Current HIV Research最新文献

{"title":"The Changing Face of HIV-Associated Malignancies: Is this the Same in Turkey As Well?","authors":"Yıldız Olçar, Alper Gündüz, Dilek Yıldız Sevgi, İlyas Dökmetaş","doi":"10.2174/011570162X392859251119055734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X392859251119055734","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cancers remain a major cause of mortality among individuals with HIV infection. This study aimed to determine the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs) and non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) in people living with HIV (PLWH).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in Istanbul. Among patients diagnosed with HIV/AIDS between January 2011 and December 2019, those who developed cancer were analyzed. To assess changes in cancer types over time, the study period was divided into three-year intervals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cancer was diagnosed in 57 (3.9%) of the 1,438 patients. The mean CD4 count was 272.3/mm³. Patients in the cancer group had significantly higher mean age at HIV diagnosis, higher HIV RNA levels, and lower CD4+ T lymphocyte counts. A notably high rate (72%) of simultaneous diagnosis of cancer and HIV was observed in the ADCs group. Kaposi sarcoma was identified in 23 (71.8%) patients, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in 9 patients. Hodgkin lymphoma and lung cancer were the most common cancers in the NADCs group.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>People living with HIV are experiencing longer life expectancy due to ART; however, this also increases cancer risk, emphasizing the need for national screening guidelines that consider age, gender, and immune status. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for effective prevention and treatment strategies. Since cancer risk is multifactorial, larger prospective and multicenter studies are needed to strengthen and expand these findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings highlight that AIDS-defining cancers continue to be a significant clinical concern in Turkey. Cancer screening should be integrated both at the time of HIV diagnosis and during routine follow-up of PLWH.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146050478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transverse Comparison of Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Factors in HIV-Infected Patients with Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis in Guangdong, China.","authors":"Yu Meng, Yueping Li, Yuping Ning, Weiying Lin, Heping Zhao, Mingyue Ren, Jialong Guan, Linghua Li","doi":"10.2174/011570162X397729251115050310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X397729251115050310","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Cytomegalovirus encephalitis (CME) is one of the serious opportunistic complications in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, characterized by rapid onset, poor prognosis, and high mortality. Until now, there has been limited comprehensive research on the clinical and prognostic characteristics of HIV/CME patients reported in China.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We conducted a retrospective study of 43 patients diagnosed with CME among individuals infected with HIV from 2015 to 2023 at Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital. Among them, 27 patients had a favorable prognosis, while 16 patients had an unfavorable prognosis (which includes death, treatment ineffectiveness, or aggravated condition), as determined by clinical diagnosis. The clinical symptoms and laboratory examination data for the two groups were analyzed. Multivariate analysis and a nomogram were developed using statistical variables.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;HIV/CME patients with an unfavorable prognosis exhibited more consciousness disorders and nuchal rigidity than those with a favorable prognosis. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of clinical characteristics, such as hemiparalysis, meningeal irritation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, and other relevant factors. In the CSF, the chlo-ride (Cl) level was significantly higher in HIV/CME patients with a favorable prognosis, whereas the Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-DNA levels showed the opposite trend. A multivariate analysis of fever, nuchal rigidity, consciousness disorder, and CSF CMV-DNA can be used to predict prognosis in HIV/CME patients, with a C-index of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.64-1.00). The log CSF CMV-DNA copies/mL emerged as an independent risk factor for prognosis. High CSF CMV-DNA (≥300,000 copies/mL) indicated an unfavorable prognosis. This study is the first to propose a prognostic threshold for CSF CMV-DNA (≥300,000 copies/mL) and develop a nomogram that integrates clinical and laboratory features for risk prediction in HIV/CME patients in China.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion: &lt;/strong&gt;The findings highlight that CSF CMV-DNA ≥ 300,000 copies/mL, along with neurological symptoms such as consciousness disorder and nuchal rigidity, are significant predictors of unfavorable prognosis in HIV/ CME patients. The constructed nomogram offers a clinically useful tool for early risk stratification, which may aid in timely therapeutic decision-making.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;HIV/CME patients with an unfavorable prognosis showed more obvious signs and symptoms of central nervous system infection, lower CSF Cl levels, and higher CSF CMV-DNA compared to patients with a favorable prognosis. Recognizing these indicators early and administering timely antiviral therapy before the disease progresses to CME are of great value in improving the survival rate of patients. Our findings extend beyond existing international studies by providing novel prognosti","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146050566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing Drug Interactions between Antiretrovirals and Opportunistic Infections in People with HIV.","authors":"Emily Ott, Kubwayo Kayihura Mike, Karissa Grey, Camaron R Hole, Theodore James Cory","doi":"10.2174/011570162X419952251030045143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X419952251030045143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>While care for people with HIV has significantly improved, opportunistic infections remain a risk for patients. Antiretrovirals can interact with the drugs used to treat opportunistic infections, and care must be taken to minimize these interactions.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>We completed a narrative review of medications to treat opportunistic infections in people with HIV and antiretrovirals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Here we review the risks of opportunistic infections, most notably hepatitis B, hepatitis C, tuberculosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and pneumocystis pneumonia, in people with HIV, including known and potential interactions between antiretrovirals and the treatments for opportunistic infections, and the mechanisms of these interactions. We also discuss immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, an inflammatory response due to immune rebound, which can occur in people treated with antiretrovirals, particularly in patients who have active opportunistic infections.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>While the risk of IRIS has decreased for many opportunistic infections, it can still occur, particularly in patients who are infected with Cryptococcus neoformans. Treating opportunistic infections in people with HIV requires considerable care and expertise.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While advancements in care have simplified treatment for these patients, there is still a considerable risk of interactions between antiretrovirals and opportunistic infections, as well as the drugs used to treat them. Future strategies, including newer agents, regimen simplification, and comprehensive management strategies, can further decrease the risk of interactions between antiretrovirals and opportunistic infection agents, as well as further decrease the risk of IRIS.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146050539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Counselling on the Uptake of STI-Preventive Vaccines Among MSM Using PrEP: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Policlinico Umberto 1, Italy.","authors":"Marco Ridolfi, Luca Bortolani, Federica Alessi, Alessandro Lazzaro, Eugenio Nelson Cavallari, Maria Teresa Carretta, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Gabriella d'Ettorre, Claudio Maria Mastroianni","doi":"10.2174/011570162X411039251119114835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X411039251119114835","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The introduction of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has significantly improved HIV prevention among men who have sex with men (MSM). Vaccination against hep-atitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and monkeypox (Mpox) is strongly advised for MSM, yet coverage remains suboptimal. Recent studies suggest moderate effectiveness against gonorrhoea infection from the 4-component MenB vaccine (4CMenB). This study evaluates the impact of targeted counselling strategies on the uptake of STI-preventive vac-cines in a cohort of MSM on PrEP at Policlinico Umberto I, Rome.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective observational cohort study analysed 511 MSM receiving PrEP be-tween January 2021 and December 2024. Participants were assessed for baseline vaccination sta-tus and uptake over an 18-month period. The primary outcome was vaccination coverage at fol-low-up, while the secondary outcome was STI incidence. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests and t-tests to compare vaccination rates across time points and age groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At baseline, vaccination coverage was low for HAV (9.8%), HPV (17.6%), 4CMenB (5.9%), HBV (52.6%), and Mpox (48.9%). After 18 months, significant increases were observed (HAV: 56.4%, HPV: 63.6%, 4CMenB: 20.3%, HBV: 86.1%, and Mpox: 65.6%, p<0.05 for all). STI incidence remained high, with syphilis (11.35/100 person-years of follow-up) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae/Chlamydia trachomatis (NG/CT) urethritis (9.35/100 person-years of follow-up) be-ing the most frequent infections.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Targeted vaccination counselling integrated with PrEP care significantly increased vaccine uptake among MSM. Structured interventions led to substantial improvements across all age groups. Persistent high STI incidence highlights the need for combined pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies to optimize STI prevention in this population.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The integration of structured vaccine counselling within PrEP care significantly increased vaccination uptake in MSM.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146046158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Burden of Coinfection: COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients with Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Advanced HIV.","authors":"Anna E Tsygankova, Andrey N Gerasimov, Anton A Privalenko, Anastasia A Fomicheva, Khazhar R Aktulaeva, Anastasia V Mudrova, Andrey N Gorobchenko, Valery A Malov, Natalia V Maloletneva, Vladimir P Chulanov, Elena V Volchkova","doi":"10.2174/011570162X397557251125071113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X397557251125071113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In their struggle with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, physicians are intensively focused on high-risk patient groups. One such group includes immunosuppressed people living with HIV (PLWH). This study considers the most vulnerable cohort of advanced HIV patients in order to identify potential risk factors for unfavorable SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19) outcomes.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study analyzed data from a census-based sample of 500 patients. The sample en-compassed all consecutive patients during the study period (2020-2022) who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All selected patients, aged over 18 years, were hospitalized with confirmed advanced HIV and moderate to severe COVID-19 coinfection at the Infectious Disease Hospital (IDH) in Moscow from 2020 to 2022.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall mortality rate reached 27.0% (135 deaths; 95% CI 23.3-30.9%). Primary analysis identified three key independent predictors of mortality: mechanical ventilation demon-strated the strongest association (aOR 4.29, 95% CI 3.15-5.84, p < 0.001), followed by profound immunosuppression (CD4+ counts below 50 cells/mm³; aOR 3.28, 95% CI 2.41-4.47, p < 0.001) and high HIV viral load exceeding 20,000 copies/mL (aOR 3.37, 95% CI 2.52-4.51, p = 0.003). Secondary outcomes revealed important clinical patterns: oxygen support requirements showed a graded mortality risk from low-flow systems (aOR 3.40, p < 0.001) to mechanical ventilation (aOR 4.29, p < 0.001), while newly diagnosed HIV patients faced significantly higher mortality (46.2%) compared to known HIV cases (24.6%). Opportunistic infections substantially worsened prognosis, particularly Kaposi's sarcoma (aOR 3.17, 95% CI 2.28-4.41, p < 0.001), pneumocystis pneumonia (aOR 2.74, 95% CI 1.98-3.79, p < 0.001), and CMV pneumonitis (aOR 2.56, 95% CI 1.85-3.54, p < 0.001). Protective factors included preserved immunity (CD4+ >500 cells/mm³; aOR 2.77, 95% CI 2.08-3.69, p = 0.03) and virological suppression (aOR 2.22, 95% CI 1.67-2.95, p = 0.001). Ferritin levels above 600 ng/mL emerged as an additional risk marker (aOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.32-2.27, p = 0.0006), though with less robust association than primary predictors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings can provide physicians with a risk-based prioritization algorithm for patients with COVID-19 and advanced HIV coinfection. Identifying patients at highest risk for unfavorable outcomes ensures timely ICU admission, faster patient examination, and initiation of dedicated treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146028636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends and Disparities in Cardiovascular Mortality among HIV-Positive Adults in the United States (2004-2020): A CDC WONDER Database Analysis.","authors":"Faizan Ahmed, Tehmasp Rehman Mirza, Sherif Eltawansy, Kainat Aman, Sonia Hurjkaliani, Adiesh Sood, Amnah Siddiqui, Yusra Junaid, Momina Siddiqui, Mushood Ahmed, Farman Ali, Aman Ullah, Nisar Asmi","doi":"10.2174/011570162X379326251026150021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X379326251026150021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A growing link is observed between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with more results demonstrating a higher CVD incidence among the HIV population. As the life span of HIV patients rises due to the availability of antiviral treatment, more CVDs and their complications keep unfolding.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study followed a retrospective cohort study design and implemented the CDC WONDER (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research) platform from 2004 to 2020. It assessed deaths caused by HIV alone and deaths where CVD co-occurred with HIV as per the International Classification of Diseases -10th Revision (ICD-10). The dataset included death certificates from all 50 states and the District of Columbia, involving adults aged 25 years and older. The HIV-related crude and age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) per 1,000,000 people was calculated to examine national trends in mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study unveiled that CVD and HIV-related deaths reached 50,132 deaths in total, while CVD-related deaths were 24,314,677 in number. The overall age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) for CVD and HIV-related deaths among adults decreased from 18.85 (95% CI: 18.23 to 19.47) per 1 million individuals in 2004 to 13.73 (95% CI: 13.27-14.20) per 1 million individ-uals in 2020, with an average annual percentage change (AAPC) of -2.36 (95% CI: -3.13 to -1.91) (p value<0.00001). AAMRs were highest among Black or African Americans, followed by Hispanic or Latinos and Whites, where the AAMR of all the races decreased to variable degrees from 2004 to 2020, with the decrease most pronounced in Black patients.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>CVD and HIV-related versus CVD-related AAMR varied based on geographical regions, with the highest CVD and HIV mortality observed in the Northeast. Metropolitan areas exhibited higher CVD and HIV-related AAMRs than non-metropolitan areas throughout the study.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study highlighted rising mortality rates associated with HIV and CVD-related deaths. These can have multifactorial causes that require prompt investigation. The identification of high-risk communities can provide a general framework for targeted interventions and policies that can mitigate the escalating disease burden and mortality linked with HIV and CVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146017631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Mucoadhesive In situ Gel of Valaciclovir Xanthan Gum Nanoparticles for Genital Herpes Management.","authors":"Prakruthi Manjula Basavaraju, Preethi Sudheer","doi":"10.2174/011570162X413559251110101348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X413559251110101348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Valaciclovir, a prodrug of acyclovir, is used to treat herpes simplex virus infections. The pharmacokinetics of the drug, namely, low oral bioavailability and short half-life, demands an alternative drug delivery system. Since the drug normally targets virus-infected cells and is metabolized into active acyclovir, its therapeutic effect can be achieved through both local and systemic action when administered vaginally. The innate physiological characteristics of the vagina limit long-term drug availability in the vaginal region.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to propose a nanoparticle-loaded in situ gel as a drug delivery system to achieve both local and systemic effects of the drug.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ionotropic gelation-high-speed homogenization was adopted to prepare xanthan gum nanoparticles, where crosslinking agents consisted of a combination of sodium citrate and aluminum chloride. Design Expert Software V13 was used to screen the formulation and processing variables. The nanoparticles were characterized by particle size, zeta potential, morphology, drug loading, and in vitro drug release. The selected nanoparticles were combined with 20% w/v poloxamer 407 and 2% w/v HPMC to produce an in situ mucoadhesive gel, and ex vivo drug permeation was established.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Drug loading ranged from 79.92±0.11 to 95.52±0.11%. During the 12-hour investigation, drug release was promising. The optimum formula exhibited a zeta potential of -18.6 mV and an average particle size of 117.0 nm. The optimized nanoparticle permeability coefficient was fourfold higher than that of the drug-embedded gel. The in situ gel's adhesion strength (0.784 N) revealed adequate mucoadhesive properties.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nanoparticulate mucoadhesive gels are a promising approach for the management of genital herpes infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145932644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serological and Molecular Prevalence of HCMV, HCV, HBV and Toxoplasma gondii Co-infection in Treatment-Naive HIV-Infected Individuals.","authors":"Farzaneh Dehghani-Dehej, Mohammad Hossein Razizadeh, Khadijeh Khanaliha, Seyed Jalal Kiani, Tahereh Donyavi, Nikoo Emtiazi, Sara Chavoshpour, Sogol Jamshidi, Farah Bokharaei-Salim","doi":"10.2174/011570162X397304251109081431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X397304251109081431","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Co-infections with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) pose clinical challenges in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals by complicating disease progression and management. This study aimed to investigate the serological and molecular prevalence of HCMV, HBV, HCV, and T. gondii co-infections among treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2022 to August 2024 on 203 treatment-naive HIV-1-infected individuals. Plasma samples were analyzed using ELISA for serological markers and real-time PCR for molecular detection. Statistical analyses were performed to assess demographic and clinical variables associated with co-infections.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 203 participants, the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies, HBsAg, HCMV IgM, and T. gondii IgM was 9.9%, 2.5%, 1.5%, and 0.5%, respectively. Molecular detection confirmed active HBV, HCV, and HCMV infections in 40%, 60%, and 66.7% of seropositive individuals, respectively, while T. gondii DNA was undetected. HCV genotyping revealed subtype 1a as the most common (50%), followed by 3a (37.5%) and 1b (12.5%).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The findings indicate a moderate prevalence of HBV and HCV co-infections and a low prevalence of HCMV and T. gondii co-infections in treatment-naive HIV patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results highlight the need for targeted public health interventions, including vaccination and screening strategies, to reduce the risk of co-infections in HIV-infected individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145932606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain Abscess Caused by Nocardia sp. in an HIV Patient: A Case Report Highlighting Challenges and Treatment Success.","authors":"Tahani M Ghazawi, Mohammed Alhazmi, Hanan A Bakri, Abdulaziz A Jaly, Yahya Shabi, Abdulaziz H Alhazmi","doi":"10.2174/011570162X400808251013150817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X400808251013150817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nocardia brain abscess is a rare opportunistic infection in people living with HIV at an advanced stage. Immunosuppression, especially with very low CD4 counts and non-adherence to treatment, increases the risk. These infections are diagnostically challenging due to their nonspecific presentation and the limited sensitivity of routine molecular panels in detecting Nocardia.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We present a 57-year-old HIV-positive female who developed a brain abscess after discontinuing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 2019. She presented in 2023 with progressive headaches, fever, and vomiting. MRI revealed a ring-enhancing lesion, suggesting a brain tumor or severe infection. Craniotomy with pus aspiration confirmed Nocardia sp. The patient was treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and imipenem-cilastatin, showing sig-nificant improvement after two weeks of intravenous therapy. The patient was then discharged on oral TMP-SMX.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of nocardial brain abscesses in pa-tients with HIV and highlights the importance of diagnosis, early neurosurgical intervention, and targeted antimicrobial therapy in improving outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145372380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Rising Impact of HPV Infection in the Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Era.","authors":"Elia Asensi-Díaz, Irene Carrillo, Aws Al-Hayani, María Mejías-Ledesma, Héctor Guadalajara, Ignacio Azinovic, José Luis Dominguez Trsitancho, Llanos Salar Vidal, Víctor Castellano, Damián García-Olmo, Miguel Górgolas, Alfonso Cabello-Úbeda","doi":"10.2174/011570162X381694250925045507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X381694250925045507","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), non-AIDS malignancies-particularly anal cancer-have increased in people living with HIV (PLHIV). However, associated risk factors and disease progression remain poorly defined.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This retrospective observational study analysed PLHIV who developed anal cancer between 2000 and 2021 at a third-level university hospital. Epidemiological, immunological, and microbiological factors, as well as disease management and outcomes, were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 38 patients were included, 95% of whom were men, with an incidence rate of 105 cases per 100,000 person-years. The median CD4 nadir was 169 cells/μl, with 60% of patients having a CD4 nadir <200 cells/μl, and 93.3% had a CD4/CD8 ratio <0.4. HPV infection was documented in 100% of tested patients (35/38), and 50% presented with advanced tumor stages. At 2 years post-diagnosis, 66% achieved complete remission, while 13.2% had a recurrence. Long-term tumor-related mortality was 15%, with an overall survival of 66%.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>A significant number of patients presented with advanced-stage anal cancer and ongoing immunosuppression, emphasising the need for earlier detection and better follow-up. Despite guidelines, screening participation remains low, highlighting the importance of multidisciplinary care and targeted prevention strategies in high-risk PLHIV populations. However, as a retrospective single-centre study with a limited sample size, our findings may be affected by information and selection bias, restricting broader applicability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Co-infection with HIV and HPV and low CD4 nadir were common features in these patients. HPV prevention and anal dysplasia screening are crucial to reducing this emerging condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145307169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}