Current HIV Research最新文献

{"title":"Coexistence of Cryptococcal Fungemia and <i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> Pneumonia in an HIV-Infected Patient: A Case Report.","authors":"Tuba Tatli Kiş, Süleyman Yildirim, Can Biçmen, Nur Yücel, Cenk Kirakli","doi":"10.2174/011570162X254084231016192302","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X254084231016192302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Opportunistic infections caused by bacteria and fungi are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jirovecii are the most common opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed individuals, but their coexistence is rare. To our knowledge, this is the first case presented in Turkey involving the coexistence of C.neoformans fungemia and P.jirovecii pneumonia.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 26-year-old male patient presented with a cachectic appearance, cough, sputum, weakness, shortness of breath, and a weight loss of 15 kg in the last three months. It was learned that the patient was diagnosed with HIV three years ago, did not go to follow-ups, and did not use the treatments. CD4 cell count was 7/mm3 (3.4%), CD8 cell count was 100 (54%) mm3, and HIV viral load was 5670 copies/mL. In thorax computed tomography (CT), increases in opacity in diffuse ground glass density in both lungs and fibroatelectasis in lower lobes were observed. With the prediagnosis of P. jiroveci pneumonia, the HIV-infected patient was given trimethoprim-- sulfamethoxazole 15 mg/kg/day intravenously (i.v.). On the 4th day of the patient's hospitalization, mutiplex PCR-based rapid syndromic Biofire (Film Array) blood culture identification 2 (BCID2) test (Biomerieux, France) was applied for rapid identification from blood culture. C. neoformans was detected in the blood culture panel. The treatment that the patient was taking with the diagnosis of C. neoformans fungemia was started at a dose of liposomal amphotericin B 5 mg/kg/- day + fluconazole 800 mg/day.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While the incidence of opportunistic infections has decreased with antiretroviral therapy (ART), it remains a problem in patients who are unaware of being infected with HIV or who fail ART or refuse treatment. High fungal burden, advanced age, low CD4+ cell count, and being underweight are risk factors for mortality in HIV-positive patients. Our case was a cachectic patient with a CD4 count of 7 cells/mm3. Despite the early and effective treatment, the course was fatal.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"259-263"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50157173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Importance of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Intervention and Treatment of HIV while Considering its Safety and Efficacy.","authors":"Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian, Wenli Sun","doi":"10.2174/011570162X271199231128092621","DOIUrl":"10.2174/011570162X271199231128092621","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural products have been considered a potential resource for the development of novel therapeutic agents, since time immemorial. It is an opportunity to discover cost-effective and safe drugs at the earliest, with the goal to hit specific targets in the HIV life cycle. Natural products with inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus are terpenes, coumarins, flavonoids, curcumin, proteins, such as lectins, laccases, bromotyrosines, and ribosome-inactivating proteins. Terpenes inhibit virus fusion, lectins and flavonoids have an inhibitory impact on viral binding, curcumin and flavonoids inhibit viral DNA integration. The most important medicinal plants which have been used in traditional Chinese medicinal sciences with anti-HIV properties are Convallaria majalis, Digitalis lanata, Cassia fistula, Croton macrostachyus, Dodonaea angustifolia, Ganoderma lucidum, Trametes versicolor, Coriolus versicolor, Cordyceps sinensis, Gardenia jasminoides, Morus alba, Scutellaria baicalensis, Ophiopogon japonicus, Platycodon grandiflorus, Fritillaria thunbergii, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Trichosanthes kirilowii, Citrus reticulata, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Rheum officinale, Poria cocos, Rheum palmatum, Astragalus membranaceus, Morinda citrifolia, Potentilla kleiniana, Artemisia capillaris, Sargassum fusiforme, Piperis longi fructus, Stellera chamaejasme, Curcumae rhizoma, Dalbergia odorifera lignum, Arisaematis Rhizoma preparatum, and Phellodendron amurense. The information provided is gathered from randomized control experiments, review articles, and analytical studies and observations, which are obtained from different literature sources, such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct from July 2000 to August 2023. The aim of this review article is to survey and introduce important medicinal plants and herbs that have been used for the treatment of HIV, especially the medicinal plants that are common in traditional Chinese medicine, as research to date is limited, and more evidence is required to confirm TCM,s efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"331-346"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138476966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Prevalence of HLA-B*57 Serotype Associated with Hypersensitivity Reactions in the Treatment of HIV İnfection in the Turkish Population.","authors":"Muhammed Ali Kizmaz, Abdurrahman Simsek, Figen Aymak, Emin Halis Akalin, Haluk Barbaros Oral, Ferah Budak","doi":"10.2174/1570162X21666230731145350","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1570162X21666230731145350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of our study is to reveal the prevalence of HLA-B*57 in the Turkish population and to provide new perspectives to physicians starting abacavir therapy in HIV patients.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Abacavir, one of the drugs used to treat HIV infection, can cause hypersensitivity reactions in some patients. These hypersensitivity reactions have been shown to be associated with the HLA-B*57:01 allele. High-resolution HLA-B*57:01 scanning has a time and cost disadvantage compared with low-resolution HLA-B*57 scanning. Before starting abacavir treatment, we will discuss whether high-resolution scanning is more beneficial in individuals who are positive on HLAB* 57 screening. This is the study with the largest cohort to investigate the prevalence of HLA-B*57 in Turkey.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The results of 25 thousand 318 people who applied to Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology for HLA-B* typing were scanned.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In our study, the HLA-B*57 serotype was detected in 827 (3.3%) individuals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Considering these results, it can be assumed that the prevalence of HLA-B*57:01 in Turkey is lower than 3.3%. Instead of a high-resolution HLA-B*57:01 scan in all patients starting abacavir therapy, a high-resolution HLA-B*57:01 scan might be of greater benefit in patients who are positive on a low-resolution HLA-B*57 scan.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":" ","pages":"254-258"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9912086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomarkers of Growth Faltering and Neurodevelopmental Delay in Children who are HIV-Exposed but Uninfected: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Reshma Sirajee,&nbsp;Jason Brophy,&nbsp;Andrea L Conroy,&nbsp;Sophie Namasopo,&nbsp;Robert O Opoka,&nbsp;Urvi Rai,&nbsp;Sarah Forgie,&nbsp;Bukola Oladunni Salami,&nbsp;Michael T Hawkes","doi":"10.2174/1570162X21666230505152846","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1570162X21666230505152846","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Children who are HIV-exposed but uninfected (CHEU) are at risk of linear growth faltering and neurodevelopmental delay. Circulating biomarkers associated with these adverse outcomes may elucidate pathways of injury.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify biomarkers associated with growth faltering and neurodevelopmental delay in CHEU.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a systematic review of electronic databases MEDLINE (1946-April 2021), EMBASE (1974-April 2021), Scopus (2004-April 2021), and PubMed (1985-April 2021), following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The systematic review was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, registration number CRD42021238363).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found seven studies associating biomarker abnormalities and growth outcomes in CHEUs and two studies on biomarker abnormalities and neurodevelopmental delay. Biomarker abnormalities associated with growth restriction were: C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-12p70, IFN-γ-induced protein-10 (CXCL10/IP-10), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1). Biomarkers associated with motor, language, and cognitive delay were CRP, IFN-γ, IL-1β, -2, -4, -6, -10, -12p70, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and matrix metalloproteinase- 9 (MMP-9).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Elevated markers of inflammation (acute phase reactants, pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines) and intestinal microbial translocation are associated with growth faltering. Elevated markers of inflammation are associated with adverse neurodevelopment.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":"21 3","pages":"172-184"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10544646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Transmitted Drug Resistance among HIV-1 Patients in the Aegean Region: Results from the Western Part of Turkey.","authors":"Ruchan Sertoz,&nbsp;Duygu Tekin,&nbsp;Selda Erensoy,&nbsp;Servet Biceroglu,&nbsp;Figen Kaptan,&nbsp;Sukran Köse,&nbsp;Hulya Ozkan,&nbsp;Banu Cetin,&nbsp;Melda Türken,&nbsp;Deniz Gokengin","doi":"10.2174/1570162X21666230525145529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570162X21666230525145529","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to analyze the antiretroviral drug resistance in antiretroviral treatment-naïve HIV-positive patients in the Aegean Region of Turkey from 2012 to 2019.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included 814 plasma samples from treatment-naïve HIV-positive patients. Drug resistance analysis was performed by Sanger sequencing (SS) between 2012-2017 and by next-generation sequencing sequencing (NGS) between 2018-2019. SS was used to analyze resistance mutations in the protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) gene regions using a ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping System. PCR products were analyzed with an ABI3500 GeneticAnalyzer (Applied Biosystems). The sequencing of the HIV genome in the PR, RT, and integrase gene regions was carried out using MiSeq NGS technology. Drug resistance mutations and subtypes were interpreted using the Stanford University HIV-1 drug resistance database.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) mutation was detected in 34/814 (4.1 %) samples. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), and protease inhibitor (PI) mutations were identified in 1.4 % (n =12), 2.4 % (n =20), and 0.3 % (n = 3) of samples, respectively. The most common subtypes were B (53.1 %), A (10.9%), CRF29_BF (10.6%), and B + CRF02_AG (8,2%). The most common TDR mutations were E138A (3.4%), T215 revertants (1.7%), M41L (1.5%), and K103N (1.1%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Transmitted drug resistance rate in the Aegean Region is compatible with national and regional data. Routine surveillance of resistance mutations may guide the safe and correct selection of initial drug combinations for antiretroviral therapy. The identification of HIV-1 subtypes and recombinant forms in Turkey may contribute to international molecular epidemiological data.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":"21 2","pages":"109-116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10134046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monoclonal CCR5 Antibody: A Promising Therapy for HIV.","authors":"Li Zhao,&nbsp;Yu Lai","doi":"10.2174/1570162X21666230316110830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570162X21666230316110830","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HIV is one of the world's most devastating viral infections and has claimed tens of millions of lives worldwide since it was first identified in the 1980s. There is no cure for HIV infection. However, with tremendous progress in HIV diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, HIV has become a manageable chronic health disease. CCR5 is an important coreceptor used by HIV to infect target cells, and genetic deficiency of the chemokine receptor CCR5 confers a significant degree of protection against HIV infection. In addition, since CCR5 deficiency does not appear to cause any adverse health effects, targeting this coreceptor is a promising strategy for the treatment and prevention of HIV. Monoclonal antibodies are frequently used as therapeutics for many diseases and therefore are being used as a potential therapy for HIV-1 infection. This review reports on CCR5 antibody research in detail and describes the role and advantages of CCR5 antibodies in HIV prevention or treatment, introduces several main CCR5 antibodies, and discusses the future strategy of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles including the potential challenges. CCR5 antibodies may be a novel therapy for treating HIV infection effectively and could overcome the limitations of the currently available options.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":"21 2","pages":"91-98"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10136941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Willingness to Recommend Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention Among Mexican Non-Physician Health Providers: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Dulce María Díaz-Sosa,&nbsp;Centli Guillen-Díaz-Barriga,&nbsp;Rebeca Robles-García,&nbsp;Hamid Vega-Ramírez","doi":"10.2174/1570162X21666221125150535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570162X21666221125150535","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has recently been introduced in Mexico. Still, there are no data exploring the frequency and related factors of willingness to recommend it among non-physician health providers (Non-PHP).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Compare awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and willingness to recommend PrEP and combined HIV prevention among Mexican non-PHP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted an online survey assessing data on sociodemographics, awareness, knowledge, and willingness to recommend PrEP. We performed a descriptive and comparative analysis between those willing and unwilling to recommend PrEP.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The final sample was 142 participants, and most were willing to recommend PrEP (79.6%). This group reported higher confidence in evaluating PrEP eligibility (90.1%, p<.01), identified that populations at increased risk of HIV would benefit the most from PrEP (p≤.05), and considered the lack of professionals to prescribe PrEP as a barrier (60.7%, p<.01), and were more likely to recommend post-exposure prophylaxis (95.6%, p<.01) compared to those not willing to recommend PrEP. On the other hand, more non-PHP unwilling to recommend PrEP considered that behavioral interventions should be prioritized over PrEP (89.3%, p<.05), PrEP should not be provided in public services (43.3%, p<.001), and the demand of PrEP users would be low to maintain PrEP as a public policy (34.5%, p<.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A high proportion of Mexican non-PHP is willing to recommend PrEP. Still, it is necessary to increase their PrEP knowledge, including improving their prejudices and beliefs, so they can identify and refer potential PrEP users based on their risk of getting HIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"7-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9668292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Point-of-Care HIV Test for a Promising Simple and Rapid Clinical HIV Definite Diagnosis Process.","authors":"Zhenrui Xue,&nbsp;Min Song,&nbsp;Ping Peng,&nbsp;Chunyan Yao","doi":"10.2174/1570162X21666230309115137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570162X21666230309115137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study compared and evaluated the performance of a commercially available HIV POC rapid test with assays commonly used in clinical laboratories, including enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot (WB), and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>500 patients' samples were detected by the POC rapid test and clinically common tests (WB, ELISA, and RT-PCR) to compare detection performance, test time, and test cost.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Taking the WB results as the gold standard, the results of RT-PCR were completely consistent with WB. The concordance of ELISA and POC with WB was 82.00% and 93.80%, respectively, with statistically significant differences (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides evidence that rapid HIV POC assays are superior to ELISA and that WB and RT-PCR have equal detection performance in detecting HIV. As a result, a rapid and costeffective HIV definition process based on the POC assays can be proposed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":"21 2","pages":"117-121"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10507220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV Preintegration Transcription and Host Antagonism.","authors":"Yuntao Wu","doi":"10.2174/1570162X21666230621122637","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1570162X21666230621122637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Retrovirus integration is an obligatory step for the viral life cycle, but large amounts of unintegrated DNA (uDNA) accumulate during retroviral infection. For simple retroviruses, in the absence of integration, viral genomes are epigenetically silenced in host cells. For complex retroviruses such as HIV, preintegration transcription has been found to occur at low levels from a large population of uDNA even in the presence of host epigenetic silencing mechanisms. HIV preintegration transcription has been suggested to be a normal early process of HIV infection that leads to the syntheses of all three classes of viral transcripts: multiply-spliced, singly-spliced, and unspliced genomic RNA; only viral early proteins such as Nef are selectively translated at low levels in blood CD4 T cells and macrophages, the primary targets of HIV. The initiation and persistence of HIV preintegration transcription have been suggested to rely on viral accessory proteins, particularly virion Vpr and de novo Tat generated from uDNA; both proteins have been shown to antagonize host epigenetic silencing of uDNA. In addition, stimulation of latently infected resting T cells and macrophages with cytokines, PKC activator, or histone deacetylase inhibitors has been found to greatly upregulate preintegration transcription, leading to low-level viral production or even replication from uDNA. Functionally, Nef synthesized from preintegration transcription is biologically active in modulating host immune functions, lowering the threshold of T cell activation, and downregulating surface CD4, CXCR4/CCR5, and HMC receptors. The early Tat activity from preintegration transcription antagonizes repressive minichromatin assembled onto uDNA. The study of HIV preintegration transcription is important to understanding virus-host interaction and antagonism, viral persistence, and the mechanism of integrase drug resistance. The application of unintegrated lentiviral vectors for gene therapy also offers a safety advantage for minimizing retroviral vector-mediated insertional mutagenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":"21 3","pages":"160-171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10661980/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10563989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Combination of Novel HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor and Cytochrome P450 (CYP) Enzyme Inhibitor to Explore the Future Prospective of Antiviral Agents: Evotaz.","authors":"Abha Sharma,&nbsp;Poonam Sharma,&nbsp;Isha Kapila,&nbsp;Vikrant Abbot","doi":"10.2174/1570162X21666230522123631","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1570162X21666230522123631","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Viruses belong to the class of micro-organisms that are well known for causing infections in the human body. Antiviral medications are given out to prevent the spread of disease-causing viruses. When the viruses are actively reproducing, these agents have their greatest impact. It is particularly challenging to develop virus-specific medications since viruses share the majority of the metabolic functions of the host cell. In the continuous search for better antiviral agents, the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) approved a new drug named Evotaz on January 29, 2015 for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Evotaz is a combined once-daily fixed drug, containing Atazanavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, and cobicistat, an inhibitor of the human liver cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme. The medication is created such that it can kill viruses by concurrently inhibiting protease and CYP enzymes. The medicine is still being studied for a number of criteria, but its usefulness in children under the age of 12 is currently unknown. The preclinical and clinical characteristics of Evotaz, as well as its safety and efficacy profiles and a comparison of the novel drug with antiviral medications presently available in the market, are the main topics of this review paper.</p>","PeriodicalId":10911,"journal":{"name":"Current HIV Research","volume":"21 3","pages":"149-159"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10184287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}