Current HIV Research最新文献

{"title":"Impact of Counselling on the Uptake of STI-Preventive Vaccines Among MSM Using PrEP: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Policlinico Umberto 1, Italy.","authors":"Marco Ridolfi, Luca Bortolani, Federica Alessi, Alessandro Lazzaro, Eugenio Nelson Cavallari, Maria Teresa Carretta, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Gabriella d'Ettorre, Claudio Maria Mastroianni","doi":"10.2174/011570162X411039251119114835","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X411039251119114835","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The introduction of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has significantly improved HIV prevention among men who have sex with men (MSM). Vaccination against hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and monkeypox (Mpox) is strongly advised for MSM, yet coverage remains suboptimal. Recent studies suggest moderate effectiveness against gonorrhoea infection from the 4-component MenB vaccine (4CMenB). This study evaluates the impact of targeted counselling strategies on the uptake of STI-preventive vaccines in a cohort of MSM on PrEP at Policlinico Umberto I, Rome.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective observational cohort study analysed 511 MSM receiving PrEP between January 2021 and December 2024. Participants were assessed for baseline vaccination status and uptake over an 18-month period. The primary outcome was vaccination coverage at follow- up, while the secondary outcome was STI incidence. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests and t-tests to compare vaccination rates across time points and age groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At baseline, vaccination coverage was low for HAV (9.8%), HPV (17.6%), 4CMenB (5.9%), HBV (52.6%), and Mpox (48.9%). After 18 months, significant increases were observed (HAV: 56.4%, HPV: 63.6%, 4CMenB: 20.3%, HBV: 86.1%, and Mpox: 65.6%, p<0.05 for all). STI incidence remained high, with syphilis (11.35/100 person-years of follow-up) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae/Chlamydia trachomatis (NG/CT) urethritis (9.35/100 person-years of follow-up) being the most frequent infections.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Targeted vaccination counselling integrated with PrEP care significantly increased vaccine uptake among MSM. Structured interventions led to substantial improvements across all age groups. Persistent high STI incidence highlights the need for combined pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies to optimize STI prevention in this population.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The integration of structured vaccine counselling within PrEP care significantly increased vaccination uptake in MSM.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"136-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146046158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends and Disparities in Cardiovascular Mortality among HIV-Positive Adults in the United States (2004-2020): A CDC WONDER Database Analysis.","authors":"Faizan Ahmed, Tehmasp Rehman Mirza, Sherif Eltawansy, Kainat Aman, Sonia Hurjkaliani, Adiesh Sood, Amnah Siddiqui, Yusra Junaid, Momina Siddiqui, Mushood Ahmed, Farman Ali, Aman Ullah, Nisar Asmi","doi":"10.2174/011570162X379326251026150021","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X379326251026150021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A growing link is observed between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with more results demonstrating a higher CVD incidence among the HIV population. As the life span of HIV patients rises due to the availability of antiviral treatment, more CVDs and their complications keep unfolding.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study followed a retrospective cohort study design and implemented the CDC WONDER (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research) platform from 2004 to 2020. It assessed deaths caused by HIV alone and deaths where CVD co-occurred with HIV as per the International Classification of Diseases -10th Revision (ICD-10). The dataset included death certificates from all 50 states and the District of Columbia, involving adults aged 25 years and older. The HIV-related crude and age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) per 1,000,000 people was calculated to examine national trends in mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study unveiled that CVD and HIV-related deaths reached 50,132 deaths in total, while CVD-related deaths were 24,314,677 in number. The overall age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) for CVD and HIV-related deaths among adults decreased from 18.85 (95% CI: 18.23 to 19.47) per 1 million individuals in 2004 to 13.73 (95% CI: 13.27-14.20) per 1 million individuals in 2020, with an average annual percentage change (AAPC) of -2.36 (95% CI: -3.13 to -1.91) (p value<0.00001). AAMRs were highest among Black or African Americans, followed by Hispanic or Latinos and Whites, where the AAMR of all the races decreased to variable degrees from 2004 to 2020, with the decrease most pronounced in Black patients.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>CVD and HIV-related versus CVD-related AAMR varied based on geographical regions, with the highest CVD and HIV mortality observed in the Northeast. Metropolitan areas exhibited higher CVD and HIV-related AAMRs than non-metropolitan areas throughout the study.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study highlighted rising mortality rates associated with HIV and CVD-related deaths. These can have multifactorial causes that require prompt investigation. The identification of high-risk communities can provide a general framework for targeted interventions and policies that can mitigate the escalating disease burden and mortality linked with HIV and CVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"110-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13555775/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146017631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Effectiveness of Daily Oral and Long-acting Injectable Prep: A Critical Review of Clinical Evidence and Public Health Implications.","authors":"Ariel F T Croner, Debora I Leite, Isabelle S Brum, Maria da Conceicao A Dias, Luiz Claudio F Pimentel, Monica M Bastos, Nubia Boechat","doi":"10.2174/011570162X426548251031113228","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X426548251031113228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the cause of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV-1 infection are currently available in many countries. In Brazil, the recommended and approved regimen for PrEP is a daily Fixed-Dose Combination (FDC) tablet of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) with Emtricitabine (FTC) (300/200 mg), marketed as Truvada®. However, adherence to daily oral pill regimens remains one of the greatest challenges for the successful use of PrEP. Therefore, a Long-Acting Injectable (LAI) PrEP regimen, such as Cabotegravir (CAB), could significantly improve adherence to prophylaxis. The aim of this study was to compare the use of PrEP with TDF+FTC and the long-acting injectable cabotegravir, as well as to examine the mechanisms of action of the drugs involved in PrEP. In fact, the results confirmed the safety and efficacy of the use of CAB as an LAI PrEP. In June 2025, the FDA approved the use of LEN for PrEP, and it is expected that other regulatory agencies will follow suit by the end of the year. Emerging strategies under development include annual LEN formulations, the use of broadly Neutralizing Antibodies (bNAbs), and the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring (DPV), which has demonstrated greater convenience and improved adherence among pregnant women compared to oral PrEP. Additionally, digital monitoring tools are being explored, although their effectiveness relies on the implementation of equitable health policies. Thus, integrated prevention models that combine biomedical innovations with community-based interventions emerge as essential to expanding the reach and impact of PrEP.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"84-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146050526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Mucoadhesive <i>In situ</i> Gel of Valaciclovir Xanthan Gum Nanoparticles for Genital Herpes Management.","authors":"Prakruthi Manjula Basavaraju, Preethi Sudheer","doi":"10.2174/011570162X413559251110101348","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X413559251110101348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Valaciclovir, a prodrug of acyclovir, is used to treat herpes simplex virus infections. The pharmacokinetics of the drug, namely, low oral bioavailability and short half-life, demands an alternative drug delivery system. Since the drug normally targets virus-infected cells and is metabolized into active acyclovir, its therapeutic effect can be achieved through both local and systemic action when administered vaginally. The innate physiological characteristics of the vagina limit long-term drug availability in the vaginal region.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to propose a nanoparticle-loaded in situ gel as a drug delivery system to achieve both local and systemic effects of the drug.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ionotropic gelation-high-speed homogenization was adopted to prepare xanthan gum nanoparticles, where crosslinking agents consisted of a combination of sodium citrate and aluminium chloride. Design Expert Software V13 was used to screen the formulation and processing variables. The nanoparticles were characterized by particle size, zeta potential, morphology, drug loading, and in vitro drug release. The selected nanoparticles were combined with 20% w/v poloxamer 407 and 2% w/v HPMC to produce an in situ mucoadhesive gel, and ex vivo drug permeation was established.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Drug loading ranged from 79.92±0.11 to 95.52±0.11%. During the 12-hour investigation, drug release was promising. The optimum formula exhibited a zeta potential of -18.6 mV and an average particle size of 117.0 nm. The optimized nanoparticle permeability coefficient was fourfold higher than that of the drug-embedded gel. The in situ gel's adhesion strength (0.784 N) revealed adequate mucoadhesive properties.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nanoparticulate mucoadhesive gels are a promising approach for the management of genital herpes infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"126-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145932644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preface.","authors":"Yuntao Wu","doi":"10.2174/011570162X494580260310065901","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X494580260310065901","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"iv"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147590516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Funding Strategies to Foster Enabling Basic Science Research in the Development of an HIV Vaccine.","authors":"Stuart Z Shapiro","doi":"10.2174/011570162X360804250527065110","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X360804250527065110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite recent advances in other prevention strategies, an effective vaccine is still needed to guarantee a sustained end to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. However, the traditional approaches of vaccinology have thus far failed to produce an effective vaccine. More basic research may be needed to enhance our understanding of HIV immunity and the immunological principles behind vaccination and to leverage advanced technologies before applied research activities can be successfully used to develop a distributable HIV vaccine. US Government funding plays a crucial role in promoting, enabling, and advising independent scientists and experts to perform such research. This article was written to provide, to the broader scientific community, detail about the tools NIAID uses for research funding, how and why they were used for HIV vaccine development, and how they have been helpful; it is written from the perspective of a Program Officer's experiences while working for more than 25 years in the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) of NIAID at the NIH (the US National Institutes of Health). Several types of funding activities promote HIV vaccine development efforts, but three types of such activities and their impact on HIV vaccine development will be discussed in more detail.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"391-399"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144215207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transverse Comparison of Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Factors in HIV-Infected Patients with Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis in Guangdong, China.","authors":"Yu Meng, Yueping Li, Yuping Ning, Weiying Lin, Heping Zhao, Mingyue Ren, Jialong Guan, Linghua Li","doi":"10.2174/011570162X397729251115050310","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X397729251115050310","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Cytomegalovirus encephalitis (CME) is one of the serious opportunistic complications in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, characterized by rapid onset, poor prognosis, and high mortality. Until now, there has been limited comprehensive research on the clinical and prognostic characteristics of HIV/CME patients reported in China.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We conducted a retrospective study of 43 patients diagnosed with CME among individuals infected with HIV from 2015 to 2023 at Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital. Among them, 27 patients had a favorable prognosis, while 16 patients had an unfavorable prognosis (which includes death, treatment ineffectiveness, or aggravated condition), as determined by clinical diagnosis. The clinical symptoms and laboratory examination data for the two groups were analyzed. Multivariate analysis and a nomogram were developed using statistical variables.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;HIV/CME patients with an unfavorable prognosis exhibited more consciousness disorders and nuchal rigidity than those with a favorable prognosis. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of clinical characteristics, such as hemiparalysis, meningeal irritation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, and other relevant factors. In the CSF, the chloride (Cl) level was significantly higher in HIV/CME patients with a favorable prognosis, whereas the Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-DNA levels showed the opposite trend. A multivariate analysis of fever, nuchal rigidity, consciousness disorder, and CSF CMV-DNA can be used to predict prognosis in HIV/CME patients, with a C-index of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.64-1.00). The log CSF CMV-DNA copies/mL emerged as an independent risk factor for prognosis. High CSF CMV-DNA (≥300,000 copies/mL) indicated an unfavorable prognosis. This study is the first to propose a prognostic threshold for CSF CMV-DNA (≥300,000 copies/mL) and develop a nomogram that integrates clinical and laboratory features for risk prediction in HIV/CME patients in China.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion: &lt;/strong&gt;The findings highlight that CSF CMV-DNA ≥ 300,000 copies/mL, along with neurological symptoms such as consciousness disorder and nuchal rigidity, are significant predictors of unfavorable prognosis in HIV/ CME patients. The constructed nomogram offers a clinically useful tool for early risk stratification, which may aid in timely therapeutic decision-making.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;HIV/CME patients with an unfavorable prognosis showed more obvious signs and symptoms of central nervous system infection, lower CSF Cl levels, and higher CSF CMV-DNA compared to patients with a favorable prognosis. Recognizing these indicators early and administering timely antiviral therapy before the disease progresses to CME are of great value in improving the survival rate of patients. Our findings extend beyond existing international studies by providing novel prognostic","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"179-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146050566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metastasis-Specific Biomarker SPP1 and its Characterization in Colorectal Cancer with HIV Infection.","authors":"Yuxue Gao, Yuanyue Guan, Pengxiang Yang, Qiqi Ning, Jing Chang, Dexi Chen, Yulin Zhang, Yuening Zhang","doi":"10.2174/011570162X424254251230043415","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X424254251230043415","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) is upregulated in cancers, but its role in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) and expression in HIV-associated CRC remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Transcriptomic data from the GEO and TCGA databases were analyzed. Metastasisspecific genes were identified. SPP1-associated functions were explored using GO enrichment, KEGG pathway analysis, and GSVA. Prognostic value was assessed. SPP1 expression was evaluated in 30 CRC specimens (15 HIV-positive, 15 HIV-negative) via immunohistochemistry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SPP1 exhibited a metastasis-specific expression pattern. High SPP1 correlated with significantly elevated immune cell infiltration and adverse clinicopathological features: older age, mucinous adenocarcinoma, lymphatic invasion, advanced stage, high TN stage, MSI-H status, absence of polyps, and poor prognosis. GO enrichment linked SPP1 to extracellular matrix organization, cell adhesion, immune response, inflammation, and receptor binding. KEGG analysis showed enrichment in HIV-1 infection pathways. However, overall SPP1 expression did not significantly differ between HIV-positive and HIV-negative CRC tissues. Diffuse SPP1 protein expression was noted in an HIV-positive signet-ring cell carcinoma.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>SPP1 is a pivotal driver of CRC metastasis and immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment, and is associated with aggressive disease and poor outcomes. It shows strong potential as a prognostic biomarker. While HIV status did not broadly alter SPP1 expression, its specific pattern in certain HIV-associated carcinomas requires further study.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SPP1 critically mediates metastasis and immune regulation in CRC and independently predicts poor survival. Its prognostic value is confirmed, warranting investigation into its role in specific HIV-related carcinomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"252-269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147510186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Approaches for Assessments of Neutralizing, Binding, and Effector Functions of Antibodies on the Path to Antibody-Mediated Prevention Strategies for HIV-1.","authors":"David C Montefiori, Guido Ferrari, Dieter Mielke, LaTonya D Williams, Georgia D Tomaras","doi":"10.2174/011570162X363301250314034023","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X363301250314034023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Robust assay technologies and reference reagents are essential components in efforts to develop safe and effective antibody-mediated prevention strategies for HIV-1. Here, we describe current approaches used to conduct standardized assessments of neutralizing, binding, and Fc receptor-mediated effector functions of vaccine-elicited antibodies, with an emphasis on recent developments that enable early precursors and intermediates of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to be monitored. We also describe how these assay technologies were adapted to facilitate clinical evaluations of passively delivered bnAbs for HIV-1 prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"428-441"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV-1 bNAb Vaccinal Effect-An Underachieving Goal?","authors":"Hannah King, Mario Roederer, Diane L Bolton","doi":"10.2174/011570162X362665250727012610","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X362665250727012610","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reports of HIV-1-specific broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) mediating a potential 'vaccinal effect' implicate passively transferred bNAbs in promoting endogenous anti-HIV-1 immune responses. To date, three clinical trials have reported either increased anti- HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies or T cell responses following bNAb administration to people living with HIV. Despite strong enthusiasm for this hypothesis, motivated in large part by its potential application to HIV-1 therapeutic strategies, the mechanism(s) underlying a vaccinal effect remain unclear. Moreover, vaccinal effects on antibody and T cell responses are not consistently replicated. Partly, this inconsistency may be due to numerous difficulties in sensitively measuring a vaccinal effect in the context of human clinical trials. The magnitude of immune response increase following bNAb administration is generally modest, even when it is observed; a far greater enhancement of neutralization or T cell responses is likely required for a biologically meaningful impact. We review clinical and pre-clinical nonhuman primate studies that evaluated HIV-1/SIV monoclonal antibodies for vaccinal effects, with an emphasis on the strengths and limitations of these studies. Considerations for future studies investigating vaccinal effects are discussed, including appropriate comparators and specificity controls. Lastly, immune response characteristics of elite controller cohorts are outlined as potential vaccinal effect endpoints more likely to mediate HIV-1 suppression. As bNAb therapeutic interventions increasingly turn to combination approaches, including incorporation of immunomodulatory agents, attention to study design incorporating appropriate control groups, and relevant immunogenicity assays will enable more conclusive interpretation of vaccinal effects likely to mediate durable control of HIV. In any case, to date, the elicitation of vaccinal effects has been disappointing.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"414-427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145014130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}