Current Pediatric Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Parental Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Antibiotic Resistance in Children: A Review Article.","authors":"Majd Masadeh, Sabariah Noor Harun, Tareq L Mukattash, Nasr Alrabadi","doi":"10.2174/0115733963365501250210062038","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733963365501250210062038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibiotic misuse among children continues to be one of the major critical public health issues worldwide, particularly in developing countries such as Jordan. Incorrect antibiotic use is hugely influenced by parents' knowledge and attitudes on the subject at hand. This review, therefore, seeks to establish the current state of parental knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotics in Jordanian children, with particular emphasis on those gaps in awareness and knowledge that underpin the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Despite prescription regulations, many still depend on over-the-counter purchases, usually due to misconceptions about the efficiency of antibiotics in viral infections or a lack of insight into the risks of misuse. The results strongly suggest that focused educational programs are needed to improve parents' knowledge of prudent antibiotic use. It integrated an analysis of the socio-cultural factors affecting parental decisions and recommended improvising the public health strategies in their fight against antibiotic resistance. The study concluded that emphasis must be laid on both regulatory enforcement and public awareness about appropriate antibiotic use in pediatric care to bring about better health outcomes in Jordanian children.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"90-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143406171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra in Pediatric Tuberculosis: How Disease Characteristics Modify Test Performances.","authors":"Domenico Pace, Roberta Pellegrino, Irene Dalpiaz, Marco Renni, Luisa Galli, Elena Chiappini","doi":"10.2174/0115733963324694241008081106","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733963324694241008081106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The diagnosis of pediatric tuberculosis (TB) is challenging, due to the lower sensitivity of microbiological tests, such as culture and microscopy, compared to their performance in adult cases. Guidelines have introduced molecular tests, including GeneXpert MTB/ RIF and GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra. These tests use a real-time polymerase chain reaction method and provide information on M. tuberculosis detection and drug-resistance-associated mutations in less than 2 hours. This retrospective single-center study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of GeneXpert and GeneXpert Ultra for the diagnosis of pediatric TB.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study was conducted on a total of 95 children diagnosed with probable or confirmed TB disease (74 diagnosed with pulmonary TB, 21 with extrapulmonary TB), who referred to the infectious disease unit at Meyer Children's Hospital in Florence, Italy, and tested with GeneXpert MTB/RIF or GeneXpert Ultra, from 2013 to 2023.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>GeneXpert and GeneXpert Ultra demonstrated a detection rate of 0.357 (95% CI 0.180 to 0.535) and 0.537 (95% CI 0.417-0.657), respectively. No child was tested with both tests. Patients' characteristics, including age and sex, did not significantly influence the test's performances. Notably, GeneXpert Ultra had a significantly higher detection rate in children with extrapulmonary TB (0.813, 95% CI 0.621 to 1.004) compared to that in children with pulmonary TB (p = 0.020). Gastric aspirate was the most tested specimen. Specimens that did not require invasive procedures for collection (including stool) yielded poor results. GeneXpert and GeneXpert Ultra permitted rapid evaluation of genotypic drug-sensitivity testing (DST), even though limited to rifampicin resistance, making necessary confirmation through phenotypic DST (performed on culture).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The introduction of GeneXpert and GeneXpert Ultra improved TB diagnosis in children, by providing microbiological information in a short time, complementing results from culture, which remains the reference test in pediatric TB diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"140-151"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13555767/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142946206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preface.","authors":"Giuseppe Buonocore","doi":"10.2174/0115733963429271250724114215","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733963429271250724114215","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"v"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144774908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiology Consult for the General Pediatrician after Cardiac Manifestations from a SARS-CoV-2 Infection.","authors":"Shahnawaz Amdani, Carolyn A Altman, Devyani Chowdhury, Christina Ronai, David Soma, Jeremy M Archer, Seda Tierney, Markus S Renno, Jacob Miller, Quang-Tuyen Nguyen, Julie S Glickstein, William B Orr","doi":"10.2174/0115733963314978240923110844","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733963314978240923110844","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, created a need for evidence-based guidelines for the evaluation, management, and follow-up after infection. Data have become rapidly available, creating a challenge for medical providers to stay abreast of the ever-evolving recommendations. This article, written collaboratively by pediatric cardiovascular experts, pediatricians, and sports medicine specialists, is focused on SARS-CoV- 2-related pediatric cardiac manifestations. It aims to provide a systematic review of high-yield literature related to all cardiovascular entities as a tool for primary pediatric clinicians to utilize as they consider the cardiac consequences of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, MIS-C, vaccine-related myocarditis, return-to-play, and long COVID-19 syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"11-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142364773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association between Prenatal Antibiotic Use and the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders among Children: An Updated Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Azam Maleki, Helen Behmanesh, Ensiyeh Jenabi","doi":"10.2174/0115733963352806250512100056","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733963352806250512100056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Studies on prenatal antibiotic use and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) risk have yielded inconsistent results.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to resolve these discrepancies by conducting a meta-analysis on the relationship between prenatal antibiotic use and ASD in children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive search was conducted in four main databases: Medline (OVID) PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, up to August 1, 2024. The analysis employed random-effect models to estimate effect sizes, including hazard ratios (HR) and odds ratios (OR). Publication bias was assessed using Begg's test and Egger's regression test. Subgroup analyses explored variations in the association based on the trimester of pregnancy. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this meta-analysis, which included twelve studies with a total population of 6,264,831, prenatal antibiotic use was associated with an increased risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The estimated HR for this risk was 1.08 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.12), and the OR was 1.16 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.23), with no detected heterogeneity among studies. The analysis found no publication bias. Significant associations were observed for each trimester: first trimester (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.18), second trimester (HR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.14), and third trimester (HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.18).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The analysis showed that prenatal antibiotic use is a risk factor for ASD. Prenatal antibiotic use was associated with an increase in the risk of ASD across all trimesters of pregnancy. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying this association by examining the effects of specific antibiotic classes, dosages, and timing during critical developmental periods. Longitudinal studies with comprehensive control for confounding factors are essential for strengthening causal inferences and guiding clinical recommendations regarding antibiotic use during pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"71-78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144076729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twins and Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Genetic Relevance.","authors":"Vineet Bhandari","doi":"10.2174/0115733963369969250212072155","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733963369969250212072155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In preterm infants, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most devastating complications seen in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), with both short- and long-term sequelae. Outcomes reported for mono- (versus di-) chorionic twins suggest an increased incidence in the monochorionic twins, usually attributed to abnormal placental vascular connections. Same sex concordance and zygosity data suggest shared genetic and environmental factors as important contributing factors to the pathogenesis of NEC. This concept is further supported by fecal microbiome data from preterm twins. However, there is also some uncertainty in these observations because studies that controlled for gestational age did not show significant differences between singletons and twins in the occurrence of NEC. This mini-review was undertaken as a critical appraisal of the published literature in terms of twin studies to establish the genetic relevance vis-àvis NEC. There is a need for further evaluation of genetic and confounding factors arising from the environment and the gut microbiome in these infants using cohorts with larger sample sizes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"79-82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiplexed PCR Diagnosis of Bacterial Atypical Pneumonias in the After COVID Era.","authors":"Kam Lun Ellis Hon, Chamy Luk, Alexander K C Leung, Ada Y F Ip, Ting Fan Leung, Alvin Cheung, Marc L C Yang, Su Yu Qian","doi":"10.2174/0115733963359810251003101314","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733963359810251003101314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atypical Pneumonia (AP) is any type of pneumonia not caused by one of the common microorganisms, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. The most common etiologic microorganisms are intracellular bacteria and viruses, including Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. These microorganisms have been difficult to culture. The pandemic of COVID-19 has changed the management of these APs as a result of the widespread usage of multiplexed PCR tests. We have audited 7 anonymized cases of AP to illustrate the utility of these multiplexed PCR-based tests, which can aid the diagnosis and prompt treatment of several AP cases. In conclusion, AP can be readily diagnosed with a multiplexed PCR test, so that efficacious treatment can be initiated without delay. Chlamydia and Bordetella diseases are readily diagnosed even with NPS specimens. Macrolides and doxycycline are readily available oral medications for treating AP in children. Doxycycline is efficacious for macrolide-resistant mycoplasma disease and does not have the side effects of tetracycline in the young pediatric population.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145336589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Internet Health Information Seeking Behavior of Caregivers in a Tertiary Pediatric Outpatient Setting in Eastern India.","authors":"Manoj Kumar, Swati Swati, Rajan Kumar, Bijit Biswas","doi":"10.2174/0115733963380997250823060812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733963380997250823060812","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>To study internet health information-seeking behavior and its determinants among caregivers in a tertiary Pediatric Outpatient Department (OPD) in Eastern India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted between September and December 2022 at the Pediatric Outpatient Department of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Deoghar, India. A 13-item validated questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews, capturing demographic information and internet health information-seeking behavior. Statistical analyses, including multivariable logistic regression, identified significant determinants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Outpatient visits were primarily for acute diseases (39.3%), followed by chronic disease monitoring (19.5%) and acute follow-ups (19.3%). Approximately 34.4% of caregivers sought health information online. Internet health information-seeking behavior was significantly associated with higher educational attainment and visit reasons. Caregivers with higher secondary education or graduate degrees were 7.5 and 7.6 times more likely, respectively, to seek health information online. Those attending for acute or acute follow-up visits had 2.2- and 3.5-times higher odds, respectively. The multivariable model explained 32.4% variability and had a predictive accuracy of 74.1%.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The relatively low prevalence of online health information-seeking highlights regional gaps in digital health literacy. Education level and visit type were key predictors, underscoring the need for targeted guidance. Findings are limited by self-reporting and single-center design but offer direction for integrating digital support into pediatric care.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>One-third of caregivers utilized the internet for children's health information, with higher education and acute visit reasons as key determinants.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating High-risk Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Care: Insights from the Newborn Behavioral Observation (NBO).","authors":"Maria Maddalena Brambilla, Chiara Petrolini, Virginia Beretta, Elena Scarpa, Sabrina Moretti, Paola Palanza, Serafina Perrone","doi":"10.2174/0115733963376442250821002230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733963376442250821002230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The birth of a baby is a significant milestone for both parents, marking a major life transition into parenthood. In high-risk situations, such as preterm delivery, this event disrupts functional adaptation and greatly impacts parents' ability to recognize and effectively respond to their newborn's physiological and developmental needs. Positive interactions and sensitive responses to an infant's needs enable parents to foster development, supporting regulatory processes and establishing healthy social interaction patterns. The Newborn Behavioral Observation (NBO) Early Intervention is a prevention-focused follow-up program initiated shortly after birth during a developmental window when the infant's brain is highly receptive to environmental influences, maximizing its impact on infant development. Recent applications of the NBO intervention in at-risk contexts have shown promising effects on both infant development and the parent-infant relationship. This educational mini-review aims to summarize the main findings and future prospects of using the NBO to support the transition to parenthood from birth through the first months of life, particularly in high-risk environments such as intensive care units.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contemporary Insights and Emerging Paradigms in Sedation and Analgesia Management for Ventilated Newborns.","authors":"Federico Costa, Silvia Carloni, Elena Scarpa, Valentina Dell'Orto, Chiara Petrolini, Anna Chiara Titolo, Susanna Maria Roberta Esposito, Eloisa Gitto, Serafina Perrone, Virginia Beretta","doi":"10.2174/0115733963372619250731232838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733963372619250731232838","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pain management in the first 1000 days of life is crucial for neurodevelopmental outcomes and the quality of life in extremely preterm newborns, who often undergo mechanical ventilation. The use of drugs like midazolam in neonatal care offers advantages such as sedation and muscle relaxation, but can also lead to potential adverse effects. Morphine, a common opioid analgesic, is used in neonatal care for its dual analgesic and sedative properties. Uncertainties regarding short-term pulmonary outcomes and concerns about neurological effects in preterm infants remain. Fentanyl, a synthetic opioid, is a first-line drug for rapid analgesia in various clinical scenarios. Adrenergic agonists and antioxidant substances, dexmedetomidine and melatonin, have shown the potential to be the first analgesic compounds suitable for both clinical trials and clinical use. Dexmedetomidine, an adrenergic agonist, stands out for its opioid-sparing effects and neuroprotective properties. Its efficacy in reducing cumulative morphine administration and supporting mechanical ventilation in certain conditions has been demonstrated. Melatonin has emerged as a neurohormone with potential analgesic properties, and various studies indicate its benefits in reducing pain-related oxidative stress and inflammation. In this educational review, we analyze and discuss pain assessment and management in patients subjected to mechanical ventilation, with a focus on pharmacological management during neonatal intubation, navigating the complexities of balancing effective analgesia and sedation while considering potential risks and outcomes in extremely preterm newborns. The positive effects of new drugs such as melatonin and dexmedetomidine on mechanically ventilated newborns mainly consist of improvements in pain management and amelioration of pulmonary function.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144793750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}