Addiction最新文献

{"title":"The National Academy of Sciences ‘Clearing the Smoke: assessing the Science Base for tobacco harm reduction’. Washington DC, National Academy Press, 2001","authors":"Wayne Hall","doi":"10.1111/add.16655","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.16655","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 2000 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) commissioned the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to assess the scientific plausibility of THR. The NAS Expert Committee produced a detailed report on the feasibility of developing ‘potential reduced-exposure products’ (PREPs) that would form part of a comprehensive approach to reducing the harms caused by tobacco smoking in the United States.<span><sup>1</sup></span></p><p>In 2000 the adult smoking prevalence in the United States was 25%, having declined from 42% in 1965.<span><sup>1</sup></span> The FDA had approved nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) and the antidepressant bupropion for smoking cessation but they were only modestly effective, and some leading figures in the US public health community argued that harm reduction policies were needed to reduce tobacco-related harm among smokers unable or unwilling to quit.<span><sup>1</sup></span></p><p>The Committee's report assumed that: tobacco smoking was a major cause of human disease that was sustained by nicotine addiction; that the best ways to protect individual and public health from tobacco-related harms were to prevent non-smokers from starting to smoke cigarettes; to encourage people who smoked to stop; and to introduce regulations that prevented non-smokers from being exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.<span><sup>1</sup></span></p><p>The Committee defined a PREP as a product that: ‘lowers total tobacco-related mortality and morbidity’ even though its use ‘may involve continued exposure to tobacco-related toxicants’ (p. 2). E-cigarettes and heat-not-burn products had not yet been marketed in the United States, so the Committee only considered the following candidate PREPs: smoked tobacco with lower levels of nitrosamines; the long-term use of pharmaceutical nicotine and bupropion to prevent relapse to smoking; the use of oral tobacco products; and the use of non-combustible tobacco products that were then under development (chapter 4).</p><p>In answering question 4, the Committee was asked to consider whether any reduction in harms that PREP provided to users may be offset if (1) people used PREPs in ways that increased harm to themselves; (2) substantial numbers of non-smokers began to use PREPs; and (3) smokers used PREPs while continuing to smoke instead of quitting smoking or fully switching to using the PREP.</p><p>In chapter 3 the Committee provided a cautionary history of the failure of ‘low tar and low nicotine’ or ‘light’ cigarettes to reduce tobacco-related harm in the 1970s and 1980s. This showed that people who smoked ‘light’ cigarettes undermined any potential harm reduction benefits by changing how they smoked to maximize the amount of nicotine extracted from each cigarette. For example, they increased the number of cigarettes smoked and the number of puffs per cigarette, they inhaled the tobacco smoke more deeply and they blocked ventilation holes near the filter that were intended to dilute tobacco smoke (cha","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":"119 12","pages":"2216-2220"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.16655","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142102341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harm to children from others' drinking: A survey of caregivers in Australia","authors":"Cassandra Hopkins,&nbsp;Sandra Kuntsche,&nbsp;Robyn Dwyer,&nbsp;Dan Anderson-Luxford,&nbsp;Anne-Marie Laslett","doi":"10.1111/add.16637","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.16637","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aimed to identify the prevalence and types of harm to children from others' drinking in Australia, as indicated by caregivers, and examine socio-demographic characteristics of caregivers who indicated a child was affected by others' drinking.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design, setting, participants and measurements</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A subsample of 854 adult respondents, who were caregivers of children under 18 years from the 2021 Australian Alcohol's Harm to Others study, were asked questions about whether children in their care had been negatively affected by others' drinking in the past year. Weighted prevalence estimates of overall and specific harms to children are presented. Logistic regressions were conducted to determine characteristics associated with indicating harms to children from others' drinking.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Over 17% of caregivers (95% confidence interval [CI] = 13.0–19.0) indicated that one or more children in their care had been affected by others' drinking in the past 12 months. Verbal abuse (6.2%; 95% CI = 4.3–8.3) was the most common harm indicated, followed by financial harm (4.3%; 95% CI = 2.7–6.2). One percent of caregivers (95% CI = 0.4–2.3) indicated a child was physically hurt and less than 1% (95% CI = 0.2–1.4) indicated a child was the subject of a child protection call due to someone's drinking. Women and caregivers over 65 years were more likely to indicate a child had been affected compared with men and caregivers under 65 years. Caregivers who drank five or more drinks at least three times per week were four times more likely to indicate a child was affected compared with abstainers. Living in a household with someone who drinks heavily and who had negatively affected the child's caregiver was associated with an increased likelihood of child harm.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In 2021, a weighted survey estimate for caregivers in Australia indicated that almost one in six children had been affected by others' drinking. Heavier drinking of caregivers and other household members was the most substantial predictor for indicating a child had been negatively affected by others' drinking.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":"119 11","pages":"1956-1963"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.16637","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142071481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary on Conde et al.: Addressing evidence gaps on the impact of vaping among young people","authors":"Katherine East","doi":"10.1111/add.16656","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.16656","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;In their recent article, Conde &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;] introduce the concept of interactive evidence and gap maps (EGMs) to assess vaping (e-cigarettes). In health research, repetition of poor-quality studies is, unfortunately, common, and Conde &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. demonstrate the utility of stepping back to identify gaps and what is needed to fill them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Conde &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. map the evidence exploring the relationship between vaping and subsequent smoking among young people (aged &lt; 30 years). They found that the evidence to date clusters around vaping and subsequent initiation of smoking or current smoking (i.e. ‘gateway hypothesis’), with little attention given to the harm reduction potential of vaping among young people, particularly those from disadvantaged groups. They also found that most studies were from a few high-income countries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Of the 134 studies mapped, 106 assessed vaping as an exposure and current, or initiation of, smoking as an outcome. Reviews previously published in &lt;i&gt;Addiction&lt;/i&gt; [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;] and elsewhere [&lt;span&gt;3, 4&lt;/span&gt;] have discussed the limitations of such ‘gateway’ studies, including inadequate adjustment for confounders, reliance upon self-report measures of infrequent use (e.g. ever use) without biochemical verification and high attrition. These limitations mean it is difficult to establish meaningful associations or causality. Evidence also suggests that the association between starting vaping and starting smoking works both ways [&lt;span&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;] and that both behaviours share genetic aetiology [&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;], which is more consistent with a common liability rather than a causal association. Rather than more studies in this area, researchers could focus their attention elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vaping poses only a fraction of the health harms of smoking, and there is now a substantial evidence base for vaping for tobacco harm reduction among adults [&lt;span&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;]. Vaping nicotine can help adults to quit or reduce their smoking [&lt;span&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;], and this effect is greater among adults with no initial plans to quit smoking [&lt;span&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;]. Qualitative work also suggests some ‘accidental quitting’ or ‘sliding’ into tobacco abstinence among adults who try vaping [&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;]. Young adults have historically underutilized evidence-based cessation treatments for smoking [&lt;span&gt;11&lt;/span&gt;], and quit rates are low among this age group [&lt;span&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;]. However, at the population level, since disposable vapes have come onto the market in Great Britain smoking declines have been most pronounced among young adults, a group with the largest increases in vaping [&lt;span&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;]. Vaping could therefore be a ‘gateway out’ of smoking although, as Conde &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. show, there are few studies specifically assessing vaping for smoking cessation, reduction or prevention among young adults. Addressing this gap is crucial, because the earlier someone stops smoking the better their health outcomes [&lt;span&gt;14&lt;/s","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":"119 10","pages":"1711-1712"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.16656","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142054298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heightened mortality risk after a non-fatal opioid overdose: Risk factors for mortality in the week following emergency treatment","authors":"Desiree Eide,&nbsp;Linn Gjersing,&nbsp;Aksel Wüsthoff Danielsen,&nbsp;Arne Kristian Skulberg,&nbsp;Ola Dale,&nbsp;Anne-Catherine Braarud,&nbsp;Fridtjof Heyerdahl,&nbsp;Ida Tylleskar","doi":"10.1111/add.16632","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.16632","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Aims&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;To measure all-cause mortality risk after an ambulance-attended non-fatal opioid overdose and associations with number of days following attendance, and individual and clinical characteristics.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Design&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;A prospective observational study.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Setting&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Oslo, Norway.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Participants&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Patients treated with naloxone for opioid overdose by Oslo Emergency Services between 1 June 2014 and 31 December 2018.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Measurements&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Medical records were linked to the national Cause of Death Registry (1 June 2014–31 December 2019). Crude mortality rates (CMR) and incidence risk ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for the time periods (0–7 days, 8–31 days, 32–91 days, 92–183 days, &gt;183 days) using multivariate Poisson regression analysis. IRR were estimated for sex, age, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), respiration rate, place of attendance and non-transportation following treatment. Robust variance estimates applied due to multiple risk periods. Standardized Mortality Rates (SMR) were estimated.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Findings&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Overall, 890 patients treated for 1764 overdoses contributed to a total time at risk of 3142 person-years (PY). Median number of attendances was 1 (range 1–27). The majority were male (75.5%) and the mean age was 37.7 years. In total, 112 (12.6%) died; 5.2% within 183 days and 2.2% between 184 and 365 days. Acute poisoning was the most common single cause of death (52.7%). The CMR was 3.6 (95% CI = 3.0–4.2) per 100-PY. The women had a SMR of 32 (95% CI = 15.8–57.9) and the men 24.9 (95% CI = 17.7–34.2). The CMR (22.2, 95% CI = 10.6–46.8) was particularly high in the first 7 days, and significantly higher than in the following periods. However, this finding was only valid for those with severe overdose symptoms (GCS score = 3/15 and/or respiratory rate ≤6/min). Except for increasing age, no other indicators were associated with the mortality risk.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Patients treated by Oslo Emergency Services between June 2014 and December 2018 for a non-fatal opioid overdose with severe overdose symptoms at at","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":"119 12","pages":"2131-2138"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.16632","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142054219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence and policy is certainly more complex than it seems","authors":"Virginia Berridge,&nbsp;Wayne Hall,&nbsp;Kylie Morphett,&nbsp;Amy Fairchild,&nbsp;Ron Bayer,&nbsp;Coral Gartner","doi":"10.1111/add.16660","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.16660","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;We thank the commentators for providing a sense of how the conclusions we drew [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;] from research in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States do or do not apply to the development of tobacco and e-cigarette policies in Japan [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;], New Zealand [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;] and the Nordic countries [&lt;span&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The commentaries support our conclusion that pre-history is important. Sweden has a long history of the use of snus to replace cigarette smoking, but oral tobacco products have been banned in England and Australia, and they are not widely used in the United States. Despite the Swedish history with snus, policymakers in neighbouring Nordic countries are hostile to its use for harm reduction. The European Union (EU) seems to have played a positive role, with special exemption for Sweden, but a negative role in Denmark and Finland. This is an interesting contrast with the EU’s later role in relation to e-cigarettes with its impact on England. Therefore, timing and history emerge as significant, together with the role of regional government.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Japan is an interesting case, because the major concern there is with the high uptake of heated tobacco products (HTPs) by young people. One suspects that Japan Tobacco has played a key role in this outcome by ensuring that HTPs have been legally promoted and widely adopted by those who smoke cigarettes, while the sale of e-cigarettes has been banned.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Waa’s commentary highlights another central issue: who policy is intended to benefit. We pointed to the stark contrast between English e-cigarette policy that focused upon reducing harms among people who smoke and the long-standing Australian and US concerns with protecting youth. Waa highlights the importance of policy attending to the high rates of e-cigarette and tobacco use by Māori youth and adults in New Zealand. The colonial legacy, much discussed in current work by historians, is clearly important here.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Deguchi &amp; Tabuchi note that policy towards tobacco harm reduction products is dynamic and evolving. This has been clearly seen with the recent move in Australia away from a prescription-only model for e-cigarettes towards allowing their sale in pharmacies without a medical prescription. As these authors point out, the recent concern in the United Kingdom regarding unregulated youth vaping has been reflected in the UK Tobacco and Vapes Bill. That Bill has been revived by the incoming Labour government. However, it does not mark a major change in the use of e-cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy for people who smoke, as demonstrated by the provision of e-cigarettes in the ‘Swap to Stop’ scheme through the National Health Service (NHS). Some aspects of policy in the three countries may be converging around youth use, but some still remain distinct.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We are pleased that our paper has served its intended purpose in encouraging analyses of other countries’ e-cigarette policies, deepening our und","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":"119 11","pages":"1877-1878"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.16660","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142054299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Better data access can lead to better collaborative conclusions: Results of a discussion with Heirene","authors":"David Zendle,&nbsp;Philip Newall","doi":"10.1111/add.16657","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.16657","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Heirene [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;] raises a series of valid points. We agree that our inferences provide stronger evidence for a general relationship between gambling spend and risk; but importantly, weaker evidence for proposed specific monthly financial risk checks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Based on discussion with Heirene, we agreed that a better way of evaluating risk checks would be to determine how many times each person in each risk group would have reached the now £150 net-deposit threshold with a single operator in a given month. We performed these analyses, finding that the typical ‘unharmed’ [Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) = 0; &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 229] gambler would be flagged 0.28 times [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.14, 0.54] during the calendar year, whereas the average ‘at-risk’ gambler (PGSI &gt; 0; &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 195) would be flagged 1.94 times (95% CI = 1.42, 2.66). Code and analysis output are available on-line [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;]. We hope that this analysis addresses Heirene’s [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;] concerns and supports the target article in suggesting the potential utility of financial risk checks at the now £150 monthly net-deposit threshold [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Regulation in technology-focused domains such as gambling must be fast-moving if it is to be effective. When we began writing [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;], public language centred around ‘affordability checks’; now stakeholder discussions have moved forward to ‘financial risk checks’ [&lt;span&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;]. When we published [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;], checks were proposed for £125 monthly net loss [&lt;span&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;]; now proposed thresholds are at £150 in net deposits [&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;]. To provide timely guidance in dynamic environments, researchers need rapid access to naturalistic data. Without this, agile academic responses become intractable and the ability of the research community to inform policy becomes limited. We hope that this constructive and collaborative debate with Heirene provides a test case in the ability for better data access to unlock better, data-driven ways of making policy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Crucially, this open exchange of views is facilitated by our reliance upon data infrastructure, rather than data sharing. There are typically significant barriers to the repeated sharing of naturalistic datasets with the research community by third parties [&lt;span&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;]. This point is demonstrated by two impactful projects using naturalistic data [&lt;span&gt;8, 9&lt;/span&gt;]. These projects have been transformative in terms of obtaining insights, but have faced barriers in terms of translating ongoing data access to the wider community. An understated strength of Zendle &amp; Newall [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;] is that the implementation of novel data infrastructure allowed us to crowd-source naturalistic data directly from gamblers via a process of data donation [&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;]. This means that such data remain accessible for iterative and incremental research: this is the process by which science becomes self-correcting.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;All evidence in","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":"119 10","pages":"1838-1839"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.16657","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142034618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary on Yang et al.: The need for a renewed focus on identifying and responding to chronic pain among people with substance use disorders","authors":"Gabrielle Campbell,&nbsp;Briony Larance","doi":"10.1111/add.16654","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.16654","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Chronic non-cancer pain (hereafter referred to as chronic pain) is defined as non-malignant pain persisting for 3 months or longer. It is a common problem world-wide, affecting approximately one in five people globally [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;]. Yang &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;.’s [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;] review is the first to provide pooled estimates of the prevalence of current pain and chronic pain among the specific group of people seeking or receiving opioid agonist treatment (OAT), finding a prevalence twice that of the general population (44%). Importantly, although chronic pain is more prevalent in people seeking or receiving OAT, emerging research suggests that it is also common among people with other substance use disorders [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;]. We recently estimated the prevalence of chronic pain to be 37.5% among 9413 clients enrolled in a large not-for-profit alcohol and other drug (AOD) service in Australia [&lt;span&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;]. However, evidence on the causes, consequences and appropriate treatment responses remain relatively underdeveloped.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We know that in the general population, chronic pain is associated with being older, higher levels of socio-economic disadvantage via reduced working ability [&lt;span&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;], poorer physical and mental health [&lt;span&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;], functional decline and loss of independent living [&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;] and increased risk of suicide [&lt;span&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;]. Many of these characteristics are more pronounced among AOD treatment populations, particularly those with opioid use disorder. Yang &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;] report that among people seeking treatment or receiving OAT, chronic pain was associated with a greater risk of unemployment and more severe mental health symptoms compared to people without chronic pain. We found similar associations among people with chronic pain entering general AOD treatment [&lt;span&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;]. Additionally, we found that chronic pain was associated with a two times increased risk for suicide-related behaviours, homelessness and eviction [&lt;span&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;]. Chronic pain is also associated with poorer AOD treatment outcomes, including poorer rates of abstinence [&lt;span&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Access and affordability of appropriate pain management services remain an issue in the general population [&lt;span&gt;9, 10&lt;/span&gt;]. These barriers are probably greater among people entering treatment for substance use disorders due to financial disadvantage and poorer private health insurance coverage [&lt;span&gt;11&lt;/span&gt;]. Integrated behavioural pain management treatments incorporated into AOD treatments show promise [&lt;span&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;]; however, there is a need to invest in further research to improve outcomes for people with chronic pain and substance use disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chronic pain should be incorporated into AOD work-force education and development and more effectively integrated into our treatment responses. Furthermore, to date, only a small percentage of substance use treatment facilities report having programmes to treat patien","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":"119 11","pages":"1902-1903"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.16654","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142034619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does gambling expenditure have any effect on crime?","authors":"Wai Yin Wan Ph.D.,&nbsp;Joanna Wang Ph.D.,&nbsp;Donald J Weatherburn Ph.D.","doi":"10.1111/add.16648","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.16648","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Australians spend more per capita on gambling than any other country in the world. Electronic gaming machines (EGM) expenditure accounts for almost 90% of this expenditure. No study to date has conducted a rigorous longitudinal analysis of the relationship between gambling expenditure and crime. This study aimed to estimate the short- and long-run relationship between gambling expenditure and crime.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Longitudinal analysis using panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modelling.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Setting and cases</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Recorded property and violent crimes committed in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, between 28 December 2015 and 5 January 2020.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Measurements</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Monthly gross EGM expenditure profit, broken down by Local Government Area (LGA). Monthly recorded rates of assault, break enter and steal (dwelling), break enter and steal (non-dwelling), break enter and steal (total), motor vehicle theft, stealing from a motor vehicle, stealing from a retail store, stealing from the person, stealing (total) and fraud.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Each 10% increase in gambling expenditure in NSW is associated with annual: 7.4% increase in assaults, 10.5% increase in break and enter (dwelling) offences; 10.3% increase in break and enter (non-dwelling) offences; 11% increase in motor vehicle theft offences; 8.2% increase in stealing from motor vehicle offences; and 7.4% increase in fraud offences.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Electronic gaming expenditure appears to be positively associated with property and violent crime in New South Wales, Australia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":"119 12","pages":"2197-2204"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.16648","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142015655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping consumptions and market size of cocaine, amphetamine and MDMA through wastewater analysis: A Dutch case study.","authors":"Thomas L Ter Laak, Erik Emke, Nicole Dolot, Emiel E van Loon, Margo M E van der Kooi, Arian C van Asten, Pim de Voogt","doi":"10.1111/add.16649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16649","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Illicit drug consumption is associated with public health effects and criminal activities. This study aimed to estimate Illicit drug consumption and annual market in the Netherlands from wastewater analysis of drug residues.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Residues of cocaine, amphetamine and 3,4-methylene dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) were measured between 2015 and 2022 in 30 Dutch wastewater treatment plants serving both rural and urban populations. These wastewater treatment plants covered 20% of the total Dutch population. The Dutch annual retail market was estimated by extrapolating consumption to the total Dutch population, back-calculating consumption volume, correcting for drug purity and street price collected in voluntary checking services, and accounting for the correlation of consumption and urbanity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The per capita MDMA and cocaine consumption correlated positively with the urbanity of the wastewater treatment plant catchments with r² of 31% and 64%, respectively. Amphetamine did not show a significant correlation with urbanity. The three studied drugs were conservatively estimated to cover an average annual market value of 903 (95% prediction interval 829 to 987) million Euro for the studied period. Market estimations from prevalence figures and interceptions of international trade were similar.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Illicit drug consumption in the Netherlands appears to correlate positively with urban (in contrast to rural) areas. Wastewater analysis can be used to estimate the volume and monetary value of illicit drug markets as a proof of concept.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142015656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining how the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic affected alcohol use in different socio-demographic groups in an Australian representative longitudinal sample","authors":"Yvette Mojica-Perez,&nbsp;Michael Livingston,&nbsp;Amy Pennay,&nbsp;Sarah Callinan","doi":"10.1111/add.16651","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.16651","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Research examining how alcohol consumption changed across different socio-demographic groups during the pandemic has largely relied upon convenience samples recruited after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to measure whether the pandemic shifted alcohol consumption in different gender, age and income groups in Australia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design, setting and participants</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This was a longitudinal study using four waves (2017–20) of the annual Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey to compare pre-pandemic consumption (2017–19) with consumption in 2020. A total of 11 636 participants in Australia aged 15 years and older took part.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Measurements</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants were asked annually about their alcohol consumption, demographics and income.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There was a statistically significant increase in alcohol consumption during the first year of the pandemic [incident rate ratio (IRR) = 1.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1, 1.1], largely driven by changes in drinking frequency. We found a significant difference in consumption change from pre-COVID-19 to during COVID-19 for participants aged under 55 years compared with those aged over 55 years. In addition, participants aged 15–34 reported less alcohol consumption during the pandemic than those aged 35 years and older. No significant differences were identified across gender and income groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Alcohol consumption in Australia increased during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Survey participants aged 55 years and over seemed to be the least impacted by the public health measures introduced during the pandemic, such as the closure of licensed premises.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":"119 12","pages":"2176-2184"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.16651","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142007884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}