Current HIV Research最新文献

{"title":"Serological and Molecular Prevalence of HCMV, HCV, HBV and <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Co-infection in Treatment-Naive HIV-Infected Individuals.","authors":"Farzaneh Dehghani-Dehej, Mohammad Hossein Razizadeh, Khadijeh Khanaliha, Seyed Jalal Kiani, Tahereh Donyavi, Nikoo Emtiazi, Sara Chavoshpour, Sogol Jamshidi, Farah Bokharaei-Salim","doi":"10.2174/011570162X397304251109081431","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X397304251109081431","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Co-infections with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) pose clinical challenges in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals by complicating disease progression and management. This study aimed to investigate the serological and molecular prevalence of HCMV, HBV, HCV, and T. gondii co-infections among treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2022 to August 2024 on 203 treatment- naive HIV-1-infected individuals. Plasma samples were analyzed using ELISA for serological markers and real-time PCR for molecular detection. Statistical analyses were performed to assess demographic and clinical variables associated with co-infections.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 203 participants, the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies, HBsAg, HCMV IgM, and T. gondii IgM was 9.9%, 2.5%, 1.5%, and 0.5%, respectively. Molecular detection confirmed active HBV, HCV, and HCMV infections in 40%, 60%, and 66.7% of seropositive individuals, respectively, while T. gondii DNA was undetected. HCV genotyping revealed subtype 1a as the most common (50%), followed by 3a (37.5%) and 1b (12.5%).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The findings indicate a moderate prevalence of HBV and HCV co-infections and a low prevalence of HCMV and T. gondii co-infections in treatment-naive HIV patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results highlight the need for targeted public health interventions, including vaccination and screening strategies, to reduce the risk of co-infections in HIV-infected individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"168-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145932606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Burden of Coinfection: COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients with Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Advanced HIV.","authors":"Anna E Tsygankova, Andrey N Gerasimov, Anton A Privalenko, Anastasia A Fomicheva, Khazhar R Aktulaeva, Anastasia V Mudrova, Andrey N Gorobchenko, Valery A Malov, Natalia V Maloletneva, Vladimir P Chulanov, Elena V Volchkova","doi":"10.2174/011570162X397557251125071113","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X397557251125071113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In their struggle with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, physicians are intensively focused on high-risk patient groups. One such group includes immunosuppressed people living with HIV (PLWH). This study considers the most vulnerable cohort of advanced HIV patients in order to identify potential risk factors for unfavorable SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19) outcomes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study analyzed data from a census-based sample of 500 patients. The sample encompassed all consecutive patients during the study period (2020-2022) who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All selected patients, aged over 18 years, were hospitalized with confirmed advanced HIV and moderate to severe COVID-19 coinfection at the Infectious Disease Hospital (IDH) in Moscow from 2020 to 2022.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall mortality rate reached 27.0% (135 deaths; 95% CI 23.3-30.9%). Primary analysis identified three key independent predictors of mortality: mechanical ventilation demonstrated the strongest association (aOR 4.29, 95% CI 3.15-5.84, p < 0.001), followed by profound immunosuppression (CD4+ counts below 50 cells/mm³; aOR 3.28, 95% CI 2.41-4.47, p < 0.001) and high HIV viral load exceeding 20,000 copies/mL (aOR 3.37, 95% CI 2.52-4.51, p = 0.003). Secondary outcomes revealed important clinical patterns: oxygen support requirements showed a graded mortality risk from low-flow systems (aOR 3.40, p < 0.001) to mechanical ventilation (aOR 4.29, p < 0.001), while newly diagnosed HIV patients faced significantly higher mortality (46.2%) compared to known HIV cases (24.6%). Opportunistic infections substantially worsened prognosis, particularly Kaposi's sarcoma (aOR 3.17, 95% CI 2.28-4.41, p < 0.001), pneumocystis pneumonia (aOR 2.74, 95% CI 1.98-3.79, p < 0.001), and CMV pneumonitis (aOR 2.56, 95% CI 1.85-3.54, p < 0.001). Protective factors included preserved immunity (CD4+ >500 cells/mm³; aOR 2.77, 95% CI 2.08-3.69, p = 0.03) and virological suppression (aOR 2.22, 95% CI 1.67- 2.95, p = 0.001). Ferritin levels above 600 ng/mL emerged as an additional risk marker (aOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.32-2.27, p = 0.0006), though with less robust association than primary predictors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings can provide physicians with a risk-based prioritization algorithm for patients with COVID-19 and advanced HIV coinfection. Identifying patients at highest risk for unfavorable outcomes ensures timely ICU admission, faster patient examination, and initiation of dedicated treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"270-282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146028636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into Malaria and HIV Co-infection: Trends and Impact in Sub-Saharan Africa.","authors":"Adeola Oluwakemi Ayoola, Babatunde Meshach Okanlawon, Esther Moyinoluwa Idowu, Taiwo Temitayo Adedokun, Adebola Atinuke Ige, Adedolapo Blessing Olorunfemi, Olusola Daniel Ojurongbe","doi":"10.2174/011570162X436553260323090833","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X436553260323090833","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malaria and HIV remain two of the most serious public health threats in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where both infections occur at disproportionately high levels. Their co-occurrence within the same populations presents a complex clinical and epidemiological challenge that contributes substantially to morbidity and mortality across the region. This review examines current evidence on the epidemiology of malaria and HIV co-infection in SSA, with particular attention to key risk factors and the health outcomes associated with dual infection. It also evaluates challenges in the clinical management of co-infected individuals, including diagnostic limitations, treatment interactions, and health system constraints. Evidence from recent studies indicates that closer coordination of malaria and HIV services may improve patient outcomes while increasing the efficiency of health delivery systems. Continued progress in diagnostic capacity, antimalarial therapies, and antiretroviral treatment, alongside improvements in health infrastructure, will be important for addressing this dual disease burden. International health initiatives and collaborative research programs may further strengthen integrated approaches and expand regional capacity for surveillance and treatment. Community engagement and targeted health education also play a critical role in encouraging timely care seeking and reducing stigma related to HIV infection. This review identifies persistent gaps in surveillance systems, clinical management, and integrated control strategies for malaria and HIV co-infection in SSA. Addressing these gaps will be important for informing future research priorities and supporting public health policies aimed at reducing the burden of both diseases in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"239-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147627424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accelerating Innovation: Advancing Opportunities in HIV Vaccine Development.","authors":"Carlos A Diazgranados, Thandi Onami, Pervin Anklesaria","doi":"10.2174/011570162X364991250710044947","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X364991250710044947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review outlines the Gates Foundation's investments in support of global efforts dedicated to the research and development of a safe, highly effective, prophylactic HIV vaccine. Our current Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) portfolio encompasses a wide range of initiatives, including projects aimed at eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies, enhancing CD8 T cell responses, and, through central service facilities, developing innovative analytical tools and animal models to assess immune responses. One central service facility also offers product development services to translate preclinical findings into clinical trials. Additionally, we are investing in platforms designed for the controlled release of HIV immunogens, simplifying complex vaccine regimens. Our ultimate objective is to develop a highly efficacious, safe, and durable vaccine that ensures broad access, uptake, and affordability. Furthermore, we emphasize the critical importance of fostering global partnerships, with a focus on supporting research capacity in low- and middle-income countries. By making intentional investments, we aim to stimulate sustainable research and development in the regions most affected by the HIV epidemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"442-455"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144741553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV-Associated Lymphomas: Updates from Pathogenesis to Treatment Strategies.","authors":"Yi Liu, Jun Li, Yao Liu","doi":"10.2174/011570162X367092250901062629","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X367092250901062629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HIV-associated lymphoma (HAL) is an aggressive malignancy directly linked to HIV infection and accounts for more than 30% of cancer-related deaths in people living with HIV (PLWH). HAL subtypes, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Burkitt lymphoma (BL), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL), exhibit five to ten times higher incidence rates and distinct molecular profiles compared to HIV-negative lymphomas. Pathogenesis involves HIV-driven CD4+ T-cell depletion, chronic B-cell activation, and oncogenic viral coinfection. First-line therapy combines antiretroviral therapy (ART) with chemotherapy, achieving complete remission rates of 60-70% for DLBCL using R-EPOCH and 50-60% for BL with CODOX-M/IVAC. Relapsed/refractory cases show durable responses to CD19- CAR-T therapy; however, only 10% of HAL patients are enrolled in pivotal immunotherapy trials. Severe immunosuppression necessitates PET-CT-guided de-escalation and nanoparticlebased drug delivery systems to minimize toxicity. Emerging strategies include PD-1 inhibitors and broad-spectrum antivirals targeting HIV reservoirs, underscoring the need for precision medicine that integrates tumor genomics and viral dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13555774/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145014057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing Drug Interactions between Antiretrovirals and Opportunistic Infections in People with HIV.","authors":"Emily Ott, Kubwayo Kayihura Mike, Karissa Grey, Camaron R Hole, Theodore James Cory","doi":"10.2174/011570162X419952251030045143","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X419952251030045143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>While care for people with HIV has significantly improved, opportunistic infections remain a risk for patients. Antiretrovirals can interact with the drugs used to treat opportunistic infections, and care must be taken to minimize these interactions.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>We completed a narrative review of medications to treat opportunistic infections in people with HIV and antiretrovirals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Here we review the risks of opportunistic infections, most notably hepatitis B, hepatitis C, tuberculosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and pneumocystis pneumonia, in people with HIV, including known and potential interactions between antiretrovirals and the treatments for opportunistic infections, and the mechanisms of these interactions. We also discuss immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, an inflammatory response due to immune rebound, which can occur in people treated with antiretrovirals, particularly in patients who have active opportunistic infections.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>While the risk of IRIS has decreased for many opportunistic infections, it can still occur, particularly in patients who are infected with Cryptococcus neoformans. Treating opportunistic infections in people with HIV requires considerable care and expertise.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While advancements in care have simplified treatment for these patients, there is still a considerable risk of interactions between antiretrovirals and opportunistic infections, as well as the drugs used to treat them. Future strategies, including newer agents, regimen simplification, and comprehensive management strategies, can further decrease the risk of interactions between antiretrovirals and opportunistic infection agents, as well as further decrease the risk of IRIS.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"75-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146050539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Early Viral Populations in Infants Acquiring HIV Through Perinatal and Breastmilk Transmission: A Review of what is Currently Known and the Gaps that Need to be Addressed to Guide Passive HIV Immunization of Breastfeeding Infants.","authors":"Elena E Giorgi, Melissa-Rose Abrahams, Genevieve Fouda, Grace John-Stewart, Ameena Goga, James I Mullins, Sallie R Permar, Holly Janes, Troy M Martin","doi":"10.2174/011570162X357975250902104402","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X357975250902104402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Newborns represent only 1% of the population. Yet, HIV vertical transmissions represent 10% of all new infections globally, even though antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been shown to reduce the risk of vertical transmission to less than 2%. While vaccines still represent the most efficient and cost-effective intervention to eradicate new infections, HIV immunogens that can effectively elicit broad-spectrum protection are still at least a decade away. In contrast, passive immunization with broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) combinations has the potential to provide a more immediate pathway to HIV prophylaxis. Early-phase infant trials are underway to establish the safety and pharmacokinetics of bnAb combinations selected for their potency against viruses acquired via adult transmissions. However, the specific characteristics and phenotypic differences of vertically transmitted viruses in infants compared to those in adults remain uncertain, including their susceptibility to known broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). We review the current knowledge of vertically transmitted HIV viruses, including their genetics and phenotypic features. Differences in immunity between adults and infants lead us to hypothesize that distinct selection and evolutionary pressures act on the virus at the time of transmission and during the early phases of infection, and these may in turn affect the choice of bnAb combinations needed for protection against vertical transmission of HIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"363-379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13489758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145014107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Class I HDAC-1, -2, and -3 Inhibitors Designed by Bioisosteric Replacement of Zinc Binding Groups and Caps of Traditional Pan Inhibitors: An <i>In Silico</i> Approach.","authors":"Simon Mugisa, Hayiru Mohammed, Ercan Bursal, Manikanta Murahari","doi":"10.2174/011570162X379088251002114150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X379088251002114150","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Despite the significant contribution of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in the management of viral replication and infection, HIV latency still presents a major barrier to complete eradication. Histone Deacetylases (HDACs), particularly Class I HDACs (the isoforms 1, 2 and 3) have been reported to play a pivotal role in maintaining this latency by contributing to transcriptional silencing. Selective HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) that target these isoforms can reactivate HIV reservoirs, encouraging viral growth and its subsequent recognition by the immune system, thus its clearance from the body. This is known as the \"shock and kill\" hypothesis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We employed computational methods to design novel HDACis by replacing the Zinc Binding Groups (ZBGs) and caps of known pan-HDAC inhibitors with respective bioisosteric fragments. Ligand design was based on modifying the structures of Vorinostat, Belinostat, Etinostat, and Givinostat by retaining their linkers while substituting caps and ZBGs. Molecular docking with Biovia (Discovery Studio) was performed to evaluate the binding affinity against the three target proteins (HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3). The top-performing ligands underwent Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations using GROMACS and binding energy calculations by the MMPBSA method to assess the stability of the complexes. Furthermore, ADMET screening was performed for drug-likeness evaluation and toxicity predictions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Among the sixteen designed ligands, Hdi2 and Hdi10 emerged as the top performers, showing the highest binding affinities. Hdi2 demonstrated exceptionally high scores (-92.20, - 80.00, and -74.31 Kcal/mol with HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3, respectively). Hdi10, on the other hand, demonstrated consistent stability across all isoforms. MD simulations revealed high stability for Hdi10 with HDAC2 and HDAC3 and for Hdi2 with HDAC1, as suggested by low values of RMSD, RMSF, and robust hydrogen bonding. MMPBSA analysis revealed strong complex stability with up to -51.7 kJ/mol predicted binding energies. ADMET prediction showed negligible toxicity (LD50: 1600 mg/kg and 6000 mg/kg for Hdi2 and Hdi10, respectively) and zero Lipinski violations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion: &lt;/strong&gt;These findings indicate the potential of Hdi2 and Hdi10 as selective and stable binders of Class I HDAC isoforms, addressing the limitations of existing pan-HDAC inhibitors explored in HIV latency reversal studies. The observed favorable docking, stability, and safety profiles highlight the prospects for further exploration of these compounds as more effective and less toxic LRAs. Nevertheless, the results of this study were solely computational predictions and therefore require experimental validation to confirm the biological efficacy and isoform selectivity of the studied ligands.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;This study identified two promising novel HDAC inhibitors, Hdi2 and Hdi10, ","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":"24 1","pages":"17-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148344139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fc Functions and Anti-HIV Neutralizing Antibodies: A Perspective.","authors":"Hillary A Vanderven, Stephen J Kent","doi":"10.2174/011570162X353682250314070148","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X353682250314070148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Controversy exists around the relative merits of Fc functions in controlling or preventing HIV-1 infection. Proponents point to general correlations of Fc functions with control of HIV, indicating that non-neutralizing antibodies could force immune escape, as observed in the early experiments with Fc mutants of the b12-neutralizing monoclonal antibody. Nay-sayers point to the primary role of neutralization in the control of HIV, the general failure of vaccine trials including antibodies with Fc functions, and the lack of additional benefit with newer broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, such as PGT121. The truth may lie somewhere in between and there are lessons to be learned from the utility of Fc functions in other viral infections. In general, however, the additional benefit of Fc function over and above robust anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies may be modest. The intense primary research focus on delivering and inducing potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies, regardless of their Fc function potential, is justified.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"353-356"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143718278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain Abscess Caused by <i>Nocardia</i> sp. in an HIV Patient: A Case Report Highlighting Challenges and Treatment Success.","authors":"Tahani M Ghazawi, Mohammed Alhazmi, Hanan A Bakri, Abdulaziz A Jaly, Yahya Shabi, Abdulaziz H Alhazmi","doi":"10.2174/011570162X400808251013150817","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X400808251013150817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nocardia brain abscess is a rare opportunistic infection in people living with HIV at an advanced stage. Immunosuppression, especially with very low CD4 counts and non-adherence to treatment, increases the risk. These infections are diagnostically challenging due to their nonspecific presentation and the limited sensitivity of routine molecular panels in detecting Nocardia.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We present a 57-year-old HIV-positive female who developed a brain abscess after discontinuing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 2019. She presented in 2023 with progressive headaches, fever, and vomiting. MRI revealed a ring-enhancing lesion, suggesting a brain tumor or severe infection. Craniotomy with pus aspiration confirmed Nocardia sp. The patient was treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and imipenem-cilastatin, showing significant improvement after two weeks of intravenous therapy. The patient was then discharged on oral TMP-SMX.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of nocardial brain abscesses in patients with HIV and highlights the importance of diagnosis, early neurosurgical intervention, and targeted antimicrobial therapy in improving outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"213-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145372380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}