em>β-Tubulin, whereas overexpression of <em>Cq</em>Stathmin facilitated their depolymerization. Silencing of <em>Cq</em>Stathmin increased the acetylation of <em>Cq</em>α-tubulin in Hpt cells, a post-translational modification that maintains microtubule integrity, thereby promoting microtubule polymerization. In contrast, overexpression of <em>Cq</em>Stathmin reduced the acetylation level of α-tubulin in HEK293T cells. Then, the binding of <em>Cq</em>α-Tubulin to <em>Cq</em>β-Tubulin, as well as the interaction of <em>Cq</em>Stathmin with <em>Cq</em>α-Tubulin and/or <em>Cq</em>β-Tubulin, along with their co-localization, have been confirmed. These results indicated that <em>Cq</em>Stathmin has a negative regulatory role in microtubule polymerization in crayfish. Moreover, WSSV infection was significantly decreased by <em>Cq</em>α/β-Tubulin silencing, suggesting that WSSV infection depended on microtubules in Hpt cells. Collectively, our results revealed that <em>Cq</em>Stathmin inhibited WSSV infection by regulating microtubule depolymerization in the crayfish. This is the first study to report that <em>Cq</em>Stathmin from an aquatic crustacean was involved in WSSV infection, enhancing our understanding of the WSSV infection mechanism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105436"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HqHBP, a histamine-binding protein derived from the hard tick Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis, alleviates xylene-induced mice skin edema","authors":"Mengdie Bai ,&nbsp;Hui Guang ,&nbsp;Dongbing Gao ,&nbsp;Kaiting Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaofei He ,&nbsp;Yongqiang Wei ,&nbsp;Meina Cao ,&nbsp;Shuangqing Chen ,&nbsp;Yueqing Liu ,&nbsp;Wa Gao ,&nbsp;Jinliang Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As one of the most important blood-sucking parasites, ticks can secrete various biological molecules to counteract responses such as hemostasis and inflammation in their host during the blood-feeding process. A cDNA clone named as Hq018 was identified from a salivary gland cDNA expression library of <em>Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis</em>. A protein consisting of 217 amino acids with a molecular mass of 24.4 kDa was encoded by the tick cDNA. Homology analysis using database comparisons revealed that Hq018 protein is a homology of a histamine-binding protein identified in a female <em>Rhipicephalus appendiculatus</em>. Recombinantly produced protein by Hq018 cDNA in <em>Escherichia coli</em> could dose-dependently bind to histamine in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based histamine-binding test. We designated this <em>H. qinghaiensis</em> orignated histamine-binding protein as HqHBP. HqHBP could significantly inhibit xylene-induced mice ear edema and the accompanied vascular dilation, mucus secretion and increase of mast cells, reduce the amount of histamine and the expression levels of some inflammatory factors in mice skin. These results suggest that HqHBP exhibits potent antihistamine activity. HqHBP might be a good candidate for the development of pharmaceutical products aimed at preventing and treating anaphylactic reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105434"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144728710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Luteolin up-regulates the production of type I and II interferons in MARC-145 cells in response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection","authors":"Weizhen Chen ,&nbsp;Aiyang Wang ,&nbsp;Xing Feng ,&nbsp;Bo Wang ,&nbsp;Shaojun He ,&nbsp;Hongjie Fan ,&nbsp;Liujun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) is an immunosuppressive infectious disease in pigs. Due to the absence of effective therapeutic drugs against PRRSV and the limitations of existing commercial PRRS vaccines, adequate protection cannot be provided to pigs. PRRS has resulted in considerable economic losses in the global pig industry. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new and efficient prevention strategies for this disease. Luteolin, a natural flavonoid in various plants, demonstrates multiple biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral effects. However, little is known about the antiviral activity of luteolin against PRRSV and its impact on the production of antiviral cytokines following PRRSV infection. Here, we evaluated the activity of luteolin against PRRSV and determined that the safe concentration of luteolin for MARC-145 cells was not more than 50 μM. Luteolin showed dose- and time-dependent inhibition of PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells. PRRSV infection was found not to affect the expression of interferon-α (IFN-α), IFN-β, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) transcripts and proteins in MARC-145 cells. Still, it up-regulated the expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) transcript and protein in MARC-145 cells. By contrast, luteolin treatment up-regulated the expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IL-10 transcripts and proteins and down-regulated the expression of TNF-α transcript and protein in MARC-145 cells. In addition, luteolin treatment of MARC-145 cells infected by PRRSV up-regulated the expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IL-10 and down-regulated the expression of TNF-α at both the transcript and protein levels. In summary, this study indicated that luteolin might inhibit the proliferation of PRRSV in MARC-145 cells by inducing an innate antiviral response via up-regulating the synthesis of type I and II IFNs, which highlighted the potential of luteolin as an <em>anti</em>-PRRSV drug and provided a reference for the development of future treatments against PRRSV infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105433"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144712871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The discovery of disease resistance-related factors based on exoskeleton components in the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei","authors":"Hanqi Li ,&nbsp;Lu Zhang ,&nbsp;Tao Chen ,&nbsp;Yansong Hou ,&nbsp;Peiyu Yan ,&nbsp;Qifan Zeng ,&nbsp;Mengqiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shrimp are globally important aquaculture species and a valuable source of protein; the sustainable development of shrimp farming faces serious challenges, however, due to a variety of diseases that affect this species. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by specific <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em> strains (<em>Vp</em>AHPND), leads to rapid, large-scale mortality in shrimp, especially the Pacific white shrimp <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>. Without effective vaccines or immune stimulants, gaining a thorough understanding of shrimp innate immunity is vital to achieve AHPND control. The shrimp exoskeleton offers structural protection and acts as the first line of innate immunity. It also contains immune-active, disease-resistant components that may indicate AHPND resistance. In this study, we challenged eight different <em>L. vannamei</em> families with <em>Vp</em>AHPND to identify those with the highest and lowest levels of resistance to AHPND. We subsequently performed functional enrichment analysis of proteomic and metabolomic differences in the exoskeleton. Although numerous differential proteins and metabolites were detected across the comparison groups, all identified potential resistance indicators were proteins, including C-type lectins, serine protease inhibitors, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factors. The findings presented herein provide new insights into the innate immune mechanisms of shrimp and offer a foundation for developing molecular indicators of AHPND resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105431"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-omics insights into the response of the tropical copepod Apocyclops royi-TH to salinity stress: implications for immunity and polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis","authors":"Nutthawan Thepsoonthorn ,&nbsp;Supida Kueakob ,&nbsp;Natkanokporn Prayoonmaneerat ,&nbsp;Piti Amparyup ,&nbsp;Walaiporn Charoensapsri ,&nbsp;Chanprapa Imjongjirak","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salinity is a key environmental factor influencing biological processes in aquatic organisms. <em>Apocyclops royi</em>-TH, a copepod species native to Thailand, is a promising live feed candidate due to its high nutritional value. However, its responses to salinity stress remain poorly understood. This study employed a multi-omics approach, integrating transcriptomics, fatty acid profiling, and microbiome analysis, to assess low-salinity (15 ppt) adaptation versus a control (25 ppt). RNA-seq identified 6371 differentially expressed genes, including 294 immune-related genes enriched in 21 KEGG pathways. Up-regulated genes included pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), serine proteases, peroxidases, and antimicrobial effectors, while genes related to oxidative stress and proteinase inhibition were down-regulated. Additionally, 136 genes related to lipid metabolism were differentially expressed, with selective up-regulation of desaturases and down-regulation of elongases. Fatty acid analysis showed no significant differences in total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) between groups, but levels of n-6 PUFA and arachidonic acid (ARA) were significantly higher under low salinity. Microbiome profiling revealed increased bacterial richness and a shifted community composition in the low salinity group, including elevated abundance of <em>Pseudomonas</em> and <em>Acholeplasma</em>, and reduced levels of <em>Vibrio</em>. These findings demonstrate that salinity stress modulates immune responses, lipid biosynthesis, and microbial composition in <em>A. royi</em>-TH, offering insights into its adaptive metabolic and immune responses, and its potential as a resilient and nutritionally valuable live feed in aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105432"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular traps release by coelomocytes in Eisenia andrei earthworm are involved in encapsulation process","authors":"Natalia Topa ,&nbsp;Magdalena Chadzińska ,&nbsp;Joanna Homa","doi":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dci.2025.105430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Earthworms have several strategies for pathogen elimination including: cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen species and formation of extracellular traps (ETs). In turn, an effective response against larger pathogens, such as parasites, is based on the encapsulation followed by melanization and formation of brown bodies. In our work, we elucidated interactions between ETs and encapsulation. We found that such interactions are time-dependent and involved humoral components of the coelomic fluids. Moreover, it was observed that <em>in vitro</em> encapsulation of agarose beads was much more effective when beads were coated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and when process took place in the presence of the coelomic fluid humoral components. Their presence was also crucial for ETs formation. Moreover, we found that protease inhibitors reduced agarose bead-induced encapsulation and ETs formation and that presence of humoral components of coelomic fluid and ETs enhanced encapsulation of the beads and the melanization processes. In contrast, induced by LPS-bead ET formation was not dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, we discovered that in the first steps of encapsulation process, extracellular DNA release may help in the formation of the brown bodies. Therefore, it could be summarized that earthworms utilize a combination of cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, ROS production, and ET formation for pathogen elimination. The encapsulation process, enhanced by humoral components and ETs, plays a significant role in their immune response, particularly against large pathogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11228,"journal":{"name":"Developmental and comparative immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 105430"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}