Addiction最新文献

{"title":"Simulating the effects of an alcohol minimum unit price policy on distilled spirits sales in 28 states of the USA.","authors":"Doris G Gammon, Jennifer Gaber, Marissa B Esser, William Dowd, Gregory Leung, Katherine J Karriker-Jaffe, James Nonnemaker","doi":"10.1111/add.70570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70570","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Excessive alcohol use is a leading preventable chronic disease risk factor. Alcohol minimum unit pricing (MUP) policies are not used in the United States despite evidence of associations with reduced drinking and alcohol-related harms. To inform potential population-level chronic disease prevention strategies, we estimated effects of various hypothetical MUPs on alcohol sales.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Simulation based on observational time-series data. We used weekly off-premises product-specific alcohol retail sales and prices in 28 states of the United States for November 2022-November 2023 from NielsenIQ to estimate the own-price elasticity of spirits and cross-price elasticities of wine, beer and ready-to-drinks with respect to spirits. Using estimated elasticities, we simulated changes in total alcohol sales associated with hypothetical spirits MUPs ranging from $0.10 to $1.10 per standard drink (0.6 fluid ounces of alcohol).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A hypothetical MUP of $0.80 per standard drink on spirits yielded the largest estimated decrease in alcohol sales (-1.7%) and would affect 5374 of 26 249 spirits products. To reach the $0.80 MUP, the sales-weighted average price increase among affected products was $0.24 per drink.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Minimum unit pricing policies on distilled spirits in the United States could shift purchasing behavior and help reduce alcohol-related harms.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148862625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'Emptiness filled with love': A reflexive thematic analysis of chemsex trajectories among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in Almaty, Kazakhstan, using a life course framework.","authors":"Nikolay Lunchenkov, Nadezhda Cherchenko, Elena German, Susanna Rinne-Wolf","doi":"10.1111/add.70454","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.70454","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background and aims: &lt;/strong&gt;The intentional use of psychoactive substances to enhance sexual experiences, known as chemsex, is associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, psychological distress and social isolation among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). While research has predominantly focused on high-income countries, gaps remain in our understanding of the dynamics in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where structural homophobia, restrictive drug policies and limited healthcare access uniquely shape chemsex-related risks. There is limited research on how chemsex engagement evolves over time. This study aimed to identify the stages of chemsex engagement and examine how social, psychological and structural factors shape transitions between these stages among GBMSM in Kazakhstan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This study is a secondary analysis of data from a cross-sectional qualitative study conducted in Almaty, Kazakhstan, between July and September 2023. Twenty-one GBMSM who had engaged in chemsex within the past 12 months participated in semi-structured interviews lasting between 60 and 90 minutes. All participants reported using mephedrone and/or alpha-PHP (α-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone). Deductive reflexive thematic analysis, guided by Life Course Theory, was used to reconstruct chemsex trajectories from retrospective participant accounts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Five distinct themes related to different trajectory stages were developed. Initiation occurred through trusted social networks in intimate settings, taking the form of unplanned encounters that fulfilled emotional needs for connection and belonging. Maintenance was characterised by self-imposed temporal and dosage limits; however, participants reported a decline in satisfaction with sober sex. Escalation involved a breakdown of protective boundaries, an increased frequency and quantity of use and a deeper involvement in chemsex social networks, despite mounting physical and psychological consequences. Dependence was characterised by a narrowed agency under escalating constraints, with substance use shifting from enhancing pleasure to coping with withdrawal, resulting in substantial impairment across life domains. Disengagement attempts described recursive trajectories with diverse recovery goals ranging from cessation to managed use. Sustained abstinence was rare and dependent on affirming care and supportive resources. Throughout all stages, structural stigma constrained individual agency, while chemsex networks provided crucial emotional safety that was unavailable in mainstream environments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Chemsex trajectories among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in Kazakhstan represent dynamic processes shaped by the interaction between individual agency and structural constraints, in which substance use functions as an emotional regulation strategy and a social survival stra","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":"2532-2544"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13486950/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147757608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evolution of Australian cannabis policies, 1967 to 2024.","authors":"Wayne D Hall, Danielle Dawson, Ben Johnson, Tesfa M Yimer","doi":"10.1111/add.70414","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.70414","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To describe the outcomes of cannabis policy debates in Australia from 1967 to 2024.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched popular media, public reports, parliamentary inquiries and policy documents on cannabis in Australia since the 1960s and examined peer reviewed papers, national survey data and police records of cannabis-related arrests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We describe three phases in the development of Australian cannabis policy: a prolonged debate (1970-1999) about whether state governments should remove criminal penalties for cannabis possession and use; a less prominent but overlapping debate (1994-2016) about whether Australia should legally permit the medical use of cannabis; and a renewed debate (1999-2023) about whether adults should be allowed to use cannabis for non-medical purposes and obtain it from a regulated legal market. The legalisation of medical cannabis in 2016, and the progressive liberalisation of its regulation, appear to have increased public support for adult cannabis legalisation in Australia and encouraged several so far unsuccessful attempts to pass legislation to do so.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Criminal penalties for personal possession and use of cannabis have been removed in smaller states and territories of Australia, but the more populous states have diverted persons charged with cannabis use offences into education and treatment. The legalisation of medical cannabis use in 2016 appears to have increased public support for the legalisation of adult use, but there are major political obstacles to this policy change.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":"2561-2572"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13486931/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147626510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online prize draws and competitions: Gambling products outside the United Kingdom regulatory framework.","authors":"Jack McGarrigle, Jamie Torrance, Martyn Quigley, Simon Dymond","doi":"10.1111/add.70507","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.70507","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":"2577-2578"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13486910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148209411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary on Comstock et al.: Here we go again-Kratom and the failure to learn from the opioid crisis.","authors":"Andrew Kolodny","doi":"10.1111/add.70512","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.70512","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":"2468-2469"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13486914/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148215491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are people who use methamphetamine at increased risk of physical violence? Results from a nationally representative sample.","authors":"Christel Macdonald, Rebecca McKetin, Sergey Alexeev, Don Weatherburn","doi":"10.1111/add.70455","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.70455","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>The association between methamphetamine use and violent behaviour has received much attention in the research. The risk of violent victimisation among people who use methamphetamine is comparatively underexplored. People who use methamphetamine appear to be at a high risk of violent victimisation, but no studies have examined this association in a population-based representative survey. The aim of the current study was to examine the association between methamphetamine use and violent victimisation using a nationally representative sample of Australians.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Observational study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Australia.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>18 805 individuals aged 15 years or over.</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>Outcome variable: whether a respondent reported having been a victim of violence in the past 12 months. Exposure variable: frequency of methamphetamine use in the past 12 months (no use, every few months, monthly or more often). Co-variates: age, gender, financial stress, personal stress, long-term health condition, social isolation, cocaine use, drinking consumption, remoteness of area and survey year. Analyses were exploratory.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>1.27% of the sample reported violence victimisation in the past 12 months, and 1.33% reported methamphetamine use (0.71% every few months; 0.62% monthly or more often). After adjusting for covariates, the odds of being a victim of violence in the preceding 12 months were higher for those who used methamphetamine every few months [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 5.94; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.95-18.06], and once a month or more often (aOR = 9.04; 95% CI = 3.48-23.45) than for those who had not used methamphetamine in the past year. Predicted probabilities indicated an estimated 11 709 (95% CI = 9473-13 953) excess violent victimisations attributable to methamphetamine use.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Methamphetamine use appears to be associated with an elevated risk of being a victim of violence. The population-level effects of methamphetamine use on violence may be small but are likely to have substantial public health implications in communities experiencing high levels of methamphetamine use.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":"2520-2531"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13486945/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147830935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug sellers' use of a drug checking service amid the overdose crisis in British Columbia, Canada.","authors":"Pablo Gonzalez-Nieto, Bruce Wallace, Collin Kielty, Irene Shkolnikov, Ava Margolese, Jaime Arredondo Sanchez Lira, Chris Gill, Dennis Hore","doi":"10.1111/add.70429","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.70429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study examined the use of a drug checking service by drug sellers in British Columbia, Canada, to assess motivations for service use and substances intended for distribution, focusing on risks associated with an unstable illicit drug market.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from an anonymous intake survey and drug checking results. The survey captured frequency of service use, expected substances and reasons for service access.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>The study was set in Victoria, British Columbia, where participants accessed a free confidential drug checking service between January 2021 and December 2024.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>A total of 2332 drug sellers were included in the analysis, accounting for 16.2% of all service users. They submitted 5528 samples (21.6% of total samples), averaging 2.4 samples per visit, compared to 1.7 among non-sellers.</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>The primary outcomes measured included the frequency of drug check use, the expected and actual composition of the samples, pre- or post-consumption analysis and the reasons for engaging with the service. Secondary outcomes focused on the reported potency and the presence of unexpected substances.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>A statistically significant portion of sellers continuously used the service, particularly for opioid samples, which comprised 69.2% of seller submissions compared with 35.1% among non-sellers [X² (1, n = 20 864) = 2055.57, P < 0.001]. Sellers reported using the service to mitigate risks associated with the illicit drug market, including overdose, showing a proactive interest in ensuring the safety of their customers. Despite greater confidence in the composition of their products, sellers were less likely than non-sellers to have their samples confirmed as \"expected\" [38.4% vs. 51.9%; X² (1, n = 12 520) = 313.76, P < 0.001]; unexpected substances were detected in 44.8% of their samples. Notably, protective strategies employed by sellers were identified, demonstrating the role of drug checking as a supply-focused harm reduction intervention.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In Victoria, British Columbia, drug sellers appear to be increasingly using drug checking services as a preventive measure, positioning them as potential partners in harm reduction efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":"2470-2481"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13486948/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147757586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Substance-related intrusive memories in cocaine use disorder are different from but associated with craving.","authors":"Amelie Zacher, Lina Dietiker, Victoria Häffner, Francesco Bavato, Birgit Kleim, Boris B Quednow","doi":"10.1111/add.70449","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.70449","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background and aims: &lt;/strong&gt;Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a significant global health concern, characterized by persistent craving despite severe consequences. Recent theories highlight maladaptive memory processes - such as intrusive, vivid recollections of past substance use that arise spontaneously in daily life - as key contributors to craving and relapse; however, empirical studies examining such substance-related intrusions in naturalistic contexts remain scarce. This study therefore used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to investigate the frequency, phenomenology and emotional and behavioural correlates of substance-related memory intrusions in individuals with CUD, and how these relate to craving, cocaine use severity (CUS) and psychotherapy experience.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Design: &lt;/strong&gt;A 14-day EMA study captured event-based reports of intrusions, craving and related experiences in participants diagnosed with CUD.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Setting: &lt;/strong&gt;The study was conducted in Switzerland in a naturalistic setting, with data collected via individuals' smartphones.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Participants: &lt;/strong&gt;N = 43 participants (recruited in Switzerland, 16% female; 18-59 years old, median compliance rate 82.8%) with a current DSM-5 diagnosis of CUD made a total of n = 360 event-based reports that were analysed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Measurements: &lt;/strong&gt;EMA reports included intrusion episode types (pure intrusions, intrusions with subsequent or simultaneous craving or pure craving), intrusion characteristics (vividness, intrusiveness, modalities), craving intensity, episode triggers and cognitive-behavioural, emotional and physiological responses. CUS was assessed based on use quantity, duration and obsessive-compulsive use symptoms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Findings: &lt;/strong&gt;Participants recorded an average of 8.4 episodes (standard deviation = 5.8) across 14 days. Intrusions frequently occurred independently of craving (42.4%) but were statistically significantly associated with greater craving intensity when more vivid (unstandardized regression coefficient b = 0.53, P = 0.002) and intrusive (b = 0.48, P &lt; 0.001). Episodes involving craving were characterized by greater distress (b = 1.52-2.17, all P &lt; 0.001) and greater loss of control (b = 2.41-3.22, all P &lt; 0.001) and were associated with higher odds of reporting obtaining cocaine (odds ratio = 19.90, P &lt; 0.001). Higher CUS predicted more frequent intrusion episodes (unstandardized regression coefficient β = 0.52, P &lt; 0.001), while psychotherapy experience was associated with lower vividness (b = -1.45, P = 0.008), intrusiveness (b = -1.33, P = 0.004) and craving intensity (b = -1.56, P = 0.010).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Substance-related memory intrusions in people with cocaine use disorder are distinct cognitive-affective events that often occur independently of craving but are closely linked to its intensity, particularly when experienced as vivid and emotionally charged. Targetin","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":"2504-2517"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13486936/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147757906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary on Friedman et al.: Inequitable improvements and data gaps-A call for better drug surveillance data.","authors":"Mathew V Kiang","doi":"10.1111/add.70520","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.70520","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":"2559-2560"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13486942/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148306254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of deaths due to drug-related causes among individuals recently released from prison in the United Kingdom, 1997-2025.","authors":"Emmert Roberts, John Strang, Caroline Copeland","doi":"10.1111/add.70481","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.70481","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>There has been an extensive literature describing the elevated risk of drug-related death following an individual's release from prison; however, few previous studies have reported nationally representative samples or provided granular detail as to which individual drugs were deemed implicated in death. We aimed to determine the (1) case characteristics, (2) circumstances of death and (3) type of implicated drugs among individuals recently released from prison and dying due to drug-related causes, stratified by the length of time an individual had been released prior to death. We additionally aimed to determine any changes in the number of deaths and the percentage of deaths in which individual drugs were implicated over time.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Retrospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Coronial records submitted voluntarily to the observational cohort National Programme on Substance Use Mortality (NPSUM) in the United Kingdom (UK), 1997-2025.</p><p><strong>Cases: </strong>Decedents who were recently released from prison up to one month prior to their death due to a drug-related cause.</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>Information was available on decedent sociodemographics, characteristics of death and drugs implicated in death.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>A total of 597 decedents were found to have died due to a drug-related cause following recent release from prison. Where records reported the exact timeframe between prison release and death (n = 309), 140 were reported to have died within two days of release, 81 between two days and one week and 88 between one week and one month. There was a statistically significant average annual percentage decrease of -3.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) = -6.6% to -1.0%, P = 0.006] of deaths following recent prison release within the NPSUM population over the studied timeframe. Overall, decedents were predominantly male (n = 547, 91.6%), of White ethnicity (n = 410, 68.7%) and had a mean age of 34.2 years (standard deviation 8.8; range 16-71). Accidental poisoning was the most common direct cause of death (n = 433, 72.5%), with opioids the most common class of implicated drug, involved in more than 90% of fatalities (n = 545, 91.3%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Over the past three decades relative to the overall UK National Programme on Substance Use Mortality cohort of deaths due to drug-related causes, there have been substantial and reducing numbers of drug-related fatalities among individuals recently released from prison. Accidental poisoning was the direct cause of death in almost three quarters of cases from 1997 to 2025, and opioids were consistently implicated in over 90% of fatalities.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":"2545-2551"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13486934/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147939526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}