Addiction最新文献

{"title":"Academic detailing is effective at altering clinician practice and patient outcomes for opioid use disorder.","authors":"Jonathan Zhang, Jodie Trafton, Mark Bounthavong, Melissa Christopher","doi":"10.1111/add.70468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70468","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147830842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preventing lower-level gambling harms: Shifting from individual- to system-frame approaches.","authors":"Robert M Heirene","doi":"10.1111/add.70467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gambling-related harm is not concentrated solely among individuals meeting criteria for problematic or disordered gambling. Tackling harm at a population level is essential to reducing the total burden of harm and preventing escalation to more severe harms. The public health approach to gambling recognises this and the need to address both individual and systemic factors that shape people's risk of harm. Despite this, research and policy in the field remain largely focused on interventions that target individual responsibility, such as educational messages, warnings, and voluntary tools.</p><p><strong>Argument: </strong>Chater and Loewenstein's i-frame (individual-frame) and s-frame (system-frame) distinction provides a compelling basis for reorienting gambling harm prevention efforts. I-frame interventions target individual decision-making and self-regulation, while s-frame interventions seek systemic changes through restrictions and structural reforms. This paper argues that s-frame approaches are better suited to preventing gambling harms, particularly lower-level harms at the population level, because they [1] do not rely on individuals to recognise and effectively navigate the complex mathematical properties and potentially misleading features inherent in many gambling products, [2] apply universally without requiring individual engagement, and [3] can counter commercial interests without depending on consumer self-restraint. Reframing gambling harm prevention through the i-/s-frame lens offers conceptual clarity, highlights the opportunity costs of an overreliance on individual-focused interventions, and exposes incentives that perpetuate the status quo. This paper explains why i-frame approaches have dominated to date and how we can make the shift towards the s-frame.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Rather than abandoning i-frame approaches, research priorities should be rebalanced toward understanding, implementing, and evaluating systemic solutions. While i-frame interventions remain valuable for individuals seeking help, preventing population-level harms requires proportionate investment in structural solutions that make gambling products safer by design.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147830939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are people who use methamphetamine at increased risk of physical violence? Results from a nationally representative sample.","authors":"Christel Macdonald, Rebecca McKetin, Sergey Alexeev, Don Weatherburn","doi":"10.1111/add.70455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70455","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>The association between methamphetamine use and violent behaviour has received much attention in the research. The risk of violent victimisation among people who use methamphetamine is comparatively underexplored. People who use methamphetamine appear to be at a high risk of violent victimisation, but no studies have examined this association in a population-based representative survey. The aim of the current study was to examine the association between methamphetamine use and violent victimisation using a nationally representative sample of Australians.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Observational study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Australia.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>18 805 individuals aged 15 years or over.</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>Outcome variable: whether a respondent reported having been a victim of violence in the past 12 months. Exposure variable: frequency of methamphetamine use in the past 12 months (no use, every few months, monthly or more often). Co-variates: age, gender, financial stress, personal stress, long-term health condition, social isolation, cocaine use, drinking consumption, remoteness of area and survey year. Analyses were exploratory.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>1.27% of the sample reported violence victimisation in the past 12 months, and 1.33% reported methamphetamine use (0.71% every few months; 0.62% monthly or more often). After adjusting for covariates, the odds of being a victim of violence in the preceding 12 months were higher for those who used methamphetamine every few months [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 5.94; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.95-18.06], and once a month or more often (aOR = 9.04; 95% CI = 3.48-23.45) than for those who had not used methamphetamine in the past year. Predicted probabilities indicated an estimated 11 709 (95% CI = 9473-13 953) excess violent victimisations attributable to methamphetamine use.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Methamphetamine use appears to be associated with an elevated risk of being a victim of violence. The population-level effects of methamphetamine use on violence may be small but are likely to have substantial public health implications in communities experiencing high levels of methamphetamine use.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147830935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of cannabis use with cognitive functioning in individuals with a cannabis use disorder: The moderating role of nicotine.","authors":"Emese Kroon, Nora de Bode, Karis Colyer-Patel, Jia Hua Hsieh, Francesca Filbey, Janna Cousijn","doi":"10.1111/add.70457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70457","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Cannabis is among the most widely used psychoactive substances globally and is often consumed alongside tobacco. Cannabis use has been associated with impairments in attention, learning, and memory, whereas nicotine can acutely enhance, but chronically impair, certain cognitive functions. Most studies examine cannabis in isolation, leaving the cognitive impact of tobacco co-use unclear. This study aimed to estimate differences in cognitive performance between individuals with cannabis use disorder (CUD) and healthy controls, to determine whether cognition relates to heaviness of cannabis use or CUD symptom severity, to test moderation by daily tobacco use, and to assess whether baseline cognition was associated with cannabis outcomes one year later.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional and one-year longitudinal study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>The Netherlands and Texas, USA.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>A total of 231 participants aged 18-30 participated: 130 with CUD (57.7% male) and 101 controls (43.6% male).</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>Participants completed tasks assessing interference control, attentional bias, sustained attention, executive functions, emotion recognition, delayed recall memory, working memory, and intelligence quotient (IQ). Primary outcomes were cognitive task scores; predictors included heaviness of cannabis use, CUD symptom severity, and daily tobacco use.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Compared with controls, individuals with CUD performed worse on interference control (rank biserial correlation [r_rank] = 0.080, p < 0.001), immediate recall memory (r_rank = 0.089, p = 0.009), delayed recall memory (r_rank = 0.090, p = 0.013), executive functions (r_rank = 0.089, p = 0.016), and estimated IQ (r_rank = 0.081, p < 0.001). Within the CUD group, cognitive performance was unrelated to heaviness of use or CUD severity. Before correction, daily tobacco use moderated the link between CUD severity and working memory (p = 0.011, unstandardized beta [B] = -1.83), with poorer performance observed only among non-tobacco users. Lower attentional bias (p = 0.027, B = -1.78) and sustained attention (p = 0.023, B = -27.88) were modestly associated with greater CUD severity at one-year follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cannabis use disorder (CUD) appears to be associated with deficits in several cognitive domains independent of use intensity or severity. Tobacco and cannabis co-use appears to be related to relatively better working memory. Attention-related cognition appears to have limited associations with later CUD outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147830906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in alcohol use disorder: A randomized controlled triple-blind trial.","authors":"Benoit Trojak, Anne Sauvaget, Wissam El Hage, Thomas Wallenhorst, Benjamin Rolland, Philippe Nubukpo, Ghina Harika-Germaneau, David Szekely, Julie Giustiniani, Marc Auriacombe, Georges Brousse, Sébastien Guillaume, Maxime Bubrovszky, Benjamin Petit, Clémence Cabelguen, Hussein El Ayoubi, Suzanne Rankin, Agnès Soudry-Faure, Karine Goueslard, Anastasia Demina","doi":"10.1111/add.70461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70461","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background and aims: &lt;/strong&gt;Current treatment options for alcohol use disorder are limited. Transcranial direct current stimulation has been proposed as a therapeutic approach, but evidence remains scarce. This study aimed to compare active vs. sham transcranial direct current stimulation to evaluate its efficacy and safety in reducing alcohol consumption in a large sample of individuals with alcohol use disorder.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Design: &lt;/strong&gt;REDSTIM is a triple-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial that was conducted from October 2015 to January 2022. Participants were followed up every 4 weeks for 24 weeks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Setting: &lt;/strong&gt;Fourteen sites in France and Monaco.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Participants: &lt;/strong&gt;356 adult outpatients with alcohol use disorder were assessed for eligibility, and 337 were enrolled and randomly assigned (1:1) to receive active or sham stimulation. At baseline, the randomized participants were primarily male (60.5%) with an average age of 51.3 ± 11.3 years.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Intervention and comparator: &lt;/strong&gt;Two daily stimulation sessions (anode F4, cathode F3, 2 mA) delivered over five consecutive days vs. sham stimulation. Direct currents were applied via a pair of 0.9% NaCl-soaked surface sponge electrodes (25 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). In the sham stimulation group, the initial ramp-up time of 15 s (also up to 2 mA) was immediately followed by a ramp down phase of 30 seconds.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Measurements: &lt;/strong&gt;The co-primary outcomes were the change in the number of heavy drinking days (HDD) and total alcohol consumption (TAC) over the follow-up period. Exploratory secondary outcomes included alcohol craving, clinical and biological improvements, quality-of-life, mood, cognitive and safety assessments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Findings: &lt;/strong&gt;Over 24 weeks of follow-up, vs. sham, the active stimulation group reported statistically significant reductions in the number of HDD [-2.45 HDD/4 weeks, 97.5% confidence interval (CI) = -4.86 to -0.05, P = 0.022]. The reduction in TAC was not statistically significant (-5.96 g/day, 97.5% CI = -15.18 to 3.26, P = 0.147). The interpretation of these findings should take into account the proportion of missing data related to alcohol diary completeness and losses to follow-up. For secondary outcomes at 24 weeks, vs. sham, craving assessments were lower in the stimulation group (-0.36 95% CI = -0.65 to -0.07, P = 0.016), as were carbohydrate deficient transferrin levels (-0.33 95% CI = -0.65 to -0.01, P = 0.045). In the active vs. sham stimulation group, 69 (41.1%) and 62 participants (36.7%) experienced one or more adverse effects, resulting in 6 dropouts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Among adult outpatients with alcohol use disorder, active transcranial direct current stimulation resulted in a modest but sustained reduction in heavy drinking days over 24 weeks, while no statistically significant effect was observed for total alcohol consumption. The intervention was w","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147830870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addiction-related problems in Japan: A regional perspective.","authors":"Soichiro Ide, Yoko Nishitani, Masahiko Sumitani, Masabumi Minami, Tadashi Isa, Masako Iseki, Michiko Ohkura, Hitoshi Okamoto, Tetsuro Kikuchi, Yuko Sekino, Hidehiko Takahashi, Kenji Takeuchi, Atsumi Nitta, Takeshi Honjo, Hiroshi Matsumoto, Tsuyoshi Miyakawa, Toshiya Murai, Toshihiko Matsumoto, Kazuyuki Nakagome, Kazutaka Ikeda","doi":"10.1111/add.70307","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.70307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Japan's addiction landscape appears paradoxical. The lifetime use of illicit drugs is among the lowest in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, but harm from alcohol, tobacco, and gambling ranks among the world's highest. Historically, methamphetamine accounted for the majority of drug-related offenses, but the number of people who were apprehended for cannabis offenses in 2023 exceeded the number who were apprehended for stimulants for the first time since 1958. Nevertheless, the lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use among adults remains under ~3%. In contrast, heavy drinking among working-age men, decades of tobacco consumption, and rapid digitalization that has more recently led to a surge in online gambling and gaming disorder have imposed a substantial disease burden. The present review discusses Japan's epidemiology, social impact, policy changes, prevention, and treatment infrastructure of drug-related problems and the latest trends in addiction science and proposes ways to link policy and research. Japan's experience, balancing strict enforcement with health-centered care, may offer lessons for regions that have similar social contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":"1316-1324"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13088920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145861468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the accuracy of artificial intelligence models to detect alcohol in video images.","authors":"Samatha Pararath Salim, Zhen He, Joshua Millward, Emmanuel Kuntsche, Benjamin Riordan","doi":"10.1111/add.70337","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.70337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Thanks to smart devices, social media and streaming platforms, watching videos, like movies or short social media clips, has become extremely popular. Alcohol portrayals are frequent in videos, yet their prevalence is difficult to quantify using traditional methods such as manual coding. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers a scalable solution to analyse large volumes of video images. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of three AI models in detecting alcohol presence in video images.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Experimental evaluation of three models: one supervised deep learning model (ABIDLA2) and two zero-shot learning models (ZSL-CLIP and ZSL-LLaVA). The models were tested on datasets of video frames that had been annotated by researchers for whether they included alcohol or not. Three datasets of increasing complexity were used: (1) a Google/Bing image set of clearly visible alcohol and non-alcohol images; (2) a set of movie frames manually annotated as containing or not containing alcohol; and (3) a contextually challenging set of movie frames from alcohol-related settings (e.g. bars, parties) that may or may not include visible alcohol. Model performance was assessed using accuracy, unweighted average recall (UAR) and F1 score, representing the balance between precision and recall. Execution time per frame was also measured to evaluate computational efficiency.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across the three datasets, ABIDLA2, ZSL-CLIP and ZSL-LLaVA achieved percentage accuracies of 90%, 91% and 92% on the Google/Bing images; 70%, 65% and 95% on the diverse movie-scene dataset; and 67%, 63% and 94% on the most complex alcohol-related dataset, respectively. In terms of execution time, ABIDLA2 processed a single frame the fastest (0.21 seconds), followed by ZSL-LLaVA (0.45 seconds), while ZSL-CLIP was the slowest (0.58 seconds).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Automated artificial intelligence (AI) models appear to be able to detect alcohol imagery in videos at large scale with high accuracy and in near real time. Of the three AI models tested, ZSL-LLaVA achieved the best balance between accuracy and speed. Offering a cost- and time-efficient alternative to labour-intensive manual coding, ZSL-LLaVA could be used to monitor alcohol-related visual content in videos across diverse media platforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":"1199-1206"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is toke cheap? Correspondence between cannabis demand and purchase in the laboratory.","authors":"Elizabeth R Aston, Benjamin L Berey, Michael Amlung, Robert Swift, James MacKillop, Jane Metrik","doi":"10.1111/add.70282","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.70282","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>The typical Marijuana Purchase Task (MPT) assesses hypothetical demand (i.e. relative reinforcing value) for cannabis across escalating prices. Cannabis demand has been related to use frequency, craving, cannabis use disorder symptoms and cue-exposure response, among other outcomes. This study assessed MPT performance for hypothetical consumption in relation to in vivo behavior in the laboratory wherein rewards were actualized.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Individuals endorsing cannabis use at least twice weekly (n = 92) participated in a laboratory cannabis self-administration study. Participants completed MPTs for Hypothetical and Actual cannabis. One trial (i.e. amount purchased at specified price) was randomly selected from the Actual MPT and participants with non-zero value trials (n = 81) were permitted to smoke up to that amount during a 1-hour session in the laboratory.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bivariate Pearson correlations demonstrated that cannabis consumption preferences were highly similar across the Hypothetical and Actual MPT at the price (rs = 0.45-0.81) and index (rs = 0.46-0.81) level. However, mean O_max (i.e. maximum expenditure), P_max (i.e. price at maximum expenditure) and breakpoint (i.e. price suppressing consumption to zero), were statistically significantly higher (ds = 0.47-0.51), and elasticity (i.e. consumption decline rate relative to price increase) was statistically significantly lower (d = -0.58) for the Actual MPT compared with the Hypothetical MPT; this was also evident at certain price points. Self-reported anticipated consumption was statistically significantly related to the amount of cannabis smoked during self-administration (R² = 0.66; P < 0.001) and was not moderated by price of the randomly selected trial.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>High correspondence between Hypothetical and Actual Marijuana Purchase Task (MPT) performance in a laboratory setting suggests that hypothetical versions of the MPT may be broadly valid measures of cannabis demand. The robust relationship between anticipated consumption and actual cannabis quantity smoked in the laboratory suggests individual self-report accurately predicts subsequent self-administration, further supporting the construct validity of hypothetical MPTs.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":"1249-1261"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12931968/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145951112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The correlation between sanction adjustments and drunk-driving violations and related outcomes in Taiwan: A nationwide interrupted time series analysis.","authors":"Ling-Wei Kuo, Chien-An Liao, Chi-Tung Cheng, Chien-Hung Liao, Chih-Po Hsu, Chih-Yuan Fu, Shih-Ching Kang, Brett Olin, Chun-Shiang Yang, Jen-Fu Huang","doi":"10.1111/add.70285","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.70285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Drunk-driving accounts for a significant portion of traffic crashes in Taiwan. From 2008 to 2013, both the Taiwan Legislative Yuan and the federal administrative agencies collaborated to increase drunk-driving penalties. This study aimed to determine whether these sanction changes are associated with changes in the incidence of drunk-driving and subsequent hospital admissions.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Exploratory retrospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Taiwan.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>All traffic crashes involving drunk-driving violations and every involved individual from 2003 to 2019 in Taiwan.</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>Interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) method was used to examine the effects of the three policy interventions in January 2008, December 2011 and June 2013. The numbers of drunk-driving crashes, drunk-driving casualties, drunk-driving-related admissions, drunk-driving-related major traumas, drunk-driving-related deaths and drunk-driving-related medical expenses in different time segments were compared to evaluate the effect of each policy intervention. All three policy initiatives increased drunk-driving penalties, and there were no intervening policy changes that reduced said penalties.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>From January 2003 to January 2008, the numbers of all drunk-driving-related outcomes gradually increased. After the first penalty adjustment, the reported number of drunk-driving crashes had a sudden decrease (1632 in January 2008 to 1374 crashes in February 2008, β₂ = -0.146, P < 0.001), but the overall trend continued upward (β₃ = -0.001, P = 0.111). However, after the second policy intervention, drunk-driving crashes began trending downward rapidly (β₅ = -0.021, P < 0.001). Finally, after the third adjustment, the trend of drunk-driving crashes continued to decrease, but the slope became significantly milder (β₇ = 0.009, P < 0.001). Most of the target outcomes followed a similar trend as the drunk-driving crashes, except for the number of deaths caused by drunk-driving, which demonstrated a statistically significant decline after the first adjustment (β₃ = -0.006, P = 0.007).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Increasing the fine and maximum incarceration periods for drunk-driving in Taiwan appears to be associated with a reduction of the number of drunk-driving crashes and other related outcomes; however, the decrease in drunk-driving crashes diminished over time, especially after the third sanction change in 2013.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":"1166-1178"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13088936/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endocannabinoid system gene expression in mesocorticolimbic brain regions of individuals with alcohol use disorder: A descriptive study.","authors":"María Salud García-Gutiérrez, Abraham Bailén Torregrosa, Francisco Navarrete, Auxiliadora Aracil-Fernández, Gabriel Rubio, Jorge Manzanares","doi":"10.1111/add.70293","DOIUrl":"10.1111/add.70293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To describe differences in the expression of genes encoding cannabinoid receptors (CNR1, CNR2), the associated receptor GRP55 and the enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) between individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and controls in key mesocorticolimbic brain regions.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Case-control, observational postmortem study comparing gene expression in brain tissue from individuals diagnosed with AUD and matched controls. The study was not pre-registered and should therefore be considered exploratory.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Brain collection from the New South Wales Tissue Resource Centre (NSWTRC) at the University of Sydney, Australia.</p><p><strong>Participants/cases: </strong>Brain samples were obtained from 18 patients with AUD (mean alcohol use = 35.5 ± 8.7 drinking years) and 18 controls (C). Groups were matched for age (AUD: 55.8 ± 9; C: 56.3 ± 9.4) and postmortem interval (AUD: 39.7 ± 16.9 h; C: 31.8 ± 13.2 h).</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>Relative gene expression of CNR1, CNR2, GPR55, FAAH and MGLL was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc).</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Compared with controls, individuals with AUD showed higher CNR1 in the PFC (+125%) and NAc (+78%) and lower CNR2 expression in both regions (PFC: -50%; NAc: -49%). GPR55 was higher in the PFC (+19%) and lower in the NAc (-51%). FAAH expression was lower in the PFC (-15%) and higher in the NAc (+24%), whereas MGLL expression did not differ in the PFC and was lower in the NAc (-15%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This descriptive postmortem study identifying region-specific differences in endocannabinoid system gene expression between individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and controls supports an involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the neuropathological features associated with AUD, although causal relationships cannot be inferred.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":"1179-1189"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13088928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145802817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}