Shahnawaz Amdani, Carolyn A Altman, Devyani Chowdhury, Christina Ronai, David Soma, Jeremy M Archer, Seda Tierney, Marukus S Renno, Jacob Miller, Quang-Tuyen Nguyen, Julie S Glickstein, William B Orr
{"title":"Cardiology Consult for the General Pediatrician after Cardiac Manifestations from a SARS-CoV-2 Infection.","authors":"Shahnawaz Amdani, Carolyn A Altman, Devyani Chowdhury, Christina Ronai, David Soma, Jeremy M Archer, Seda Tierney, Marukus S Renno, Jacob Miller, Quang-Tuyen Nguyen, Julie S Glickstein, William B Orr","doi":"10.2174/0115733963314978240923110844","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733963314978240923110844","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, created a need for evidence-based guidelines for the evaluation, management, and follow-up after infection. Data have become rapidly available, creating a challenge for medical providers to stay abreast of the ever-evolving recommendations. This document, written collaboratively by pediatric cardiovascular experts, pediatricians, and sports medicine specialists, is focused on SARS-- CoV-2-related pediatric cardiac manifestations. It aims to provide a systemic review of high-yield literature related to all cardiovascular entities as a tool for primary pediatric clinicians to utilize as they consider the cardiac consequences of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, MIS-C, vaccine-related myocarditis, return-to-play, and long COVID-19 syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142364773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Valentina Giovanna Dell'Orto, Virginia Beretta, Chiara Petrolini, Serafina Perrone
{"title":"Practical Way to Use Supraglottic Airway Device.","authors":"Valentina Giovanna Dell'Orto, Virginia Beretta, Chiara Petrolini, Serafina Perrone","doi":"10.2174/0115733963331390240822105658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733963331390240822105658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We read a review of case reports published on Current Pediatric Reviews 2024 about the use of I-gel® in neonatal complicated intubation, and we decided to write a commentary on the benefits and limitations of using supraglottic airways in neonatal age, with a specific focus on Igel [1]. The use of supraglottic airway devices in neonatal ages is limited to particular conditions, but further research is showing the utility of these devices as the first choice in neonatal resuscitation or airway stabilization. Our commentary highlights the broader practical applications of I-gel and reinforces its role as a valuable tool in neonatal resuscitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142281844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hlayiseka Mathevula, Moliehi Matlala, Natalie Schellack, Samuel Orubu
{"title":"A Quantitative Review of Un-licensed and Off-label Medicines Use in Children Aged 0-2 Years in the Private Sector in South Africa: Extent, Challenges, and Implications.","authors":"Hlayiseka Mathevula, Moliehi Matlala, Natalie Schellack, Samuel Orubu","doi":"10.2174/0115733963303583240820043749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733963303583240820043749","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The global lack of suitable formulations for children leads to off-label and unlicensed medicine use, posing significant risks of adverse effects. Understanding this usage on a national level can help guide interventions for better formulations. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of off-label and unlicensed medicines among children in South Africa's private sector.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study used a point prevalence methodology to review medicine use in children aged 0-2 years enrolled in a selected pharmaceutical benefit management company in South Africa from January to June 2022. A sample size of 1055 prescriptions was calculated using a 90% confidence interval, 50% prevalence rate, and 5% error margin. A systematic random sampling approach selected every seventh entry from 91,973 total entries, resulting in a final sample size of 13,139. Data included patient age, number and characteristics of medicines, quantity, and indications. Descriptive statistics analysed and reported the prevalence of unlicensed and off-label medicine use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 13,139 prescribed medicines, 40% (5,246) were off-label or unlicensed, and 60% (7,893) were on-label. Of the off-label/unlicensed medicines, 16.85% (2,214) were unlicensed, and 23.08% (3,032) were off-label. Methylprednisolone was the top off-label medicine, probiotics were the top unlicensed, and the ICD10 code Z76.9 was the top diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study found that 40% of children aged 0-2 years were prescribed unlicensed or off-label medicines in South Africa's private healthcare sector between January and June 2022. This suggests a widespread practice of off-label or unlicensed prescriptions in paediatric treatment in the South African private sector.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142125125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aline Maquiné Pascareli-Carlos, Thaís Marchezini Reis, Tatiane Fernandes de Novaes, Anelise Fernandes Montagner, Françoise Helène van de Sande, Thais Gimenez, Daniela Prócida Raggio, Tamara Kerber Tedesco
{"title":"Mapping Systematic Reviews on the Management of Dental Caries in Primary Teeth: A Meta-Research.","authors":"Aline Maquiné Pascareli-Carlos, Thaís Marchezini Reis, Tatiane Fernandes de Novaes, Anelise Fernandes Montagner, Françoise Helène van de Sande, Thais Gimenez, Daniela Prócida Raggio, Tamara Kerber Tedesco","doi":"10.2174/0115733963290288240813050512","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733963290288240813050512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Systematic reviews (SRs) represent the most robust source of evidence for informing decision-making. While there are rigorous protocols for properly conducting SRs, sometimes the methodological biases in the primary studies are accounted for in the conclusions of the SRs.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to map the evidence regarding the management of caries lesions in primary teeth.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two reviewers conducted a systematic search up to March 2024 in electronic data-bases. Any SR concerning the management of caries lesions in primary teeth was considered eli-gible.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>About 162 SRs were included. Among these, 80 focused on restorative treatments, 64 on endodontic treatments, and 18 on non-invasive treatments. Only 42.6% presented a study registra-tion protocol. The majority (67.9%) performed a meta-analysis, while a minority exclusively car-ried out qualitative data analysis. Despite 92.6% of the SRs evaluating the methodological quality or risk of bias of the primary studies using some tool, only 24% assessed the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach, resulting in classifications ranging from very low to moderate.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is a limited adherence to study registration protocols, indicating a need for improvements in this practice. Additionally, among the few SRs that used the GRADE approach, the majority demonstrated levels of very low to moderate certainty.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142281843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Janina Rodrigues, Luiz Felipe Palma, Gabriela Seabra da Silva, Lucas Santiago França, Lívia Araújo Alves, Daniela Prócida Raggio, Tamara Kerber Tedesco
{"title":"Strategies for Pain Management after Extraction of Primary Teeth: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials.","authors":"Janina Rodrigues, Luiz Felipe Palma, Gabriela Seabra da Silva, Lucas Santiago França, Lívia Araújo Alves, Daniela Prócida Raggio, Tamara Kerber Tedesco","doi":"10.2174/0115733963292710240725051920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733963292710240725051920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In dental extractions, particularly when local anesthesia is used, it usually offers analgesic relief for a few hours. However, pain can become a notable concern in the immediate postoperative period due to the trauma experienced by both soft and hard oral tissues.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This systematic review aimed to evaluate the most effective strategies for managing postoperative pain in primary tooth extractions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two examiners conducted a search across five electronic databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and OpenGray. Studies were included if they met the following criteria after reviewing their titles and abstracts: they involved children and evaluated pain management following primary tooth extraction. Subsequently, articles that described extractions performed under any form of sedation, were not conducted under local anesthesia, in an outpatient setting, and in children aged 0 to 12 years, or were not randomized controlled trials, were excluded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The search yielded 374 relevant articles, of which 9 were included. Among these, 5 utilized preoperative medications as a pain management strategy, one evaluated low-level laser therapy (LLLT) postoperatively, one assessed calendula drops postoperatively, and another explored virtual reality during the procedure and arnica in solution both pre and postoperatively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among all the strategies evaluated, the strategy involving analgesics administered 30 minutes before tooth extractions was supported by better-designed studies. However, there is a high risk of bias.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141981975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Layan Sameer Almintakh, Mariam Fahad Al Dossary, Abrar Mohmmadjamal Altesha, Rayanah Fahad Alqahtani, Samiah Mohammad Alsomali, Nuzhat Banu, Mohammad Daud Ali, Ayaz Ahmed
{"title":"Awareness, Practice, and Views of Pediatricians, General Physicians, and Pharmacists about Prescribing Off-label Medication in Pediatric Patients in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Layan Sameer Almintakh, Mariam Fahad Al Dossary, Abrar Mohmmadjamal Altesha, Rayanah Fahad Alqahtani, Samiah Mohammad Alsomali, Nuzhat Banu, Mohammad Daud Ali, Ayaz Ahmed","doi":"10.2174/0115733963298903240614072717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733963298903240614072717","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>An off-label medication involves the use of an approved drug for an unapproved indication, population, route of administration, or dosage.The physiological state of children differs from that of adults, making the adult formulation potentially dangerous to children. Off-label prescribing is quite common in children due to challenges in the development of pediatric formulations. The current study was conducted to determine the awareness, practice, and views of pediatricians, general physicians, and pharmacists about prescribing Off-label medication to pediatric patients in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study based on a questionnaire was conducted among pediatricians, general physicians, and pharmacists (clinical and community) in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Statistical analysis was conducted using the data exported from Google Forms (Mountain View, California, USA) and Microsoft Excel (Version 2016) and then exported into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 (IBM, Inc., Armonk, NY, USA). Chi-square was deemed suitable. The level of significance was set at 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the study participants, 53(35.09%) were pharmacists, followed by 24(15.89%) others, 22(14.565) pediatricians, 19(12.58%) other specialists, 17(11.25%) general physicians, and 16(10.59%) were clinical pharmacist. About 73(48.34%) described the definition of off-label correctly. About 114(75.49%) believed that parents and guardians must be informed about off-label medicine prescribed to their children. About 52(34.43%) had concerns about the safety of the medication, and 98(64.90%) believed they should be tested in pediatrics during clinical trials. Further, 97(64.23%) considered themselves not enough knowledgeable about off-label medications. The barriers reported by the participants were as follows: 89(58.945%) said lack of information resources, 71(47.01%) said lack of training, 56(37.08%) said lack of information on the safety of excipients used in pediatrics, 47(31.12%) said lack of formulary, 44(29.13%) said lack of guidelines, and 58(5.29%) said lack of information related to the safety of excipient concentration in pediatrics. The proportion of healthcare professionals who agreed that excipients in adult medication may be harmful to pediatrics was 103(68.21%). The drugs most often prescribed as off-label were paracetamol 54(21.68%), followed by Phenobarbital 35(14%), and Amoxicillin 33(13.25%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There are a considerable number of healthcare professionals unaware of the description of off-label medication. The majority have concerns over the safety and efficacy of the off-label drugs and believe that most frequently used off-label drugs in pediatrics must be tested in pediatrics during clinical trials. In addition, excipient safety data are of considerable importance to ensure off-label drug safety in pedi","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141455827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muntadhar Muhammad Isa, Maimun Syukri, Muchlisin Za, Gunadi, Dian Adi Syahputra, T Yusriadi, Yumna Muzakkir, Siti Maghfirah
{"title":"Early Outcomes of Hirschsprung's Disease after Definitive Surgery: A Ten-Year Experience.","authors":"Muntadhar Muhammad Isa, Maimun Syukri, Muchlisin Za, Gunadi, Dian Adi Syahputra, T Yusriadi, Yumna Muzakkir, Siti Maghfirah","doi":"10.2174/0115733963271997240605103909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733963271997240605103909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to examine the characteristics of Hirschsprung's Disease (HD) in patients aged<18 who underwent surgical procedure at Dr. Zainoel Abidin (RSUDZA) General Hospital, Banda Aceh, Indonesia, between January 2010 and December 2020.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study collected and analyzed data from medical records of 18-yearold or younger children (n = 180) diagnosed with HD at RSUDZA. The surgical procedures included the Duhamel procedure, Soave procedure, the Soave Transanal Endorectal Pull-through (TEPT) procedure, and the Swenson TEPT procedure. Early outcomes of the surgery were then compared between males and females. The comparrative analysis was determined based on Chisquare analysis, where p< 0.05 was considered significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 111 (61.7%) male patients and 69 (38.3%) female patients, with a mean age of 15.2 months. The Soave TEPT is the most frequently performed procedure (91.7%). Emerging clinical manifestations include constipation (176; 97.8%) and soiling (171; 95%). Preoperative barium enema and postoperative pathological examination confirmed that almost all patients (99.4%) had an aganglionic segment confined to the rectosigmoid area. The average length of operation was 69.7 ± 65 minutes and average bleeding time was 5.4 ± 34 mL. The average discharge time was 3.3 ± 73.3 days. No significant difference was found in post-surgery complications between males and females (p<0.5). The immediate complications were not associated with surgical methods (p = 0.83).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our descriptive study has suggested the Soave TEPT technique as appropriate to manage HD.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141442299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana Flávia Conegundes, Isadora Garcia, Bárbara Miranda, Arthur Borges, André Sanglard, Gabriel Ferreira, Rafael Borges, Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
{"title":"Prune-Belly Syndrome: An Update.","authors":"Ana Flávia Conegundes, Isadora Garcia, Bárbara Miranda, Arthur Borges, André Sanglard, Gabriel Ferreira, Rafael Borges, Ana Cristina Simões E Silva","doi":"10.2174/0115733963285237240524042142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733963285237240524042142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Prune-Belly (Eagle-Barrett) syndrome (PBS) is a congenital and genetically heterogeneous disease, more prevalent in males, defined by the clinical triad (1) deficiency of abdominal muscles, (2) bilateral cryptorchidism, and (3) urinary tract abnormalities. The abdomen of an infant with PBS has a typical appearance, similar to the aspect of a prune, which gives it its name. Although the etiology of this disorder is still unknown, numerous theories, mutations, and genetic disturbances have been proposed to explain the origin of PBS. Prognosis can differ a lot from one patient to another, since this condition has a wide spectrum of clinical presentation. Despite being a rare condition, the importance of PBS should not be underestimated, in the light of the potential of the disorder to lead to chronic kidney disease and other severe complications. In that regard, this review gathers the most up-to-date knowledge about the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, management and prognosis of PBS.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141327377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kam Lun Hon, Alexander K C Leung, Paul K S Chan, Su Yun Qian, Kin Tak Wong
{"title":"\"Non-COVID-19\" Coronavirus Diseases Not to be Misdiagnosed as COVID-19.","authors":"Kam Lun Hon, Alexander K C Leung, Paul K S Chan, Su Yun Qian, Kin Tak Wong","doi":"10.2174/0115733963271787240509073056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733963271787240509073056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The COVID-19 global pandemic was caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which then became an endemic infection. COVID refers to the World Health Organization's coined acronym for coronavirus disease.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We have, herein, reported three cases of coronavirus diseases that could have been misdiagnosed as COVID-19. All of these families reported previous COVID-19 infection based on self-administered Rapid Antigen Testing (RAT) and completed a period of home isolation. In the current presentation, one child had an RSV-associated asthma attack, one had norovirus gastritis, and another had an infection with Campylobacter and E. coli. NL63, OC43, and 229E, respectively, were found by PCR in these patients.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Seven human coronaviruses cause infectious diseases, including in children. Confusion and issues associated with coronavirus disease diagnosis by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing and Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) may arise. Some RATs are Antigen Fluorescent Immunoassays (FIA) that target monoclonal antibodies for the detection of viral nucleocapsid protein. Others target the non-nucleocapsid proteins. False positivity is possible. False negativity is also possible if the specimen's antigen level is below the test's detection limit. RAT results usually remain positive for 6 to 7 days, but they may stay positive as long as 2 weeks. Stigmatization with the COVID-19 diagnosis may occur. The PCR test is a highly sensitive 'gold standard' for the detection of COVID-19, but it can also detect non-infectious individuals' fragmented non-infectious viral nucleic acids, and could be positive for a long period. An individual may be tested positive for a few weeks to months after the individual becomes non-infectious.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The cases presented here had coronavirus diseases other than COVID-19. Coronavirus diseases can be caused by coronavirus variants other than SARS-CoV-2. Co-infections with other pathogens are present in these diseases. PCR testing of non-COVID-19 diseases may help in the accurate diagnosis of these ailments and respiratory co-infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141080989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression, and Catabolism Syndrome in Pediatric Populations: A Brief Perspective.","authors":"Michael D Santarelli, Kelly A Davis, Ryan J Stark","doi":"10.2174/0115733963298459240508050319","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733963298459240508050319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surviving near-lethal insults, such as sepsis, trauma, and major surgery is more common due to advances in medical care. The decline in mortality has unmasked a population of chronic critically ill patients, many with the pathological immunophenotype known as Persistent inflammation, Immunosuppression, and Catabolism Syndrome (PICS). Though initially described in adults, many critically ill children exhibit the hallmarks of PICS, including lymphopenia, hyperinflammation, and evidence of ongoing somatic protein catabolism. These patients are plagued with recurrent infections and suffer worse outcomes. There remains a need to understand the pathophysiology underlying this condition to elucidate potential therapies and develop interventions. This perspective provides the most current update of PICS within the pediatric population.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11561154/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140944537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}