Current HIV Research最新文献

{"title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Virologic and Renal Outcomes After Switching from TDF+FTC or 3TC+EFV to TDF/3TC/DTG (TLD) Versus DTG+3TC in Virologically Suppressed Thai PWH - A Pilot Study.","authors":"Sathaporn Kanogtorn, Opass Putcharoen, Samadhi Patamatamkul","doi":"10.2174/011570162X384022250910065252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X384022250910065252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/lamivudine (3TC)/dolutegravir (DTG) (TLD) is the preferred first-line therapy for all people living with HIV (PWH) per WHO 2019 and Thai HIV guidelines. This has prompted switches from TDF + FTC or 3TC + EFV to TLD in Thailand.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a randomized trial among virologically suppressed PWH aged ≥18 years on TDF + FTC or 3TC + EFV who were switched to either TLD or DTG + 3TC. The primary outcome was the change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) calculated by cystatin C at 24 weeks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixteen participants (eight per group), 69% male with a mean age of 41 years and a median duration of HIV diagnosis of 7.1 years, were enrolled. A greater, though not statistically significant, decline in eGFR was observed in the TLD group. The mean differences were 5.15 mL/ min/1.73 m² (95% CI: -12.06 to 22.35; p = 0.532) for cystatin C and 4.01 mL/min/1.73 m² (95% CI: -3.58 to 11.59; p = 0.277) for creatinine. All participants maintained virological suppression. No significant differences were observed in BMI, LDL, or CD4 counts.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Although not statistically significant, TLD was associated with a trend toward greater eGFR decline. This finding warrants attention, particularly in patients at risk for renal dysfunction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dual therapy with DTG + 3TC may be a preferable switch option over TLD for virologically suppressed PWH with renal safety concerns.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of HIV-1 Tat on FDFT1 Suppression, Changes in Cholesterol Level, and KSHV Replication in BCBL1 Cells.","authors":"Qiaozhen Liu, Xiaoying Chen, Dewen Liu, Yuting Zou, Weiling Yang, Ziyi Cao, Yao Ding, Weihang Ji, Na Xiao, Huaying Tang, Yan Jiang, Liandeng Wei, Yi Zeng","doi":"10.2174/011570162X371221250630105858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X371221250630105858","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The present study investigated the molecular mechanism by which the transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) activates the replication cycle of Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>BCBL-1 cells were initially infected with lentivirus overexpressing HIV-1 Tat. The relative mRNA expression of Farnesyl Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1), HIV-1 Tat, KSHV Open Reading Frame 73 (ORF73), and KSHV Open Reading Frame 50 (ORF50) was quantified by real-time fluorescent quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). The cellular cholesterol levels were determined using a total cholesterol assay kit. BCBL-1 cells treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) served as a positive control for the lytic replication of KSHV. The relative mRNA expression levels of HIV-1 Tat, FDFT1, KSHV ORF73, and KSHV ORF50 were subsequently evaluated in BCBL-1 cells following infection with lenti-viruses for FDFT1 overexpression or FDFT1-RNAi knockdown, and the cellular cholesterol content was quantified.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings revealed that HIV-1 Tat downregulated FDFT1 and upregulated the expression of KSHV ORF50 in BCBL-1 cells. FDFT1 overexpression upregulated the expression of the latency-associated gene, ORF73, of KSHV in BCBL-1 cells, while knockdown of FDFT1 upregulated the expression of genes associated with the lytic reactivation of KSHV. Infection with the HIV-1 lentivirus, which overexpresses Tat, as well as manipulation of FDFT1, significantly altered the cholesterol content in BCBL-1 cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The downregulation of FDFT1 by HIV-1 Tat modulates cellular cholesterol levels and is associated with KSHV replication in BCBL-1 cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145063738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV-Associated Lymphomas: Updates from Pathogenesis to Treatment Strategies.","authors":"Yi Liu, Jun Li, Yao Liu","doi":"10.2174/011570162X367092250901062629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X367092250901062629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HIV-associated lymphoma (HAL) is an aggressive malignancy directly linked to HIV infection and accounts for more than 30% of cancer-related deaths in people living with HIV (PLWH). HAL subtypes, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Burkitt lymphoma (BL), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL), exhibit five to ten times higher incidence rates and distinct molecular profiles compared to HIV-negative lympho-mas. Pathogenesis involves HIV-driven CD4+ T-cell depletion, chronic B-cell activation, and on-cogenic viral coinfection. First-line therapy combines antiretroviral therapy (ART) with chemo-therapy, achieving complete remission rates of 60-70% for DLBCL using R-EPOCH and 50-60% for BL with CODOX-M/IVAC. Relapsed/refractory cases show durable responses to CD19-CAR-T therapy; however, only 10% of HAL patients are enrolled in pivotal immunotherapy tri-als. Severe immunosuppression necessitates PET-CT-guided de-escalation and nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems to minimize toxicity. Emerging strategies include PD-1 inhibitors and broad-spectrum antivirals targeting HIV reservoirs, underscoring the need for precision med-icine that integrates tumor genomics and viral dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145014057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Early Viral Populations in Infants Acquiring HIV Through Perinatal and Breastmilk Transmission: A Review of what is Currently Known and the Gaps that Need to be Addressed to Guide Passive HIV Immunization of Breastfeeding Infants.","authors":"Elena E Giorgi, Melissa-Rose Abrahams, Genevieve Fouda, Grace John-Stewart, Ameena Goga, James I Mullins, Sallie R Permar, Holly E Janes, Troy M Martin","doi":"10.2174/011570162X357975250902104402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X357975250902104402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Newborns represent only 1% of the population. Yet, HIV vertical transmissions represent 10% of all new infections globally, even though antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been shown to reduce the risk of vertical transmission to less than 2%. While vaccines still represent the most efficient and cost-effective intervention to eradicate new infections, HIV immunogens that can effectively elicit broad-spectrum protection are still at least a decade away. In contrast, passive immunization with broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) combinations has the potential to provide a more immediate pathway to HIV prophylaxis. Early-phase infant trials are underway to establish the safety and pharmacokinetics of bnAb combinations selected for their potency against viruses acquired via adult transmissions. However, the specific characteristics and phenotypic differences of vertically transmitted viruses in infants compared to those in adults remain uncertain, including their susceptibility to known broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). We review the current knowledge of vertically transmitted HIV viruses, including their genetics and phenotypic features. Differences in immunity between adults and infants lead us to hypothesize that distinct selection and evolutionary pressures act on the virus at the time of transmission and during the early phases of infection, and these may in turn affect the choice of bnAb combinations needed for protection against vertical transmission of HIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145014107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing HIV Treatment Through Nanoparticles: A Precision Medicine Approach.","authors":"Akmal Zubair, Muhammad Jawad, Laveeza Khan, Zeeshan Hidayat, Muhammad Ali","doi":"10.2174/011570162X399793250808114111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X399793250808114111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The poor solubility and bioavailability of antiretroviral drugs complicate the manage-ment of Human Immunodeficiency virus. The efficacy of these medications is diminished due to restricted absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Patients often exhibit a wide range of reactions attributable to fluctuations in blood drug concentrations. Achieving the target plasma concentra-tions is challenging and often necessitates higher dosages, which increases the risk of adverse ef-fects. The formulation of pharmaceuticals with poor solubility is a complex and costly process that hinders overall drug development. Given the limitations of traditional formulation strategies to address these issues, it is essential to explore alternative methods. The innovative method of nano-crystallization enhances the solubility and dissolution rates of pharmaceuticals by reducing their particle sizes to the nanoscale. The increased surface area improves the medication's solu-bility and bioavailability. Nanomedicine antiretroviral medications offer several advantages over their water-insoluble counterparts, including enhanced efficacy and safety, a higher drug load, and a more rapid onset of action. For this study, various databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science, were utilized to retrieve relevant literature on nanoparticles for HIV treatment. We examine the challenges associated with current treatment methods for HIV/AIDS and highlight the remarkable potential of nanotechnology to improve both the treatment and prevention of the disease through the development of antiretroviral therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, vaccinology, and microbicides. This review article focuses on var-ious nanomedicine approaches used to target HIV in different sites, including the spleen, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Characteristics of Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subsets in HIV-related Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Patients and Their Impact on Treatment Efficacy.","authors":"Huiyu Xiang, Can Lin, Shuang Chen, Yu Peng, Tingting Jiang, Changhai Lin, Qing Xiao, Xiaomei Zhang, Tingting Liu, Nanjun Li, Xinyi Tang, Yakun Zhang, Junxi Liu, Zailin Yang","doi":"10.2174/011570162X369231250818043532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X369231250818043532","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets have been shown to influence prognosis in HIV-associated Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (HIV-DLBCL), a rare and highly aggressive form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma linked to immunosuppression and abnormal B-cell proliferation. To lay the foundation for individualized therapy based on factors such as CD4+/CD8+ ratio and Treg/NK cell characteristics, this retrospective study was conducted to explore the variations in lymphocyte subset levels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Overall, 51 HIV-DLBCL patients, 50 DLBCL patients, and 42 Healthy Donors (HD) were enrolled in the study. Data were extracted from outpatient records and the Hospital Information Management System. SPSS 27.0 software was used for statistical analysis of the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences in lymphocyte subsets were observed between groups. HIVDLBCL patients showed decreased CD4⁺ T cell and regulatory T cell (Treg) counts/percentages compared to DLBCL patients and HD, but increased CD8⁺ T cell counts and percentages, as well as Treg percentages. Age-stratified analysis revealed that older HIV-DLBCL patients had lower CD8⁺ T cell counts, reduced CD3⁺ T cell percentages, and elevated CD56⁺CD16⁺ NK cell proportions compared to their younger counterparts.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study revealed a distinct pattern of immune dysregulation in HIV-DLBCL patients, characterized by CD4⁺ T cell depletion and CD8⁺ T cell expansion, which is consistent with previous studies. Age-related immunosenescence may exacerbate the increased proportion of NK cells and the decline in T-cell function, suggesting a poorer prognosis in elderly patients. However, the lack of association between lymphocyte subsets and chemotherapy efficacy may reflect the broad impact of standard regimens on immune reconstitution. Limitations include the small sample size, absence of functional experiments, and failure to assess the influence of coinfections. Future studies should expand the cohort and integrate multi-omics data to validate these findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patients with HIV-DLBCL have distinctive alterations in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets, such as a decreased absolute count and percentage of CD4+ T cells, in comparison to individuals with DLBCL. These alterations appear age-related and showed no significant association with prior antiretroviral therapy. The therapeutic effect of chemotherapy for HIV-DLBCL, however, might not be impacted by the low absolute count and percentage of CD4+ T-cells in peripheral blood, as well as whether or not they had previously received antiretroviral therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144946047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in People Living with HIV in Türkiye; Comorbidities and Drug Toxicities are Emerging Problems.","authors":"Fatma Eser, Bircan Kayaaslan, Gönül Çiçek Şentürk, Meliha Çağla Sönmezer, Aliye Baştuğ, Serhat Birengel, Ahmet Çağkan İnkaya, Semanur Kuzi, Çiğdem Ataman Hatipoğlu, Elif Mukime Sarıcaoğlu, Gulşen İskender, Ezgi Coşgun Yenigün, Serhat Ünal","doi":"10.2174/011570162X369711250818051537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X369711250818051537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction/objective: </strong>To reveal the epidemiology of kidney disease (KD) in people living with HIV (PWLH) and to report the antiretroviral treatment (ART) management in case of kidney disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This multicenter, retrospective observational study identified KD under four categories: acute kidney disease (AKD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), accelerated decline of glomerular filtration rate (GFR > 60 mL/min), and asymptomatic kidney disease indicated by markers of kidney damage. Clinical characteristics and etiological causes of KD in patients were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 2092 PLWH screened, 131 patients (6.26%) had at least one form of KD. All patients with KD were Caucasian; 112 (84.5%) were male, with a median age of 51 [range 21-80] years. The most common comorbidities were hyperlipidemia (43.5%), diabetes mellitus (33.6%), and hypertension (26.9%). AKD developed in 20 patients (0.95%), CKD in 35 patients (1.67%), accelerated GFR decline in 69 patients (3.29%), and asymptomatic KD in 7 patients (0.33%). Regarding the etiological causes, 39.7% of KD cases were attributed to ART-related nephrotoxicity, 21.4% to HIV-related nephropathy, 19.8% to comorbidity-associated KD, and 6.9% to non-ART drug nephrotoxicity. ART regimen modification was performed in 39 patients (29.6%) with ARTrelated nephropathy. Lamivudine-based ART required fewer treatment changes (9.5%) than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (38.1%) or tenofovir alafenamide (36.4%) (P = 0.04).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>ART-related nephrotoxicity and comorbidity-associated kidney diseases are emerging challenges in the epidemiology of KD among PLWH.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Lamivudine-based ART regimens appear to be favorable in cases of KD development, showing a greater likelihood of preserving the initial treatment regimen.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144945999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV-1 bNAb Vaccinal Effect - An Underachieving Goal?","authors":"Hannah King, Mario Roederer, Diane L Bolton","doi":"10.2174/011570162X362665250727012610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X362665250727012610","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reports of HIV-1-specific broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) medi-ating a potential 'vaccinal effect' implicate passively transferred bNAbs in promoting endoge-nous anti-HIV-1 immune responses. To date, three clinical trials have reported either increased anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies or T cell responses following bNAb administration to people living with HIV. Despite strong enthusiasm for this hypothesis, motivated in large part by its potential application to HIV-1 therapeutic strategies, the mechanism(s) underlying a vaccinal ef-fect remain unclear. Moreover, vaccinal effects on antibody and T cell responses are not consist-ently replicated. Partly, this inconsistency may be due to numerous difficulties in sensitively measuring a vaccinal effect in the context of human clinical trials. The magnitude of immune response increase following bNAb administration is generally modest, even when it is observed; a far greater enhancement of neutralization or T cell responses is likely required for a biologically meaningful impact. We review clinical and pre-clinical nonhuman primate studies that evaluated HIV-1/SIV monoclonal antibodies for vaccinal effects, with an emphasis on the strengths and limitations of these studies. Considerations for future studies investigating vaccinal effects are discussed, including appropriate comparators and specificity controls. Lastly, immune response characteristics of elite controller cohorts are outlined as potential vaccinal effect endpoints more likely to mediate HIV-1 suppression. As bNAb therapeutic interventions increasingly turn to combination approaches, including incorporation of immunomodulatory agents, attention to study design incorporating appropriate control groups, and relevant immunogenicity assays will enable more conclusive interpretation of vaccinal effects likely to mediate durable control of HIV. In any case, to date, the elicitation of vaccinal effects has been disappointing.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145014130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Preclinical and Clinical Vaccine Safety and Immunogenicity Testing for Development of a Pediatric HIV Vaccine to Achieve Protective HIV Immunity Prior to Adolescence.","authors":"Genevieve G Fouda, Anjali Singh, Ashley Nelson, Holly Janes, Troy Martin, Ofer Levy, Di Wu, Fei Zou, Patrick Jean-Philippe, Kristina De Paris, Koen K A Van Rompay, Sallie R Permar","doi":"10.2174/011570162X366522250721113420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X366522250721113420","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An optimal HIV vaccine should provide protective immunity before sexual debut to prevent infection in adolescents and young adults, including acute infections in women of childbearing age. Such a vaccine will likely require multiple sequential immunization doses and would therefore be ideally initiated in childhood. Many of the world's most successful vaccines are initiated in childhood for the induction of lifelong immunity and/or immunity that can be boosted later in life as part of the WHO Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI). Thus, the EPI vaccine framework provides an infrastructure that could be leveraged for the implementation of a multidose HIV immunization regimen. Early childhood also provides a window of time in which there is minimal HIV exposure risk, and the plasticity of the early life immune landscape may present advantages for the elicitation of broadly neutralizing Antibodies (bnAbs), a primary target for HIV vaccination. Sequential vaccination with adjuvanted immunogens targeting spe-cific bnAb lineages is a promising HIV vaccine strategy, and several vaccine candidates are cur-rently being tested in adult clinical trials. It will be critical also to evaluate the most promising immunogens and adjuvants in pediatric settings. Preclinical studies, including in vitro and in sil-ico modelling as well as studies in animal models, will be essential to guide the design of future pediatric vaccine trials. This review summarizes current advances in bnAb germline targeting immunization. It provides the rationale for a better integration of preclinical and clinical vaccine studies to facilitate the development of a vaccine that achieves protective immunity in preadoles-cence.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144834482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attributes Associated with HIV Risk Behaviors in a Network-Based Study of People Who Inject Drugs.","authors":"Valerie Ryan, TingFang Lee, Daniele Piovani, Natallia Katenka, Samuel R Friedman, Stefanos Bonovas, Ashley Buchanan, Georgios Nikolopoulos","doi":"10.2174/011570162X372589250714061837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X372589250714061837","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>People who inject drugs (PWID) are often part of sexual and drug use networks. Engaging in unprotected sex or sharing drug injection equipment, which could occur between connections (ties) in these networks, is known to increase HIV transmission risk. This study aimed to identify attributes associated with network connections between PWID and their contacts during an HIV outbreak in Athens, Greece (2013-2015).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from the Transmission Reduction Intervention Project (TRIP) were used. TRIP was a network-based intervention using information on recent HIV acquisition to reduce onward viral transmission among PWID. Descriptive network and individual-level statistics were calcu-lated. Exponential random graph models (ERGMs) were used to assess associations between in-dividual-level attributes and the likelihood of people having a risk tie (for instance, using drugs together) among PWID.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The network consisted of 356 participants (i.e., known as nodes in network terminology) and 542 connections (i.e., known as edges). TRIP participants had a mean age of 36 (8) years, and most were males (79%). A substantial proportion of participants were homeless (23%). Each participant was connected on average with three others (i.e., known as degree). Degree assorta-tivity was positive, indicating that participants were more likely to connect with people of similar degree. ERGMs showed that TRIP participants were more likely to have a connection with others like them in possibly important ways (e.g., were of the same sex and nationality, and had similar living conditions, such as being homeless).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This network analysis, including the use of ERGMs, indicated that individuals in networks of PWID tend to form ties with similar others, beyond what would be expected by chance alone. Limitations of the analysis include potentially reduced generalizability and repre-sentativeness due to the local context of the study, and diminished statistical power. Future re-search should prioritize longitudinal studies among PWID to examine how network connections evolve over time.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The analysis identified factors, such as housing instability, that are important in de-termining the observed network ties among PWID in Athens, Greece. Future development of interventions should consider these factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144752580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}