Current HIV Research最新文献

{"title":"Germline-targeting Strategies to Induce bNAbs against HIV-1.","authors":"Tugba Atabey, Rogier W Sanders, Yoann Aldon","doi":"10.2174/011570162X365229250527111140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X365229250527111140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine remains a critical global health challenge, hin-dered by the virus's high genetic diversity, immune evasion strategies, and structural complexity of its Envelope (Env) glycoprotein. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), capable of targeting conserved Env epitopes, offer a promising path for vaccine design. Germline-targeting (GT) strat-egies have emerged as a promising approach to engage naive B cell precursors that have the po-tential to mature into bNAb-producing cells. Advances in GT have enabled the design of immu-nogens capable of recruiting specific bNAb precursors in animal models and early clinical trials. Despite these successes, achieving neutralization breadth requires sequential immunizations with tailored boosting strategies to guide B cell maturation. Studies underscore the importance of using immunogens that mimic native Env structures while modulating glycosylation patterns to focus immune responses. Emerging approaches, such as membrane-bound presentation and mRNA de-livery, hold the potential for enhancing immunogen effectiveness and rapid pre-clinical and in human screening to identify combinations of immunogens that foster bNAb lineages. This review seeks to synthesize key developments in GT strategies for HIV-1 vaccines, highlighting the de-sign and implementation of immunogens that drive bNAb precursor maturation. It aims to under-score the importance of integrating structural insights, immunogen sequence design, and delivery methods to enhance the induction of bNAbs, offering direction for future research to address ex-isting gaps and optimize vaccine efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive Model for the Detection of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in HIV Patients on Antiretroviral Treatment.","authors":"César Gálvez-Barrón, Sara Gamarra-Calvo, José Ramón Blanco Ramos, Isabel Sanjoaquín Conde, Carlos Pérez-López, Antonio Miñarro, Guillermo Verdejo-Muñoz","doi":"10.2174/011570162X373384250529110832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X373384250529110832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Patients living with HIV (PLHIV) have a higher cardiovascular risk than others, which is why the early detection of atherosclerosis in this population is important. The present study reports predictive models of subclinical atherosclerosis for this population of patients, made up of variables that are easily collected in the clinic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study design is a cross-sectional observational study. PLHIV without established cardiovascular disease were recruited for this study. Predictive models of subclinical atherosclerosis (Doppler ultrasound) were developed by testing sociodemographic variables, pathological history, data related to HIV infection, laboratory parameters, and capillaroscopy as potential predictors. Logistic regression with internal validation (bootstrapping) and machine learning techniques were used to develop the models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data from 96 HIV patients were analysed, 19 (19.8%) of whom had subclinical atherosclerosis. The predictors that went into both machine learning models and the regression model were hypertension, dyslipidaemia, protease inhibitors, triglycerides, fibrinogen, and alkaline phosphatase. Age and C-reactive protein were also part of the machine learning models. The logistic regression model had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.84-0.99), which became 0.80 after internal validation by bootstrapping. The ma-chine learning techniques produced models with AUCs ranging from 0.73 to 0.86.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We report predictive models for subclinical atherosclerosis in PLHIV, demonstrating relevant predictive performance based on easily accessible parameters, making them potentially useful as a screening tool. However, given the study's limitations-primarily the sample size-external validation in larger cohorts is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144257545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Funding Strategies to Foster Enabling Basic Science Research in the Development of an HIV Vaccine.","authors":"Stuart Z Shapiro","doi":"10.2174/011570162X360804250527065110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X360804250527065110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite recent advances in other prevention strategies, an effective vaccine is still needed to guarantee a sustained end to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. However, the traditional ap-proaches of vaccinology have thus far failed to produce an effective vaccine. More basic research may be needed to enhance our understanding of HIV immunity and the immunological principles behind vaccination and to leverage advanced technologies before applied research activities can be successfully used to develop a distributable HIV vaccine. US Government funding plays a crucial role in promoting, enabling, and advising independent scientists and experts to perform such research. This article was written to provide, to the broader scientific community, detail about the tools NIAID uses for research funding, how and why they were used for HIV vaccine development, and how they have been helpful; it is written from the perspective of a Program Officer's experiences while working for more than 25 years in the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) of NIAID at the NIH (the US National Institutes of Health). Several types of funding activities pro-mote HIV vaccine development efforts, but three types of such activities and their impact on HIV vaccine development will be discussed in more detail.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144215207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between Antiretroviral Therapy Responses and Resistance to First-Line Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in People Living with HIV-1 Experiencing Virological Failure in South Sulawesi, Indonesia.","authors":"Nurjannah -, Francisca Srioetami Tanoehardjo, Risna Halim Mubin, Sri Jayanti, Haerani Rasyid, Agussalim Bukhari, Andi Kurnia Bintang, Khairuddin Djawad, Budiman Bella, Burhanuddin Bahar, Caecilia Hapsari Ceriapuri Sukowati, Muhammad Nasrum Massi","doi":"10.2174/011570162X336531250517171339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X336531250517171339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in treating HIV is in-fluenced by the clinical response of patients, which, in turn, impacts the development of drug resistance. This study aimed to assess the correlation between clinical treatment response and resistance to first-line reverse transcriptase inhibitors in HIV patients receiving treatment for ≤12 and >12 months in South Sulawesi, a province in Indonesia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, 36 people living with HIV (PLHIV) experiencing viro-logical failure (VF) were sampled from HIV services in the province from August 2022 to January 2023. HIV-1 viral RNAs were extracted, sequenced, and analyzed for drug sensitivity and re-sistance classification using the Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database (HIVdb) ac-cording to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, determining resistance levels and HIV subtypes. Phylogenetic analysis of PR-RT sequences (~1200 base pairs) was performed using the Muscle program and MEGA11 software, utilizing the neighbor-joining method with the Kimura two-parameter model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Genotyping of plasma samples revealed that a significant proportion of patients exhib-ited mutations associated with resistance to both nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-NRTIs (NNRTIs) (48.6% and 51.4%, respectively). Clinical response indica-tors, such as initial body mass index and occurrence of opportunistic infections, were found to correlate with specific drug resistance, highlighting the importance of monitoring treatment re-sponse. Moreover, virologic response showed strong associations with resistance to specific drugs, suggesting the need for tailored therapeutic approaches. Patient behaviors related to trans-mission risk factors were also found to be linked to resistance levels, underscoring the multifac-torial nature of resistance development.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, this study underscores the importance of considering treatment response in managing HIV and suggests implications for optimizing therapy regimens to mitigate resistance emergence.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144179998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ferroptosis and Dysfunction of CD3+CD4-CD8- T Cells are Associated with Poor Immune Reconstitution in HIV Patients.","authors":"Xi Quan, Qing Xiao, Junli Luo, Chaoyu Wang, Yixing Zhou, Chensi Zeng, Xiaomei Zhang, Jieping Li, Dehong Huang, Chongling Hu, Bingling Guo, Shuang Chen, Zailin Yang, Xiaohong Deng, Yao Liu","doi":"10.2174/011570162X366300250509112302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X366300250509112302","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Some HIV patients stay in an immune unresponsive state after antiretroviral therapy (ART), with a notably higher risk of AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related complications. Double-negative T cells (DNT) can compensate for immunity and prevent immune overactivation in HIV patients. Also, immune non-responders (INRs) have fewer DNT cells than immune responders (IRs). HIV infection and ART can change the dynamic function of cell mitochondria, which are crucial in ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a form of cell death marked by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Yet, the changes in DNT cell function in INRs and the impact of ferroptosis on immune reconstitution remain unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aims: &lt;/strong&gt;Our study focused on the expression level of DNT cells in HIV immune non-responders. Then, we detected markers of ferroptosis, cell activation, proliferation, killing function, and inflammatory states of DNT cells in INRs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The study involved 88 PLHIVs who had received antiretroviral therapy for over 4 years and tested virus-negative. These patients were classified into two groups: 28 INRs (CD4 &lt; 350/μl) and 60 IRs (CD4 ≥350/μl). Additionally, 25 sex- and age-matched HCs were included. Flow cytometry was used to detect ferroptosis markers (JC-1, Lipid ROS, lipid peroxidation), cell proliferation, and cell activation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied to observe mitochondrial morphology. Finally, statistical analysis was performed on the detection results.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;After long-term antiretroviral therapy, we found that INRs had a lower DNT cell count than IRs. Regarding proliferation and activation, our results showed higher CD38/HLA-DR co-expression and Ki67 expression in INRs' DNT cells than in IRs', indicating over-activation of DNT cells in INRs. In terms of killing function, the perforin and granzyme B levels in INRs' DNT cells were lower than those in IRs', suggesting impaired killing function of DNT cells in INRs. For ferroptosis, the proportion of DNT cells with decreased MMP in INRs was higher than in IRs and HCs. INRs' DNT cells also had higher levels of lipid ROS and lipid peroxidation compared to those in IRs and HCs. TEM revealed that the mitochondria of INRs' DNT cells had typical morphological features. Moreover, INRs' DNT cells had a greater degree of inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Our study centered on the proliferation, activation, ferroptosis, killing function, and inflammatory status of DNT cells in INRs. We found that DNT cells in INRs had more active proliferation and activation, weakened killing function, mitochondrial function with typical ferroptosis features, and increased TNF-αlevels. Correlation analysis indicated that DNT cell overactivation (Ki-67+, CD38+HLA-DR+), MMP reduction ratio, and TNF-αexpression were negatively related to immune reconstitution in P","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144110022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualizing and Analyzing Global Trends and Frontier Research in HIV Reservoirs: A Bibliometric Study from 1994 to 2023.","authors":"Qingxin Gu, Fanrong Liang, Wenchuan Qi","doi":"10.2174/011570162X360028250418095855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X360028250418095855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The enduring presence of HIV reservoirs represents an important obsta-cle to clinical management. Extensive research has been conducted in this field, but there are no bibliometric analyses focusing on HIV reservoir research.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to present the current status and global trends in HIV reservoir research through bibliometric analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Studies on HIV reservoirs published from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 2023 were included in the Web of Science Core Collection database, and annual publication numbers, insti-tutions, countries, and authors were analysed using CiteSpace bibliometric software. Further-more, popular research topics and trends were analysed using co-cited references and keywords. From 1994 to 2023, 5778 publications on HIV reservoirs were included, with the United States producing the most publications, citations, and research funding. The most productive individual author was Nicolas Chomont. Cell was the journal publishing the most publications, while Nat Med had the best total link strength. The University of California System was the institution that made the greatest contribution. Keyword clustering analysis of the extracted publications indi-cated that the research areas over the past three decades have primarily focused on \"central nerv-ous system,\" \"histone deacetylase,\" \"multiple Epstein‒Barr virus infection,\" and \"dendritic cell.\"</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Moreover, keyword emergence analysis indicates that \"provirus\" and \"identification\" are likely to become central themes in future research. Future investigations should prioritize elucidating the specific mechanisms underlying proviral persistence and the identification of novel biomarkers in HIV reservoirs. Additionally, exploring the role of proviral dynamics in ther-apeutic development and reservoir targeting could offer new insights into potential treatment strategies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study makes a significant contribution to the understanding of HIV reservoirs, shedding light on key characteristics and emerging trends while also pointing to future research directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The RV144 Trial Might Still Yield Useful Information","authors":"John P Moore","doi":"10.2174/011570162X355671250402083527","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X355671250402083527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article discusses how the RV144 Phase 3 HIV-1 vaccine trial conducted over 15\u0000years ago impacted the subsequent direction of research intended to create and evaluate vaccines\u0000with potentially greater efficacy. Follow-on Phase 2b and Phase 3 trials directly or indirectly\u0000inspired by the modest efficacy reported for the RV144 trial have not shown any significant\u0000protection against HIV-1 acquisition. No credibly protective new immunogens have emerged\u0000from the Correlates of Protection (CoP) or Risk (CoR) analyses conducted after RV144-inspired\u0000studies in either humans or various macaque models. Notably, the RV144 trial did not induce\u0000neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), only non-NAbs. However, only NAbs have been shown to be\u0000protective in macaque models. One possible but underappreciated explanation for the outcome of\u0000the RV144 trial could be trained innate immune responses against the non-HIV-1 canarypox virus\u0000vector antigens, considering the placebo group only received saline. In this article, the author\u0000outlines how monkey model research based directly or indirectly on the RV144 trial could still\u0000yield useful information on the possible role of trained immunity in short-term vaccine protection.\u0000However, non-human primate research, in general, should now focus on testing new immunogens\u0000that have a reasonable chance of inducing NAbs in humans, rather than expending more resources\u0000on CoP/CoR studies inspired by the RV144 trial and its follow-ups.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143977913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Approaches for Assessments of Neutralizing, Binding, and Effector Functions of Antibodies on the Path to Antibody-Mediated Prevention Strategies for HIV-1.","authors":"David C Montefiori, Guido Ferrari, Dieter Mielke, LaTonya D Williams, Georgia D Tomaras","doi":"10.2174/011570162X363301250314034023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X363301250314034023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Robust assay technologies and reference reagents are essential components in efforts to develop safe and effective antibody-mediated prevention strategies for HIV-1. Here, we de-scribe current approaches used to conduct standardized assessments of neutralizing, binding, and Fc receptor-mediated effector functions of vaccine-elicited antibodies, with an emphasis on recent developments that enable early precursors and intermediates of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to be monitored. We also describe how these assay technologies were adapted to facili-tate clinical evaluations of passively delivered bnAbs for HIV-1 prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fc Functions and Anti-HIV Neutralizing Antibodies: A Perspective.","authors":"Hillary A Vanderven, Stephen J Kent","doi":"10.2174/011570162X353682250314070148","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X353682250314070148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Controversy exists around the relative merits of Fc functions in controlling or prevent-ing HIV-1 infection. Proponents point to general correlations of Fc functions with control of HIV, indicating that non-neutralizing antibodies could force immune escape, as observed in the early experiments with Fc mutants of the b12-neutralizing monoclonal antibody. Nay-sayers point to the primary role of neutralization in the control of HIV, the general failure of vaccine trials in-cluding antibodies with Fc functions, and the lack of additional benefit with newer broadly neu-tralizing monoclonal antibodies, such as PGT121. The truth may lie somewhere in between and there are lessons to be learned from the utility of Fc functions in other viral infections. In general, however, the additional benefit of Fc function over and above robust anti-HIV neutralizing anti-bodies may be modest. The intense primary research focus on delivering and inducing potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies, regardless of their Fc function potential, is justified.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143718278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Germline Targeting Vaccine Concept: Overview and Updates from HIV Pre-Clinical and Clinical Trials.","authors":"Leonidas Stamatatos","doi":"10.2174/011570162X358302250206074255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X358302250206074255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An effective HIV-1 vaccine should elicit diverse immune responses, including broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Such antibodies recognize regions of the viral envelope glyco-protein (Env) that are conserved among the diverse HIV-1 clades and strains. They are isolated from people living with HIV-1 to protect animals from experimental viral exposure and reduce HIV-1 acquisition in clinical settings. However, despite efforts spanning several decades, bNAbs have not been elicited through immunization. The HIV Env efficiently binds bNAbs, but not their unmutated (germline, gl) precursors. In contrast, Env readily engages the germline precursors of antibodies with no, or very narrow, cross-neutralizing activities (non-neutralizing antibodies, nnAbs). That, in part, explains why Env-based immunogens consistently elicit nnAbs, but not bNAbs. In the past decade, Env-derived proteins have been specifically designed to engage the germline precursors of diverse bNAbs. These 'germline-targeting' Env immunogens activate the corresponding naive B cells in vivo, but are unable to guide their proper maturation towards their broadly neutralizing forms. For this, immunizations with currently not well-defined heterologous Envs are required. Here, we discuss the development of germline-targeting Env immunogens, their in vivo evaluation, and the strategies currently under evaluation that aim to rapidly guide the mat-uration of germline-precursor BCRs into their broadly neutralizing forms.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143482477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}