Addiction最新文献

{"title":"Quantity of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol consumption and cannabis use disorder among daily cannabis consumers.","authors":"Jacob T Borodovsky, Deborah S Hasin, Melanie Wall, Cara A Struble, Mohammad I Habib, Ofir Livne, Jun Liu, Lynn Chen, Efrat Aharonovich, Alan J Budney","doi":"10.1111/add.16700","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.16700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Amid escalating cannabis legalization and daily consumption in the United States (US), determining the risk of cannabis use disorder (CUD) and relevant consequences among daily consumers has become a public health priority. Understanding these risks requires valid assessment of the daily quantity of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) consumed and its relation to consequences. This study characterized daily cannabis consumption using a new method for estimating milligrams of THC (mgTHC), and examined the relationship between daily mgTHC and CUD severity in a large national sample of daily consumers.</p><p><strong>Design, setting and participants: </strong>US adult (aged 18+ years) daily cannabis consumers (n = 4134) completed a comprehensive online survey of cannabis consumption patterns (e.g. frequency, quantity, product types, potencies, administration methods) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) CUD criteria.</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>The primary exposure was past-week daily mgTHC consumption, calculated from survey responses to queries about product type, amount and potency consumed and including adjustments for puff size and loss of THC from specific methods of administration. The primary outcomes were (1) number of CUD criteria (range = 0-11) and (2) CUD severity categories: none, mild, moderate, severe.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Median daily consumption was ~130 mgTHC, with substantial variability (25% ≤ 50 mg and 25% ≥ 290 mg). On average, participants endorsed 2.5 CUD criteria, and 65% met criteria for CUD (39% mild, 18% moderate, 8% severe). Greater daily mgTHC predicted higher CUD criteria count [beta_log(mgTHC) = 0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.267-0.734] and higher odds of mild [log odds ratio (logOR) = 0.238, 95% CI = 0.184-0.292], moderate (logOR = 0.303, 95% CI = 0.232-0.374) or severe (logOR = 0.335, 95% CI = 0.236-0.435) CUD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among daily consumers of cannabis, there appears to be a positive relationship between the daily quantity of cannabis consumed (measured in milligrams of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) and both the risk and severity of cannabis use disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142581339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric evaluation and measurement invariance of the problematic smartphone use scale among college students: A national survey of 130 145 participants.","authors":"Haocan Sun, Kun Tang","doi":"10.1111/add.16699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Given the insufficient validation of previously imported smartphone addiction scales in China, this study revised and evaluated the Problematic Smartphone Use Scale among Chinese college students (PSUS-C).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We based our research on a national sample comprising 1324 higher education institutions and 130 145 participants. Using cross-sectional data, comprehensive methods were employed to examine validity, reliability and measurement invariance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The final scale consists of 20 items across four dimensions: withdrawal and loss of control, negative impact, salience behaviors and excessive use. All Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) values were below 0.85, and the lower 90% and upper 95% confidence intervals were also below 0.85, except for factors 1 and 3. The amount of variance (AVE) values were greater than 0.5, composite reliability (ω) values exceeded 0.89 and all factor loadings were above 0.5. The criterion validity was supported as expected: problematic smartphone usage positively correlated with depression (r = 0.451), loneliness (8 items, r = 0.455), loneliness (6 items, r = 0.504), social media use (r = 0.614) and phone usage duration (r = 0.148); and negatively correlated with life satisfaction (r = -0.218) and self-esteem (r = -0.416). Across sex, type of university and place of residence, the measurement invariance performed well, with most changes in root mean square error of approximation (ΔRMSEA), comparative fit index (ΔCFI) and Tucker-Lewis index (ΔTLI) values being less than 0.005, and no indicator showing a difference greater than 0.010.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Problematic Smartphone Use Scale for College Students (PSUS-C) demonstrated good factor structure, internal consistency, construct validity, discriminant validity and criterion validity. Strict and structural invariance were demonstrated across sex, type of university and place of residence. The PSUS-C has the potential to assess smartphone addiction among Chinese university students.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142589274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and ingredients of disposable 'Elfbar' e-cigarettes sold in the United States and the United Kingdom.","authors":"Noel J Leigh, Michelle K Page, Hasan Jamil, Maciej L Goniewicz","doi":"10.1111/add.16702","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.16702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>As of 2023, Elfbar remains the most popular brand of disposable e-cigarette available in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK), with similar flavor options in both countries. At the time of this study, 5% nicotine Elfbar BC5000 was the only version available in the US, whereas 2% Elfbar 600 was the most popular in the UK. This study measured differences in nicotine content and form, aerosol emissions and flavoring chemicals in the US and UK Elfbar products.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A convenience sample of eight Elfbar devices sold in the US and UK, consisting of two Elfbar models with four identical flavor options (Peach Ice, Strawberry Banana, Strawberry Ice and Strawberry Kiwi) purchased between December 2022 and February 2023, were laboratory tested. We measured nicotine concentration, form and total content. We also determined aerosol emissions and estimated the nicotine dose delivery per puff. We identified solvents and flavoring chemicals in these products.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Elfbar products within the same country had similar nicotine content, concentration, form and solvents, but they differed in flavoring chemicals. US Elfbar contained, on average, higher volume (mean ± standard deviation = 6.5 ± 0.5 versus 1.8 ± 0.3 ml) of nicotine solution with a higher concentration (41.8 ± 2.3 versus 19.7 ± 1.2 mg/ml) than the UK Elfbar. An estimated dose of nicotine delivered per puff was four times higher from US Elfbar than UK Elfbar. There were differences in the type and amount of flavoring chemicals used in US and UK Elfbars, including a higher concentration of a synthetic coolant WS-23 in US Elfbar than in UK Elfbar (17.8 ± 1.5 versus 12.9 ± 5.4 mg/ml).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Because the amount of nicotine found in the US Elfbar e-cigarettes is equivalent to that found in eight UK Elfbar e-cigarettes, people who use Elfbar sold in the US have access to much more nicotine from a single device than those who use Elfbar sold in the United Kingdom.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142589261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combating opioid misuse in Nigeria: A comprehensive strategy for public health and social stability","authors":"Rasaq Oladapo,&nbsp;Mariam Oladapo","doi":"10.1111/add.16710","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.16710","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Opioid consumption has grown faster than any other drug category and is the leading cause of fatal overdose [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;]. In Nigeria, use of opioid medications not as directed is increasingly concerning [&lt;span&gt;2, 3&lt;/span&gt;]. Approximately 4.6 million Nigerians have used opioids like tramadol, codeine and morphine, with 2.4 million people engaging in non-medical use of cough syrups containing codeine and dextromethorphan [&lt;span&gt;2, 4&lt;/span&gt;]. This situation, coupled with the 3 million Nigerians with drug use disorders, exacerbates strains on an already weakened public health system [&lt;span&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;] and is associated with social instability [&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;], necessitating urgent targeted interventions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Several factors contribute to rising opioid-related problems in Nigeria [&lt;span&gt;4, 7&lt;/span&gt;]. Opioids are easily accessible in the country, often sold without prescription, whereas weak enforcement of drug regulations fails to address the issue effectively. Cultural attitudes normalize drug use as a coping mechanism in some communities. Additionally, peer-group influence significantly predicts non-medical drug use [&lt;span&gt;8, 9&lt;/span&gt;]. Studies have shown that individuals with friends who use drugs are more likely to engage in similar behaviors themselves. Poverty [&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;], high unemployment rates [&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;], parental deprivation [&lt;span&gt;11&lt;/span&gt;] as well as lower educational level [&lt;span&gt;11&lt;/span&gt;] further complicate the situation and highlight the need for a holistic response.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Nigerian government has taken steps to combat opioid-related problems through the establishment of a National Drug Law Enforcement Agency [&lt;span&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;], and enforcement of drug laws, including seizing illicit and trafficked opioids, arresting individuals involved in drug offenses, and implementing a sensitization program involving athletes, fans and the public to raise awareness about the harmful impacts of illicit drug use. The Pharmacists Council of Nigeria has banned open drug markets—unregulated stalls and shops selling medications without oversight—whereas the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control has prohibited codeine production and sales without prescription. Despite these initiatives, challenges persist because of an underlying socio-political context [&lt;span&gt;13, 14&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A multi-pronged approach for Nigeria is vital. The government should enforce stricter opioid prescription regulations and enhance border surveillance to curb trafficking. Creating employment opportunities for young people is crucial to address socioeconomic factors fueling drug use. Non-governmental and community-based organizations are leading public awareness campaigns by using culturally accepted communication channels, including media houses, adverts, flyers, banners and radio jingles, to promote healthier lifestyle choices.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Community stakeholders, such as religious, educational and family institutions, should be involved","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":"120 2","pages":"385-386"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.16710","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142589264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives on addiction-related problems in India.","authors":"Yatan Pal Singh Balhara, Siddharth Sarkar, Abhishek Ghosh, Jayant Mahadevan","doi":"10.1111/add.16711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16711","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To offer insights into various salient substance use and addictive behaviours related aspects as applicable to India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We synthesised the published literature on addictive disorders from India. While not a systematic review of all available literature, the synthesis captures relevant themes including salient epidemiological findings, issues related to the prevention and management services targeted at addictive disorders, key observations in the context of the state of addiction science in the country, the policy status and its implications for the country.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In general, the prevalence of substance use in India seems to be lower compared with global averages. For opioids, the prevalence rate is higher than the global average. Addiction prevention and treatment options for persons with addictive disorders in India can be best described as 'diverse': there is a wide range of services available, which vary across settings. Some models, services and products aimed at prevention and treatment of addictive disorders have been developed in the country. The policy, regulatory framework and programs targeted at addictions are not entirely in sync with the science. India has a substantial body of addiction science research.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The addiction landscape in India is complex and evolving. There is a heterogeneity not only across the different themes related to addiction, but also within the themes across different parts of the country.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142589267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary on Metcalfe et al.: ‘What works in AOD is when it feels like I am driving’ (Craig W, alcohol and drug peer worker)","authors":"Jeremy S. Hayllar","doi":"10.1111/add.16703","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.16703","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Along with beneficence, non-maleficence and justice, autonomy is one of the main ethical principles inherent in clinical medicine [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;]. Autonomy in health decision-making is a key to recovery in mental healthcare [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;]. Metcalfe &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;] have shown in their study of the design and delivery of injectable opioid agonist treatments that clients would prefer more control over medication type, dosage and treatment schedules. These measures can be framed as providing clients with increased autonomy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Although injectable opioid agonist treatment (iOAT) programs are typically more rigorous and intensive than conventional opioid agonist treatment (OAT), requiring attendance up to three times daily for an in-person clinically observed injection [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;], it seems highly plausible that clients on conventional OAT share similar views [&lt;span&gt;4, 5&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The issue of ‘carries,’ ‘take-aways’ or unsupervised doses typically produces the greatest divergence between the views of clients and the clinic [&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;]. Experience during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic provided a natural experiment where dosing guidelines were suddenly relaxed, greatly increasing the number of unsupervised doses for most clients, including both those on methadone and those on buprenorphine [&lt;span&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;]. In some jurisdictions, 13 or more consecutive unsupervised methadone doses were provided [&lt;span&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;] while many clients were transferred from sublingual buprenorphine preparations to long-acting buprenorphine injections. It should also be noted that COVID also affected illicit drug markets, disrupting and limiting supply, while quarantine measures restricted freedom of movement.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Promoting patient autonomy is an important goal, enhancing self-efficacy and the prospects of recovery [&lt;span&gt;9, 10&lt;/span&gt;]. It is also recognized that a diagnosis of opioid use disorder implies a loss or impairment of control. Reconciling the benefits of autonomy with clients who have impaired control over their substance use may be challenging, yet the COVID-19 pandemic experience suggests that enhancing client autonomy with increased unsupervised dosing is safe and reduces discontinuation [&lt;span&gt;11-13&lt;/span&gt;]. Although some clinics have returned to pre-COVID practices, others have maintained a more liberal COVID-experience-informed approach.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;However recovery is defined, it is the likely goal for the majority of clients in OAT. Although multiple interacting factors may influence progress towards recovery [&lt;span&gt;14&lt;/span&gt;], many are outside the control of OAT providers. What can be managed is the degree of patient autonomy afforded within treatment programs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Length of time in treatment is an important marker of recovery. Experience shows the more restrictive an opioid treatment program the more likely clients will leave the program prematurely with the attendant risks of relapse, misadventure and","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":"119 12","pages":"2151-2152"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.16703","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142589265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary on Gregory et al.: Fear of precipitated opioid withdrawal should not prevent buprenorphine initiation","authors":"Sandra A. Springer","doi":"10.1111/add.16701","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.16701","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Gregory and colleagues [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;] conducted a systematic review of published original research between 2002 and 2023 that reported on the incidence of buprenorphine-precipitated withdrawal in adults with opioid use disorder (OUD). Secondary outcomes explored were baseline type of opioids used, buprenorphine induction dose, initial Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) score, location of induction (e.g. home, healthcare setting), definition and severity of precipitated withdrawal and adverse events. A total of 26 studies were included where the majority were conducted within the United States (US) (84.6%, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 22) and (80.7%, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 21) were cohort studies with only 19.2% (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 5) being RCTs. The majority of participants reported heroin use at baseline with four studies having participants who reported fentanyl use. A variety of types of induction protocols were used from standard, high dose, to micro induction strategies and there were various initial induction doses of buprenorphine ranging from 0.75 to 24 mg, with the majority reporting 2 to 8 mg, far lower than the recommended induction target of 16 mg [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;] or more recent recommended 24 mg dose or higher in persons who use fentanyl [&lt;span&gt;3, 4&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The bottom line of this systematic review was that there was hardly any precipitated withdrawal (range of 0%–13.2%) out of an overall total sample size of 4497 individuals. In fact, 11 of the 26 studies representing 2117 persons, reported no opioid withdrawal at all. Further, the majority of the 87 cases of reported precipitated withdrawal were in outpatient settings with only one person who received buprenorphine via a home induction protocol requiring inpatient hospitalization. This information is important and is in line with many other studies showing that the prevalence of precipitated withdrawal is relatively low when initiating buprenorphine, and clinicians should not be guided by fear that they will cause withdrawal when deciding about initiation of this life-saving treatment. If a person wants and needs buprenorphine treatment for their OUD and is denied treatment, then they are at high risk of overdose and death.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The significance of these findings cannot be overstated. Although there has been recent good news of a 10% reduction of overdose deaths in the United States from 2023 to 2024 [&lt;span&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;], over one million Americans have died from drug overdoses [&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;]. The majority of all overdose deaths involve an opioid largely driven by the presence of illicitly manufactured synthetic fentanyl, which contributes to almost 90% of fatal opioid overdoses in the United States. All three forms of US Food and Drug Administration approved medications for opioid-use disorder (MOUD): buprenorphine, methadone and extended-release naltrexone, which reduce opioid craving, opioid use, overdose and death. Additionally, buprenorphine and methadone also treat opioid withdrawal because of the","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":"120 1","pages":"21-22"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11645183/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142566618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary on Andreacchi et al.: Policy responses to shifting epidemiological trends in alcohol use in Canada","authors":"Carolin Kilian,&nbsp;Charlotte Probst","doi":"10.1111/add.16704","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.16704","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;In their recent study, Andreacchi and colleagues [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;] disentangle epidemiological trends in heavy episodic drinking (HED) by age, period and birth cohort, as well as by sex/gender and socio-economic position (SEP) among Canadian adults. Two indicators of SEP were examined, education and household income, and these yielded two distinct socio-economic patterns.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;These patterns reflect a heterogeneous picture that is often observed when examining trends in alcohol use by different indicators of SEP and highlight the importance of acknowledging their differences. The observed income gradient in HED prevalence (i.e. higher prevalences with higher incomes) mirrors the financial resources individuals have available for purchasing alcoholic beverages. Compared to those with low incomes, individuals with high incomes spent a lower proportion of their income on each unit of alcohol, making it more affordable. Education, on the other hand, comprises other aspects potentially underlying drinking decisions, such as drinking opportunities, drinking culture or health literacy, leading to a less distinct socio-economic pattern and additional differences by sex/gender.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Canada and elsewhere, low-SEP individuals experience considerably higher alcohol-attributable mortality compared to those with high SEP [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;]. This has been observed for both education and income measures [&lt;span&gt;3, 4&lt;/span&gt;] and linked to HED [&lt;span&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;]. It is thus remarkable that Andreacchi and colleagues did not find corresponding gradients in HED prevalence. On the contrary, HED was found to be lowest in the low-income group, while there was no clear gradient for education. To this end, it should be noted that the HED prevalence presented in this study refers to the entire population. Previous studies, looking at current alcohol users only, found an inverse relationship between SEP and HED [&lt;span&gt;6, 7&lt;/span&gt;], indicating a more polarized consumption pattern in low-SEP individuals (i.e. higher prevalences of both abstinence and HED). Moreover, measurement limitations are likely to bias the observed socio-economic patterns. We need to acknowledge that surveys are limited in their ability to reach low-SEP and high-risk drinking groups due to self-selection conditional on alcohol use and SEP, as well as sampling frames excluding very specific populations, such as institutionalized individuals [&lt;span&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Andreacchi and colleagues further found a marked drop in the HED prevalence among all income and education levels in the youngest birth cohort (1990–2009), with the low-education group having the lowest prevalence [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;]. Although it remains inconclusive whether this trend and shift in education patterns will continue in younger birth cohorts, it is important to explore possible drivers, such as a potential loss of status of drinking alcohol among the youngest cohorts, as has been observed in European countries [&lt;span&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;]. How","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":"119 12","pages":"2174-2175"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/add.16704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disposable e-cigarettes: Prevalence of use in Germany from 2016 to 2023 and associated user characteristics.","authors":"Stephanie Klosterhalfen, Wolfgang Viechtbauer, Daniel Kotz","doi":"10.1111/add.16675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16675","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To provide data on prevalence and trends in the use of different types of e-cigarettes (disposable, pod, tank) in Germany (a country with high smoking prevalence of approximately 30%) from 2016 to 2023, and to analyse the characteristics and smoking behaviours of users of these types.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A series of nationally representative cross-sectional face-to-face household surveys.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>General population of Germany, 2016-2023.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>A total of 92 327 people (aged ≥14 years) of which 1398 reported current use of e-cigarettes.</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>Type of e-cigarette usually used (single choice: disposable, pod, or tank), person characteristics, and smoking/vaping behaviour.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>E-cigarette use in the population of Germany has increased from 1.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1,2.2) in 2016 to 2.2% (95% CI = 1.6,3.0) at the end of 2023. Disposable e-cigarette use has increased in this period from 0.1% (95% CI = 0.0,0.3) to 0.8% (95% CI = 0.4,1.8). Pod type use exhibited the most stable trend, with a steady rise to 0.6% (95% CI = 0.4,0.9) in 2023. Tank e-cigarette use peaked at 1.6% (95% CI = 1.3,1.9) in November 2017, declined to 0.7% (95% CI = 0.6,0.9) in December 2020, and has since remained constant at 0.8% (95% CI = 0.6,1.0). Disposable e-cigarette users were on average 3.5 and 4.1 years younger than tank and pod users, respectively. They were more likely than tank users to be female, non-daily users, and dual users of tobacco. In the subgroup of dual users, there were no significant differences with regard to urges to smoke, cigarettes smoked per day, motivation to stop, and attempts to stop smoking between users of disposables and other types.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The use of e-cigarettes has increased in Germany from 2016 to 2023, especially that of disposable e-cigarettes, which are now the most commonly used type with a prevalence rate of 0.8%. However, the use of e-cigarettes is still much lower compared with tobacco smoking.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142566630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost–utility analysis of provision of e-cigarette starter kits for smoking cessation in emergency departments: An economic evaluation of a randomized controlled trial","authors":"Jinshuo Li,&nbsp;Qi Wu,&nbsp;Steve Parrott,&nbsp;Ian Pope,&nbsp;Lucy V. Clark,&nbsp;Allan Clark,&nbsp;Emma Ward,&nbsp;Pippa Belderson,&nbsp;Susan Stirling,&nbsp;Timothy J. Coats,&nbsp;Linda Bauld,&nbsp;Richard Holland,&nbsp;Sarah Gentry,&nbsp;Sanjay Agrawal,&nbsp;Benjamin M. Bloom,&nbsp;Adrian Boyle,&nbsp;Alasdair Gray,&nbsp;M. Geraint Morris,&nbsp;Jonathan Livingstone-Banks,&nbsp;Caitlin Notley","doi":"10.1111/add.16698","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.16698","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Aims&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;To assess the cost-effectiveness of the Cessation of Smoking Trial in Emergency Department (COSTED) intervention compared with signposting to local stop smoking service (SSS) from the National Health Service (NHS) and personal social services (PSS) perspective.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Design, setting and participants&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This was a two-group, multi-centre, pragmatic, individually randomized controlled trial set in six Emergency Departments (EDs) in urban and rural areas in the United Kingdom. Adult (≥ 18 years) daily smokers (at least one cigarette or equivalent per day) but not daily e-cigarette users, with carbon monoxide reading ≥ 8 parts per million, attending the ED (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 972) were included. The intervention consisted of provision of an e-cigarette starter kit plus brief smoking cessation advice and referral to a local SSS. Control was an information card on how to access local SSS.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Measurements&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Intervention costs included costs of training and delivery. Control costs included costs of printing information cards. Costs of smoking cessation and health-care services were estimated based on quantities reported by participants and unit costs extracted from secondary sources. The effects were measured by quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) derived from EQ-5D-5L. Other outcomes were smoking cessation measures. The primary outcome was incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), which was calculated by dividing the difference in costs by the difference in QALYs between groups.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Findings&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The mean intervention costs were £48 [standard error (SE) = £0] per participant and the mean control costs were £0.2 (SE = £0) per participant. Using regression estimates, total costs were £31 [95% confidence interval (CI) = –£341 to £283] higher and 6-month QALYs were 0.004 (95% CI = –0.004 to 0.014) higher in the intervention group than in the control group. The ICER was calculated at £7750 (probability of cost-effective at range £20 000–30 000: 72.2–76.5%).&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The UK Cessation of Smoking Trial in Emergency Department (COSTED) intervention (provision of an e-cigarette starter kit plus brief smoking cessation advice) was cost-effective compared with signposting to local stop smoking services under the current recommendations of the maximum acceptable thresholds.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":"120 2","pages":"368-379"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11707313/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142556703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}