Addiction最新文献

{"title":"Changing trends in drug overdose mortality in Spain, 2001-2022.","authors":"Florencia Giné, Marta Donat, Juan Miguel Guerras, Gregorio Barrio, María José Belza, Julieta Politi, Enrique Regidor","doi":"10.1111/add.70121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To measure the evolution of drug overdose mortality in Spain between 2001 and 2022.</p><p><strong>Design, setting, participants: </strong>A repeated cross-sectional observational study using nationwide mortality data from Spain, 2001-2022, among individuals aged 15-64 years.</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>The outcome was overdose deaths [International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) codes: X40-X44, X60-X64, X85, Y10-Y14]. Annual age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) per million person-years were estimated. Joinpoint regression assessed changes in trends using annual percentage change (APC) and average APC (AAPC). Overdose deaths were grouped by the underlying drug categories involved: nonopioid analgesics, antipyretics and antirheumatics (X40/X60/Y10); antiepileptic, sedative-hypnotic, antiparkinsonism and psychotropic drugs (X41/X61/Y11); narcotics and psychodysleptics (X42/X62/Y12); other drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system (X43/X63/Y13); other and unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances (X44/X64/Y14); and drugs, medicaments and biological substances in the context of assault (X85). Intentionality (based on ICD-10 code characters) within the underlying drug categories was assessed. All analyses were stratified by sex.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>In Spain, 15 862 overdose deaths occurred during 2001-2022. ASMR increased by 49.0% over the period, from 24.7 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 23.0, 26.5] to 36.8 (95% CI = 34.7, 39.0) deaths per million person-years. APC showed a statistically significant change in trends in 2010, shifting from a -3.3% (95% CI = -7.3 to -1.7) decline to an increase of 3.4% (95% CI = -0.3 to 6.5). In 2018, a more abrupt change was observed, with the APC further increasing to 13.8% (95% CI = 9.3, 22.5). Females showed an earlier trend change (2006) with an AAPC 1.7 times higher (3.4%; 95% CI = 2.4, 4.7) than males (2.0%; 95% CI = 1.2, 2.7). Leading drug categories were other and unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances, followed by narcotics and psychodysleptics. In males, trends followed the overall pattern; in females, the antiepileptic, sedative-hypnotic, antiparkinsonism and psychotropic drugs category predominated, mostly due to intentional overdoses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Between 2001 and 2022, drug overdose deaths in Spain increased substantially, beginning in 2010 and further accelerated in 2018, though population rates remain low. The most prevalent underlying ICD-10 drug categories were other and unspecified drugs, medicaments and biological substances-likely reflecting polydrug use-and narcotics and psychodysleptics. The observed rise in deaths involving antiepileptic, sedative-hypnotic, antiparkinsonism and psychotropic drugs, particularly intentional overdoses among females, highlights the need for sex-based interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"We need better measures to understand the influence of social media on substance use.","authors":"Benjamin Riordan, Damian Scarf, Megan Strowger, Gedefaw Alen, Taylor Winter, Emmanuel Kuntsche","doi":"10.1111/add.70138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70138","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing cognitive behaviour therapy for gaming disorder: A call for collaborative action.","authors":"Marcela Radunz, Matthew W R Stevens, Sanni Behm, Zsolt Demetrovics, Paul Delfabbro, Daniel L King","doi":"10.1111/add.70142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70142","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How changes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity mediate substance use disorder (SUD) severity during and after treatment for co-occurring PTSD and SUD: Results from Project Harmony.","authors":"Denise A Hien, Jordan A Gette, Shannon M Blakey, Marilyn L Piccirillo, Sudie E Back, Alexandria G Bauer, Chantel T Ebrahimi, Robyn A Ellis, Therese K Killeen, Elizabeth A Lehinger, Teresa López-Castro, Sonya B Norman, Lesia M Ruglass, Tanya C Saraiya, Lissette M Saavedra, Antonio A Morgan-López","doi":"10.1111/add.70126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) commonly co-occurs with substance use disorders (SUD). Comorbid PTSD and SUD (PTSD+SUD) is associated with greater severity and impairment and poorer treatment outcomes. Several interventions exist to treat PTSD, SUD and PTSD+SUD; however, research has yet to elucidate the indirect pathways underlying treatment for PTSD+SUD. The present study examined how changes in PTSD severity relate to changes in SUD severity across treatment types during and post-treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Observational study using data collected as part of Project Harmony, a virtual clinical trial employing integrative data analysis to compare treatment effectiveness of PTSD+SUD interventions from 36 randomized controlled trials for PTSD+SUD (n = 4046). Multilevel mediated linear growth modeling was used to examine potential outcomes mediation. Each of the eight active treatments was compared to treatment as usual (TAU) for both alcohol and drug use outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Alcohol use severity outcomes were fully or partially mediated by changes in PTSD severity for trauma-focused psychotherapy + AUD medication [ab = -0.16 (95% confidence interval = -0.30 to -0.04)]; other treatments with mediation effects included trauma-focused integrated psychotherapy, AUD medications and PTSD medications. Drug use severity outcomes were fully or partially mediated by changes in PTSD severity for trauma-focused psychotherapy + AUD medication [ab = -0.08 (-0.18 to -0.001)]; other treatments with mediation effects on drug use severity included trauma-focused integrated psychotherapy, AUD medications, PTSD medications and placebo medications.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among people with co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD), reductions in alcohol and drug use severity appear to be mediated by reductions in PTSD during treatment. For those with drug use disorders, PTSD reductions appear to mediate further SUD reductions after treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The International Scientific Forum on Alcohol Research (ISFAR) critiques of alcohol research: Promoting health benefits and downplaying harms.","authors":"James M Clay, Tim Stockwell, Su Golder, Keegan Lawrence, Jim McCambridge, Nicole Vishnevsky, Alexandra Zuckermann, Timothy Naimi","doi":"10.1111/add.70132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>The International Scientific Forum on Alcohol Research (ISFAR), many of whose members are linked to the alcohol industry, has published over 280 critiques on alcohol and health research. This study investigated whether ISFAR critiques favour studies reporting alcohol's health benefits while being more critical of those identifying harms. We also examined whether industry-funded studies are more likely to report benefits, and whether ISFAR's critiques reflect the methodological rigor of the studies they assess.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analysed 268 ISFAR critiques published between April 2010 and January 2024, manually coding each underlying study for its content (whether the original study reported alcohol-related health benefits or harms) and each critique for its tone (positive or negative). Sentiment analysis (SA) algorithms were applied to critique summaries to assess tone using automated methods. Study authors were examined for prior receipt of alcohol industry funding. AMSTAR-2 and ROBIS tools evaluated risk of bias in 36 systematic reviews and meta-analyses favoured (n = 24) or criticised (n = 12) by ISFAR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Studies reporting health benefits had higher odds of receiving positive reviews from ISFAR [odds ratio (OR) = 6.50, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = (3.62-12.00)], as did studies minimising alcohol harms [OR = 2.47, 95% CI = (1.40-4.45)]. Studies reporting health harms had higher odds of receiving negative critiques [OR = 0.29, 95% CI = (0.15-0.14)], as did studies minimising health benefits [OR = 0.21, 95% CI = (0.10-0.41)]. Algorithmic SA replicated these patterns, though the correlation with manual coding was modest [r = 0.20, 95% CI = (0.08-0.32)]. Studies with industry ties had higher odds of minimising alcohol-related harms [OR = 1.90, 95% CI = (1.04-3.50)], and those co-authored by ISFAR members had higher odds of reporting a J-shaped relationship between alcohol use and health [OR = 2.52, 95% CI = (1.00-6.48)]. No association was found between ISFAR sentiment and study quality as independently assessed by AMSTAR-2 and ROBIS (BF₀₁ = 6.13-6.21).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Critiques from The International Scientific Forum on Alcohol Research (ISFAR) consistently promote alcohol's purported health benefits while minimising evidence of harm, regardless of study quality. These patterns provide a valuable resource for industry actors to shape public perception, downplay risk and influence policy-using strategies that closely resemble those historically employed by the tobacco industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the impact of vaping facts films on vaping harm perceptions among young adults in the UK: A randomized on-line experiment.","authors":"Mohammad Alharbi, Emma Ward, Caitlin Notley, Martin Dockrell, Eve Taylor, Katherine East","doi":"10.1111/add.70119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Measure the impact of brief, academic-led, evidence-based social media videos on vaping harm perceptions among young adults.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>On-line between-subjects experimental study. Participants were randomized to one of two conditions: experimental (exposed to one of eight brief videos, designed for social media, with academic experts addressing vaping harms) or control. Before and after exposure to the videos, all participants answered questions about their perceptions of vaping and smoking and socio-demographics.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Qualtrics on-line survey platform.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>593 young adults aged 18-30 years who resided in the UK (49.7% female, 49.2% male; 8.9% exclusively smoked, 32% exclusively vaped, 28.7% did both and 30.4% did neither). Participants were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 279) or control (n = 314) groups.</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>The primary outcome was the perception that vaping is less harmful than smoking. Secondary outcomes were perceptions that vaping is harmful, vaping is addictive and responses (true, false) to statements that were matched to the videos (e.g. vaping causes cancer, vaping causes lung injuries).</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>After exposure to an expert video, compared with those in the control group, participants in the intervention group had over three times the odds of perceiving vaping as less harmful than smoking [82.1% vs 57.6%; adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.69; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 2.49-5.47; P < 0.001]. Perceptions that the following statements are false were also higher after viewing expert videos than control videos: vaping causes lung injury, vaping leads to cancer, nicotine is harmful when used in ways that does not involve smoking tobacco, pregnant women should not vape, vaping will not help you quit smoking, vaping has no place on the NHS (all P < 0.05). Participants exposed to the 'vaping is as harmful as smoking' misconception video had the highest odds of accurately perceiving vaping as less harmful than smoking (AOR = 13.92; 95% CI = 3.26-59.37; P < 0.001). Videos specifically targeting individual misconceptions (e.g. 'vaping causes lung injury' or 'vaping causes cancer') were particularly effective in improving related perceptions, indicating that the videos functioned as designed. There was little evidence of associations between condition and perceiving that vaping is not harmful (AOR = 2.57; 95% CI = 0.78-8.52; P = 0.122) or not addictive (AOR = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.04-6.67; P = 0.594). Findings were similar among young adults regardless of vaping and smoking status.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Brief, academic-led, vaping facts films appear to be effective in correcting vaping misperceptions and dispelling common misconceptions.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transporting the effect of the ASSIST school-based smoking prevention intervention to the Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People in England Survey (2004-2021): A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"James White","doi":"10.1111/add.70141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To conduct exploratory analyses into the transported effect of the ASSIST (A Stop Smoking in Schools Trial) school-based smoking prevention intervention on weekly smoking in young people between 2004 and 2021.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Secondary analysis of a cluster randomized control trial (cRCT).</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>England and Wales.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>ASSIST trial participants comprised 8756 students aged 12-13 years in 59 schools assigned using stratified block randomization to the control (29 schools, 4193 students) or intervention (30 schools, 4563 students) condition. The target population was represented by 12-13-year-old participants in the Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Among Young People in England Survey (SDDU) in 2004 (n = 3958), 2006 (n = 3377), 2014 (n = 3145), 2016 (n = 4874) and 2021 (n = 3587), which are randomly sampled school-based surveys with student response rates varying between 85% and 93%.</p><p><strong>Intervention and comparator: </strong>The ASSIST intervention involved 2 days of off-site training of influential students to encourage their peers not to smoke over a 10-week period. The control group continued with their usual education.</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>The outcome was the proportion of students who self-reported weekly smoking 2 years post-intervention.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>The prevalence of weekly smoking at the 2-year follow-up in the ASSIST trial in 2004 was 4.1%, 49.5% of students were girls, and 7.8% ethnic minorities. In the SDDU in 2004, the prevalence of weekly smoking was 3.6%, 47.6% students were girls and 14.4% ethnic minorities and in 2021 0.2% were weekly smokers, 48.6% girls and 27.8% ethnic minorities. The odds ratio of weekly smoking in the ASSIST trial in 2004 was 0.85 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.71-1.02]. The estimated odds ratio in the SDDU target population in 2004 was 0.90 (95% CI = 0.72-1.13), in 2014 was 0.89 (95% CI = 0.70-1.14), and by 2021 was 0.88 (95% CI = 0.60-1.28). The confidence interval ratio was used to estimate precision in the transported estimates in the target population and was 1.57 in 2004, 1.63 in 2014 and 2.13 in 2021, reflecting increasing uncertainty in the effect of ASSIST over time. Subgroup analyses showed effects were comparable when restricted to only English schools in the ASSIST trial.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These exploratory analyses indicate the effect of the ASSIST school-based smoking prevention intervention reported in the original trial may not have been replicated in the target population over the 17-year period of its licensing and roll out.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unreliable evidence from problematic risk of bias assessments: Comment on Begh et al., 'Electronic cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking in young people: A systematic review'.","authors":"Sam Egger, Martin McKee","doi":"10.1111/add.70143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70143","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144566855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to \"Alcohol-specific inhibition training in patients with alcohol use disorder: A multi-centre, double-blind randomized clinical trial examining drinking outcome and working mechanisms\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/add.70124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70124","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144551472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"United States trends in non-prescribed use of Adderall and Ritalin: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study estimates from 2013 to 2022.","authors":"Joshua P Rising, Michael J Parks, Beth Han, Rose Radin, Celeste Mallama, Heather L Kimmel, MeLisa R Creamer, Wilson M Compton","doi":"10.1111/add.70123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70123","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background and aims: &lt;/strong&gt;Dispensing of prescription stimulants to adults has risen dramatically over the past decade. Examining trends in nonprescribed use of prescription stimulants can inform public health responses. Most studies in the United States (U.S.) have faced challenges in assessing trends over time due to changes in survey methodologies and variation in populations assessed. We examined data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study to assess changes in nonprescribed use of prescription stimulants in the U.S. from 2013 to 2022.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Design: &lt;/strong&gt;The PATH Study is an ongoing longitudinal study of U.S. youth and adults, representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Repeated cross-sectional estimates at each wave were used (8 total waves). Trends from Wave (W) 1 (September 2013-December 2014) to W7 (January 2022-April 2023) were assessed. Full-sample and replicate weights were used; joinpoint analyses and wave-to-wave comparisons were applied to test trends.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Setting: &lt;/strong&gt;Civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. youth and adults.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Participants/cases: &lt;/strong&gt;Youth aged 12-17 and adults aged 18 + were assessed, with a total of 45 727 participants at wave 1 (Ns vary by wave).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Measurements: &lt;/strong&gt;Past 12-month (P12M) prevalence of nonprescribed use of Ritalin or Adderall was assessed. Nonprescribed use of stimulants was assessed across subgroups according to age (12-17, 18-24, 25-39, ≥40) and sex (male, female).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Findings: &lt;/strong&gt;While wave-to-wave comparisons showed fluctuations across certain waves, overall, there were no statistically significant changes in P12M prevalence of Ritalin or Adderall nonprescribed use (1.3% at W1 and 1.5% at W7) across the study period. However, statistically significant differences in trends existed across age groups. Among 12-17 year-olds, nonprescribed use prevalence remained stable (1.4% in W1 and 1.5% in W7). Nonprescribed use prevalence also remained stable for 18-24-year-olds from W1 to W3, but then significantly declined (p = 0.016) from W3 (5.3%) to W7 (2.6%). There were no significant changes in nonprescribed use prevalence among 25-39-year-olds (1.7% in W1 and 2.4% in W7) and those aged ≥40 (0.3% in W1 and 0.9% in W7). Across most waves, young adults aged 18-24 had a statistically significantly higher prevalence of nonprescribed use. Neither sex had significant trends in P12M nonprescribed use prevalence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Despite an increase in dispensing of prescription stimulant medications in the United States, the prevalence of nonprescribed Ritalin or Adderall use does not appear to have increased, as assessed in the nationally representative Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. The prevalence of nonprescribed Ritalin or Adderall use among young adults aged 18-24, the age group with the highest nonprescribed use prevalence, dec","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144537516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}