Current Pediatric Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Diagnosis and management of Riga-Fede disease in a healthy 7-month-old child: A Case Report.","authors":"Priyanshi Ritwik","doi":"10.2174/1573396320666230830125111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573396320666230830125111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Riga-Fede disease (RFD) presents as oral mucosal ulceration in anatomical juxtaposition to sharp dental surfaces.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 7-month-old healthy male presented to the pediatric dentist for an emergency appointment. His mother was concerned about episodic, recurrent, and excessive bleeding from his mouth for three weeks. She reported that her son would often wake up in \"a pool of blood\". The pediatrician assessed the patient when oral bleeding first started and prescribed magic mouthwash. This did not resolve the problem. The mother then took the child to an urgent care clinic, where she was referred to a pediatric dentist. The pediatric dentist noted a sublingual traumatic, granulomatous ulcer on the ventral surface of the tongue, extending up to the tip of the tongue. The mandibular primary central incisors had recently erupted. The pediatric dentist established a clinical diagnosis of RFD. Incisal edges were smoothened with dental polishing tips on a slow-speed handpiece and topical fluoride varnish was applied to the teeth. The size of the ulceration decreased over two weeks. However, in three weeks, there was another bleeding episode. The pediatric dentist smoothened the incisal edges again, followed by a fluoride varnish application. Eight weeks after the initial dental intervention, the lesion resolved completely without further bleeding.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The details of this case report highlight the maternal concerns, interprofessional educational touchpoints, scope for interprofessional collaborative care, and noninvasive management of Riga-Fede disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In neurotypical patients, conservative dental management by smoothening sharp dental surfaces can resolve RFD. RFD should be differentiated from viral illnesses which present with oral ulcerations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10132062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary Factors Associated with Glycemic Control in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes.","authors":"Sara Zakarneh,&nbsp;Yasmin Khial,&nbsp;Reema Tayyem","doi":"10.2174/1573396320666230822095948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573396320666230822095948","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that results from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells, leading to insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. It is a common chronic disease in childhood, with a prevalence of 1 in 300 children in the United States and an increasing incidence of 2-5% annually, worldwide. Managing T1DM requires regular insulin administration, adjustment of food intake and exercise, and a comprehensive understanding of nutrition. This review aims to explore the relationship between dietary factors, physical activity, obesity, genetics, and glycemic control in children and adolescents with T1DM. To conduct this review, we conducted a thorough search of publications from December 2004 through April 2022 using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Embase databases. Key topics included obesity, children, adolescents, nutrients, carbohydrates, proteins, fat, water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins, dietary patterns, fruits and vegetables, physical activity, genetics, food habits, carbohydrate count and environmental factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10426420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case series of appendicitis and pseudo-appendicitis in a paediatric intensive care unit.","authors":"Kam Lun Hon,&nbsp;Alexander K C Leung,&nbsp;Yan Tung Kelly Lee,&nbsp;Stephanie Tsang,&nbsp;Karen Ka Yan Leung,&nbsp;Wun Fung Hui,&nbsp;Wing Lam Cheung,&nbsp;Wai Yip Michael Leung","doi":"10.2174/1573396320666230811092837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573396320666230811092837","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Appendicitis is a common childhood condition that can be diagnostically challenging. Severe cases may necessitate support in the critical or intensive care unit. These \"critical appendicitis diagnoses\" have rarely been described.</p><p><strong>Case description: </strong>We retrospective reviewed the PICU database of the Hong Kong Children's Hospital and identified cases of suspected and confirmed appendicitis. Clinical features, radiologic findings and final diagnosis of each case were summarized and reported in this case series. We review six anonymized cases of appendicitis managed in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) to illustrate the different age spectrum and clinical manifestations of the condition. Rupture of the inflamed appendix, peritonitis and pancreatitis were some of the complications encountered. Crohn disease was found in one case as an underlying diagnosis. Also, one girl clinically diagnosed with appendicitis was found to be a case of ruptured hepatoblastoma with no appendicitis (i.e., pseudoappendicitis).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prompt diagnosis, surgical removal of the inflamed appendix, and use of appropriate antimicrobials when indicated are essential in reducing mortality and morbidity associated with severe appendicitis. Significant premorbid conditions such as acute myeloid leukemia, mitochondrial encephalopathy lactic acidosis syndrome (MELAS), inflammatory bowel disease and complications may be present in patients needing intensive care as is illustrated in the present cases. Pseudoappendicitis is an important differential diagnosis. Imaging is crucial and useful in establishing and confirming the diagnosis of appendicitis and pseudo-appendicitis in these PICU cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10078123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Group A ß-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis: An updated review.","authors":"Alexander K C Leung,&nbsp;Joseph Lam,&nbsp;Benjamin Barankin,&nbsp;Kin Fon Leong,&nbsp;Kam Lun Hon","doi":"10.2174/1573396320666230726145436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573396320666230726145436","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Group A ß-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) is the leading bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis in children and adolescents worldwide.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This article aims to familiarize clinicians with the clinical manifestations, evaluation, diagnosis, and management of GABHS pharyngitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A search was conducted in December 2022 in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key term \"group A β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis\". This review covers mainly literature published in the previous ten years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Children with GABHS pharyngitis typically present with an abrupt onset of fever, intense pain in the throat, pain on swallowing, an inflamed pharynx, enlarged and erythematous tonsils, a red and swollen uvula, enlarged tender anterior cervical lymph nodes. As clinical manifestations may not be specific, even experienced clinicians may have difficulties diagnosing GABHS pharyngitis solely based on epidemiologic or clinical grounds alone. Patients suspected of having GABHS pharyngitis should be confirmed by microbiologic testing (e.g., culture, rapid antigen detection test, molecular point-of-care test) of a throat swab specimen prior to the initiation of antimicrobial therapy. Microbiologic testing is generally unnecessary in patients with pharyngitis whose clinical and epidemiologic findings do not suggest GABHS. Clinical score systems such as the Centor score and McIssac score have been developed to help clinicians decide which patients should undergo diagnostic testing and reduce the unnecessary use of antimicrobials. Antimicrobial therapy should be initiated without delay once the diagnosis is confirmed. Oral penicillin V and amoxicillin remain the drugs of choice. For patients who have a non-anaphylactic allergy to penicillin, oral cephalosporin is an acceptable alternative. For patients with a history of immediate, anaphylactic-type hypersensitivity to penicillin, oral clindamycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin are acceptable alternatives.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Early diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment are recommended to prevent suppurative complications (e.g., cervical lymphadenitis, peritonsillar abscess) and non-suppurative complications (particularly rheumatic fever) as well as to reduce the severity of symptoms, to shorten the duration of the illness and to reduce disease transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9861946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prenatal Learning and Memory: Review on the Impact of Exposure.","authors":"Nitesh Kumar,&nbsp;Sushmitha Kamath,&nbsp;Gautam Kumar,&nbsp;K Vaishali,&nbsp;Mukesh Kumar Sinha,&nbsp;Revati Amin,&nbsp;Mallikarjuna Rao Chamallamudi","doi":"10.2174/1573396318666220601160537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573396318666220601160537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Prenatal Learning is a topic still debated for its existence, although the concept is well known since ancient times.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present review highlights the impact of various stimuli on learning and memory in prenatal and postnatal life.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For review, various articles from preclinical and clinical studies providing early pieces of evidence of prenatal learning to date were included based on the relevancy of the databases, namely, Scopus, Pubmed, and Google Scholar.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Learning is the process of acquiring skills/ preferences/ habits from the experiences of the exposures of the past. These exposures are the stimuli, which help in categorizing learning into associated or nonassociated learning. The stimuli of adults related to auditory, gustatory, olfactory, visual, touch, etc. are also accessible to the prenatal life in utero either directly or indirectly through the mother. The effects of these stimuli are remarkable during prenatal life and can be seen clearly in infants. These stimuli play an important role in prenatal learning and contribute to neuronal development. The present review summarizes the pieces of evidence for each of these types of learning & their impact on the ex utero life, a futuristic view & the scope of understanding prenatal learning. The review also elucidates the factors affecting prenatal learning.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Studies from clinical and preclinical studies reflected the impacts of several aspects of an infant's life and the memory created during prenatal life was found to be most likely carried on to postnatal life.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9233739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondria in Early Life.","authors":"Ling He,&nbsp;Akhil Maheshwari","doi":"10.2174/1573396319666221221110728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573396319666221221110728","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mitochondria are highly-dynamic, membrane-bound organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the biochemical reactions in eukaryotic cells. These organelles also communicate with the nucleus and other cellular structures to help maintain somatic homeostasis, allow cellular adaptation to stress, and help maintain the developmental trajectory. Mitochondria also perform numerous other functions to support metabolic, energetic, and epigenetic regulation in our cells. There is increasing information on various disorders caused by defects in intrinsic mitochondrial or supporting nuclear genes, on different organ systems. In this review, we have summarized the ultrastructural morphology, structural components, our current understanding of the evolution, biogenesis, dynamics, function, clinical manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction, and future possibilities. The implications of deficits in mitochondrial dynamics and signaling for embryo viability and offspring health are also explored. We present information from our own clinical and laboratory research in conjunction with information collected from an extensive search in the databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9359292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Necrotizing Enterocolitis.","authors":"Xue Cai,&nbsp;Heather Liebe,&nbsp;Alena Golubkova,&nbsp;Tyler Leiva,&nbsp;Catherine J Hunter","doi":"10.2174/1573396318666220805110947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573396318666220805110947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease that primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract of premature neonates. The diagnosis and treatment of NEC remain challenging. New biomarkers and potential treatments for NEC have emerged in recent years, leading to the potential of earlier therapeutic intervention and improved outcomes. This paper aims to provide a review of the most recent diagnostic indicators and therapeutics of NEC along with a brief overview of future directions of research into this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10721394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal and Placental Risk Factors for Small Gestational Age and Fetal Malnutrition.","authors":"Vivekanand N,&nbsp;Poonam Singh,&nbsp;Vigneshwar Nkv,&nbsp;Michael Leonard Anthony,&nbsp;Shalinee Rao,&nbsp;Swathi Chacham,&nbsp;Jaya Chaturvedi,&nbsp;Sriparna Basu","doi":"10.2174/1573396318666220705154424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573396318666220705154424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>This case-control study was conducted to identify maternal and placental risk factors of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and fetal malnutrition.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cases comprised 104 consecutively delivered SGA neonates (determined as per INTERGROWTH- 21st standard). An equal number of next-born gestation and gender-matched appropriatefor- gestational age (AGA) neonates served as controls. Maternal risk factors were enquired, and placentae were evaluated by clinical and histopathological examination. Nutrition of the neonates was assessed by the clinical assessment of nutrition (CAN) score. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to identify the maternal and placental risk factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of SGA in the present study was 23.9%. Maternal fever [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR), 95% confidence interval (CI), 16.3 (3.5-124.1); p = 0.001], presence of placental syncytial knots [aOR (95% CI), 2.9 (1.1-9.1); p = 0.04] and placental calcifications [aOR (95% CI), 3(1.1- 8.7); p = 0.03], were identified as independent predictors of SGA using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Malnutrition (SCORE <25) affected 64% of SGA and 16.3% of AGA neonates. The only risk factor significantly associated with malnourished SGA was prematurity, whereas malnourished AGA was significantly associated with prematurity and fetal distress. In-hospital morbidities significantly higher in SGA were perinatal asphyxia, respiratory distress, need for respiratory support, polycythemia, hypoglycemia, and feeding intolerance. Mortality before discharge was 4.8% and 3.8% in SGA and AGA population, respectively (p > 0.05). Neonatal outcomes were comparable among well-nourished, malnourished SGA and AGA groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Maternal fever, placental syncytial knots, and calcifications were independent risk factors of SGA, whereas prematurity and fetal distress were responsible for malnutrition.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10662924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutropenia in Preterm Infants.","authors":"Gaetano Chirico","doi":"10.2174/1573396319666221216121530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573396319666221216121530","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The non-specific and antigen-specific components of host defense mechanisms are subject to the adaptation process in the neonate; however, the neutrophil quantitative and qualitative deficiency is one of the most significant causative factors of neonatal-increased vulnerability to infection.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To review the incidence and outcome of neutropenia of unknown cause in preterm infants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The incidence of early and late-onset idiopathic neutropenia of prematurity is significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The low neutrophil counts respond quickly to G-CSF treatment; however, due to the low probability of septic complications, particularly in the late-onset neutropenia, a deep diagnostic approach and the potential hematopoietic growth factor treatment should be limited to the severe cases, such as a neutrophil count <500/μL, lasting for more than 2 days.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10664643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Procalcitonin Biomarker for Sepsis in Postoperative Pediatric Trauma Patients: Three Years of Experience from a Tertiary University Hospital.","authors":"Waleed H Albuali","doi":"10.2174/1573396318666220912093557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573396318666220912093557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The biomarker procalcitonin (PCT) is good in detecting sepsis in postoperative pediatric trauma patients, especially those with a high suspicion of sepsis, and formulating a quick treatment. Its use is still limited to pediatric surgical patients, particularly those in intensive care units (ICUs), who are more susceptible to sepsis. The purpose of this study was to see if procalcitonin could be used as a reliable and quick biomarker for sepsis in postoperative pediatric trauma patients and were brought to the PICU.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective longitudinal study was conducted from January 2017 to December 2019. Postoperative pediatric trauma patients aged > 2 weeks old who were hospitalized at the PICU of King Fahd Hospital of the University due to serious trauma or post-acute surgical events were included. Within 24 hours of admission, PCT levels were measured, and again 48-72 hours later.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In our study, 31% of severely ill children developed post-surgical sepsis. When compared to the PRISM III score and 24-hour PCT level, PCT levels at 48-72 hours exhibited the largest area under the curve (AUC). With a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 65%, the predictive AUC value was estimated to be 0.71. The AUC of PCT levels at 48-72 hours was 0.72 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.65-0.79; p < 0.001), indicating high predictive validity using a cutoff point > 0.10, with sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 68.4%, 63.6%, 45.8%, and 81.8%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PCT is a sensitive biomarker for detecting sepsis in postoperative pediatric trauma patients, especially those with a high pre-test suspicion for sepsis. In addition, PCT can be used alone or in combination with other clinical findings to help formulate a rapid primary diagnosis of sepsis in this subset of patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":11175,"journal":{"name":"Current Pediatric Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10666229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}