Current HIV Research最新文献

{"title":"Access to Language Lnterpretation Services at Health Care Facilities Providing Care to Adults Diagnosed with HIV in the United States, 2019.","authors":"Mabel Padilla, Linda Beer, Ruth E Luna-Gierke, Tracy Tie, Jen-Feng Lu, John Weiser","doi":"10.2174/011570162X362664250527051957","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X362664250527051957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>People with limited English proficiency (LEP) experience barriers to healthcare access and optimal outcomes. Language interpretation services can facilitate clear communication-which is key to effective HIV care and treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed weighted data from the 2019 cycle of the Medical Monitoring Project (MMP), a cross-sectional, complex sample survey of U.S. adults with diagnosed HIV, and data from the 2021 MMP Facility Survey, a survey of facilities providing care to 2019 MMP respond-ents. We estimated the percentage of people with HIV (PWH) with LEP who received care at facilities offering language interpretation services and facilities providing language interpretation services, overall and by selected characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 89.9% of PWH with LEP received care at a facility with language interpretation services, and 83.6% of facilities provided language interpretation services. PWH with LEP who were unemployed were less likely than those who were employed to receive care at a facility with language interpretation services. Facilities that were Federally Qualified Health Centers, were not private practices, received Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program funding, and accepted public health care coverage were more likely to provide language interpretation services than facilities without these characteristics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings demonstrate that most HIV care facilities are providing access to lan-guage services to PWH with LEP in the United States.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12402997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Funding Strategies to Foster Enabling Basic Science Research in the Development of an HIV Vaccine.","authors":"Stuart Z Shapiro","doi":"10.2174/011570162X360804250527065110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X360804250527065110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite recent advances in other prevention strategies, an effective vaccine is still needed to guarantee a sustained end to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. However, the traditional ap-proaches of vaccinology have thus far failed to produce an effective vaccine. More basic research may be needed to enhance our understanding of HIV immunity and the immunological principles behind vaccination and to leverage advanced technologies before applied research activities can be successfully used to develop a distributable HIV vaccine. US Government funding plays a crucial role in promoting, enabling, and advising independent scientists and experts to perform such research. This article was written to provide, to the broader scientific community, detail about the tools NIAID uses for research funding, how and why they were used for HIV vaccine development, and how they have been helpful; it is written from the perspective of a Program Officer's experiences while working for more than 25 years in the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) of NIAID at the NIH (the US National Institutes of Health). Several types of funding activities pro-mote HIV vaccine development efforts, but three types of such activities and their impact on HIV vaccine development will be discussed in more detail.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144215207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between Antiretroviral Therapy Responses and Resistance to First-Line Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in People Living with HIV-1 Experiencing Virological Failure in South Sulawesi, Indonesia.","authors":"Nurjannah -, Francisca Srioetami Tanoehardjo, Risna Halim Mubin, Sri Jayanti, Haerani Rasyid, Agussalim Bukhari, Andi Kurnia Bintang, Khairuddin Djawad, Budiman Bella, Burhanuddin Bahar, Caecilia Hapsari Ceriapuri Sukowati, Muhammad Nasrum Massi","doi":"10.2174/011570162X336531250517171339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X336531250517171339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in treating HIV is in-fluenced by the clinical response of patients, which, in turn, impacts the development of drug resistance. This study aimed to assess the correlation between clinical treatment response and resistance to first-line reverse transcriptase inhibitors in HIV patients receiving treatment for ≤12 and >12 months in South Sulawesi, a province in Indonesia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, 36 people living with HIV (PLHIV) experiencing viro-logical failure (VF) were sampled from HIV services in the province from August 2022 to January 2023. HIV-1 viral RNAs were extracted, sequenced, and analyzed for drug sensitivity and re-sistance classification using the Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database (HIVdb) ac-cording to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, determining resistance levels and HIV subtypes. Phylogenetic analysis of PR-RT sequences (~1200 base pairs) was performed using the Muscle program and MEGA11 software, utilizing the neighbor-joining method with the Kimura two-parameter model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Genotyping of plasma samples revealed that a significant proportion of patients exhib-ited mutations associated with resistance to both nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-NRTIs (NNRTIs) (48.6% and 51.4%, respectively). Clinical response indica-tors, such as initial body mass index and occurrence of opportunistic infections, were found to correlate with specific drug resistance, highlighting the importance of monitoring treatment re-sponse. Moreover, virologic response showed strong associations with resistance to specific drugs, suggesting the need for tailored therapeutic approaches. Patient behaviors related to trans-mission risk factors were also found to be linked to resistance levels, underscoring the multifac-torial nature of resistance development.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, this study underscores the importance of considering treatment response in managing HIV and suggests implications for optimizing therapy regimens to mitigate resistance emergence.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144179998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunoinformatics Analysis of Potent Therapeutic Formulations for the Development of HIV-1 Nefmut-Carrying Engineered Exosomes.","authors":"Parisa Moradi Pordanjani, Azam Bolhassani, Fatemeh Heidarnejad, Elnaz Agi","doi":"10.2174/011570162X361821250512115612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X361821250512115612","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The concept of designer exosomes involves developing engineered ex-osomes to overcome the limitations of natural exosomes in targeted drug delivery and vaccine development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, the multiepitope constructs were designed based on immunogenic regions of mutant Nef protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1 Nefmut) that were prone to high Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs), such as palmitoylation and myristoylation. These constructs with high scores in PTMs were selected for interactions with molecules involved in exosome biogenesis, anchoring of a protein in membranes, and enzymes involved in PTMs (e.g., the mutant enzyme ZDHHC21 p.T209S). Moreover, the selected multiepitope construct with the highest PTM score and stable linkage with these molecules was fused to the first exon of the HIV-1 Tat protein as an antigen candidate, and to GFP as a tracking tool for evaluating their effects on the PTM scores and affinity binding with various molecules.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our data demonstrated that the multiepitope construct No.13 had better scores for incor-poration into exosomes compared to the whole sequences of Nefmut and wild-type Nef protein (Nefwt). Furthermore, the linkage of Tat protein to construct No. 13 did not hinder its loading in exosomes compared to GFP, suggesting the use of this construct in vaccine development.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The multiepitope construct No.13 harboring potent Nef mut epitopes can be applied for linkage with other viral antigens, enhancing their delivery into exosomes for therapeutic ap-plications.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144141528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ferroptosis and Dysfunction of CD3+CD4-CD8- T Cells are Associated with Poor Immune Reconstitution in HIV Patients.","authors":"Xi Quan, Qing Xiao, Junli Luo, Chaoyu Wang, Yixing Zhou, Chensi Zeng, Xiaomei Zhang, Jieping Li, Dehong Huang, Chongling Hu, Bingling Guo, Shuang Chen, Zailin Yang, Xiaohong Deng, Yao Liu","doi":"10.2174/011570162X366300250509112302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X366300250509112302","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Some HIV patients stay in an immune unresponsive state after antiretroviral therapy (ART), with a notably higher risk of AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related complications. Double-negative T cells (DNT) can compensate for immunity and prevent immune overactivation in HIV patients. Also, immune non-responders (INRs) have fewer DNT cells than immune responders (IRs). HIV infection and ART can change the dynamic function of cell mitochondria, which are crucial in ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a form of cell death marked by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Yet, the changes in DNT cell function in INRs and the impact of ferroptosis on immune reconstitution remain unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aims: &lt;/strong&gt;Our study focused on the expression level of DNT cells in HIV immune non-responders. Then, we detected markers of ferroptosis, cell activation, proliferation, killing function, and inflammatory states of DNT cells in INRs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The study involved 88 PLHIVs who had received antiretroviral therapy for over 4 years and tested virus-negative. These patients were classified into two groups: 28 INRs (CD4 &lt; 350/μl) and 60 IRs (CD4 ≥350/μl). Additionally, 25 sex- and age-matched HCs were included. Flow cytometry was used to detect ferroptosis markers (JC-1, Lipid ROS, lipid peroxidation), cell proliferation, and cell activation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied to observe mitochondrial morphology. Finally, statistical analysis was performed on the detection results.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;After long-term antiretroviral therapy, we found that INRs had a lower DNT cell count than IRs. Regarding proliferation and activation, our results showed higher CD38/HLA-DR co-expression and Ki67 expression in INRs' DNT cells than in IRs', indicating over-activation of DNT cells in INRs. In terms of killing function, the perforin and granzyme B levels in INRs' DNT cells were lower than those in IRs', suggesting impaired killing function of DNT cells in INRs. For ferroptosis, the proportion of DNT cells with decreased MMP in INRs was higher than in IRs and HCs. INRs' DNT cells also had higher levels of lipid ROS and lipid peroxidation compared to those in IRs and HCs. TEM revealed that the mitochondria of INRs' DNT cells had typical morphological features. Moreover, INRs' DNT cells had a greater degree of inflammation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Our study centered on the proliferation, activation, ferroptosis, killing function, and inflammatory status of DNT cells in INRs. We found that DNT cells in INRs had more active proliferation and activation, weakened killing function, mitochondrial function with typical ferroptosis features, and increased TNF-αlevels. Correlation analysis indicated that DNT cell overactivation (Ki-67+, CD38+HLA-DR+), MMP reduction ratio, and TNF-αexpression were negatively related to immune reconstitution in P","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144110022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compromised Glycolysis in Memory CD4+ T cells Derived from HIV-infected Immunological Non-Responders to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.","authors":"Violetta V Vlasova, Larisa B Korolevskaya, Evgeniya V Saidakova, Konstantin V Shmagel","doi":"10.2174/011570162X361238250421120542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X361238250421120542","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HAART-treated HIV-infected individuals, known as «immunological non-responders» (INR), fail to restore CD4+ T cell counts despite effective viral control. Incomplete immune restoration in INR is usually linked to low-productive proliferation of memory CD4+ T lymphocytes. Given that CD4+ T cell ability to divide critically depends on the glycolytic pathway, we aimed to determine the levels of glucose uptake and glycolysis in memory CD4+ T cells of INR. Two groups of HIV-infected HAART-treated subjects were studied: INR and immunological responders, with a healthy controls group comprising uninfected volunteers. The results showed that INR had the highest activation level in memory CD4+ T cells and the greatest glucose uptake. Short-term phytohemagglutinin stimulation provoked an increase in aerobic glycolysis in memory CD4+ T lymphocytes. Nevertheless, we found significantly reduced aerobic glycolysis in activated memory CD4+ Т cells of INR. Hence in INR, there is a discrepancy between the highly activated phenotype of memory CD4+ T lymphocytes and their glycolytic activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143967985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Healthcare Providers' Perspectives on Same-Day Antiretroviral Initiation in Ethiopian Healthcare Facilities.","authors":"Kidanu Hurisa Chachu, Kefiloe Adolphina Maboe","doi":"10.2174/011570162X354534250414010350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X354534250414010350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The concept of same-day antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation entails initiating HIV treatment promptly upon diagnosis, ideally during the initial clinic visit or even on the same day as diagnosis. This study explores the factors leading to patient loss to follow-up after same-day ART initiation and the benefits and challenges associated with this approach.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A qualitative research design was employed to investigate healthcare providers' perspectives regarding same-day ART initiation and its contribution to patient loss to follow-up following same-day ART initiation, benefits, and challenges. It is a qualitative study conducted in the form of in-depth cell phone interviews with physicians and nurses who are providing ART services within healthcare facilities in Ethiopia. Data collection was conducted from April 30, 2021, to March 22, 2022.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings revealed that same-day ART initiation offers both advantages and drawbacks. Findings show benefits such as shifts in perceptions and attitudes towards HIV, reduced transmission rates, enhanced service utilization, and viral suppression. However, disadvantages included its inappropriateness for critically ill patients' refusal to accept results and suboptimal adherence, leading to increased risk of patient loss to follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Same-day ART initiation presents a dual nature, offering immediate benefits in HIV management and transmission reduction, yet facing challenges regarding suitability for critically ill patients and adherence issues. The authors recommend addressing factors such as patient education, stigma reduction, and tailored interventions, which are crucial in optimizing the effectiveness of this approach and minimizing patient loss to follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143983172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating the COVID-19 Treatment Landscape: Efficacy and Side-Effects of Current Therapies against SARS-CoV-2.","authors":"Sachin Parwani, Shobha Upreti, Chandan Kumar Mishra, Ashutosh Tripathi, Surajit Chakraborty, Sameer Tiwari","doi":"10.2174/011570162X338375250414114957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X338375250414114957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. Des-ignated as an epidemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 30, 2020, the virus quickly escalated to a global emergency, officially declared a pandemic in March 2020. With over 6 million recorded deaths and more than 200 identified symptoms in diverse individuals, the impact of COVID-19 is substantial. COVID-19 poses a greater risk to individuals with advanced HIV, while those with well-managed HIV are not at increased risk. Although COVID-19 vaccines are generally effective for people with HIV, some may experience reduced vaccine effectiveness and breakthrough infections due to suboptimal immune responses. Long COVID, affecting at least 65 million individuals, adds a layer of complexity. The virus's rapid mutation has led to diverse symptomatology, prompting adjustments in treatment guidelines. This review compre-hensively examines repurposed antiviral drug candidates against COVID-19, explores immune responses across different age groups, delves into the mechanisms of COVID-19 vaccines, and discusses potential immunosuppressants. Additionally, the focus extends to Intravenous Immu-noglobulin (IVIG), steroids, and anti-cytokine therapy as promising avenues to address cytokine release syndrome (CRS), a critical condition in COVID-19 patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143977908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualizing and Analyzing Global Trends and Frontier Research in HIV Reservoirs: A Bibliometric Study from 1994 to 2023.","authors":"Qingxin Gu, Fanrong Liang, Wenchuan Qi","doi":"10.2174/011570162X360028250418095855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/011570162X360028250418095855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The enduring presence of HIV reservoirs represents an important obsta-cle to clinical management. Extensive research has been conducted in this field, but there are no bibliometric analyses focusing on HIV reservoir research.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to present the current status and global trends in HIV reservoir research through bibliometric analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Studies on HIV reservoirs published from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 2023 were included in the Web of Science Core Collection database, and annual publication numbers, insti-tutions, countries, and authors were analysed using CiteSpace bibliometric software. Further-more, popular research topics and trends were analysed using co-cited references and keywords. From 1994 to 2023, 5778 publications on HIV reservoirs were included, with the United States producing the most publications, citations, and research funding. The most productive individual author was Nicolas Chomont. Cell was the journal publishing the most publications, while Nat Med had the best total link strength. The University of California System was the institution that made the greatest contribution. Keyword clustering analysis of the extracted publications indi-cated that the research areas over the past three decades have primarily focused on \"central nerv-ous system,\" \"histone deacetylase,\" \"multiple Epstein‒Barr virus infection,\" and \"dendritic cell.\"</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Moreover, keyword emergence analysis indicates that \"provirus\" and \"identification\" are likely to become central themes in future research. Future investigations should prioritize elucidating the specific mechanisms underlying proviral persistence and the identification of novel biomarkers in HIV reservoirs. Additionally, exploring the role of proviral dynamics in ther-apeutic development and reservoir targeting could offer new insights into potential treatment strategies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study makes a significant contribution to the understanding of HIV reservoirs, shedding light on key characteristics and emerging trends while also pointing to future research directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The RV144 Trial Might Still Yield Useful Information","authors":"John P Moore","doi":"10.2174/011570162X355671250402083527","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X355671250402083527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article discusses how the RV144 Phase 3 HIV-1 vaccine trial conducted over 15\u0000years ago impacted the subsequent direction of research intended to create and evaluate vaccines\u0000with potentially greater efficacy. Follow-on Phase 2b and Phase 3 trials directly or indirectly\u0000inspired by the modest efficacy reported for the RV144 trial have not shown any significant\u0000protection against HIV-1 acquisition. No credibly protective new immunogens have emerged\u0000from the Correlates of Protection (CoP) or Risk (CoR) analyses conducted after RV144-inspired\u0000studies in either humans or various macaque models. Notably, the RV144 trial did not induce\u0000neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), only non-NAbs. However, only NAbs have been shown to be\u0000protective in macaque models. One possible but underappreciated explanation for the outcome of\u0000the RV144 trial could be trained innate immune responses against the non-HIV-1 canarypox virus\u0000vector antigens, considering the placebo group only received saline. In this article, the author\u0000outlines how monkey model research based directly or indirectly on the RV144 trial could still\u0000yield useful information on the possible role of trained immunity in short-term vaccine protection.\u0000However, non-human primate research, in general, should now focus on testing new immunogens\u0000that have a reasonable chance of inducing NAbs in humans, rather than expending more resources\u0000on CoP/CoR studies inspired by the RV144 trial and its follow-ups.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143977913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}