Critical Reviews in Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Incapacitating agents review: 20 years after Nord Ost Siege.","authors":"Tomás A E Gabrielli","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270567","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Incapacitating agents are chemical weapons that produce a temporary disabling condition that persists for hours or days after exposure. Their main site of action is the central nervous system and includes substances that are considered depressants or stimulants. While not intended to cause death, can produce significant morbidity in affected patients. The objective of this narrative review is to update the toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, diagnosis, and treatment of these chemicals, considering that 20 years have passed since the Nord Ost Siege, where a fentanyl derivative was used by Russian forces to neutralize a group of Chechen dissidents. A bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed, SciELO, and Cochrane Library databases as well as nonindexed scientific literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"481-490"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71421458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malathion or diazinon exposure and male reproductive toxicity: a systematic review of studies performed with rodents.","authors":"Daniel Delorenzi Schons, Gabriel Adan Araújo Leite","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270494","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malathion and diazinon are pesticides commonly used in agriculture to avoid insects that damage crops; however, they may cause impairment to the male genital system of exposed humans. The present work carried out a systematic review of the literature concerning the primary studies that assessed the reproductive effects resulting from male rats and mice exposed to malathion or diazinon. The search for articles was performed on the databases PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, and SciELO, using different combinations of the search terms \"malathion,\" \"diazinon,\" \"mice,\" \"rats,\" \"male reproduction,\" \"fertility,\" and \"sperm,\" followed by the Boolean operators AND or OR. The results obtained indicate that both pesticides act as reproductive toxicants by reducing sperm quality, diminishing hormonal concentrations, inducing increased oxidative stress, and provoking histopathological damage in reproductive organs. Then, the exposure to malathion and diazinon may provoke diminished levels of testosterone by increasing acetylcholine stimulation in the testis through muscarinic receptors, thus, providing a reduction in steroidogenic activity in Leydig cells, whose effect is related to lower levels of testosterone in rodents, and consequently, it is associated with decreased fertility. Considering the toxic effects on the male genital system of rodents and the possible male reproductive toxicity in humans, it is recommended the decreased use of these pesticides and their replacement for others that show no or few toxic effects for non-target animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"506-520"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71434059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials and their role in asthma.","authors":"Wells Utembe, Charlene Andraos, Mary Gulumian","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270519","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270519","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The toxicity of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> has formed the basis of most studies. However, the toxicity of ENMs, particularly on the immune system, i.e. <i>immunotoxicity</i>, and their role in manipulating it, are less known. This review addresses the initiation or exacerbation as well as the attenuation of allergic asthma by a variety of ENMs and how they may be used in drug delivery to enhance the treatment of asthma. This review also highlights a few research gaps in the study of the immunotoxicity of ENMs, for example, the potential drawbacks of assays used in immunotoxicity assays; the potential role of hormesis during dosing of ENMs; and the variables that result in discrepancies among different studies, such as the physicochemical properties of ENMs, differences in asthmatic animal models, and different routes of administration.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"491-505"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71479176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subject: call for papers-critical reviews in toxicology.","authors":"Roger O McClellan","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270291","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270291","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"480"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49689179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International regulatory uses of acute systemic toxicity data and integration of new approach methodologies.","authors":"Judy Strickland, Esther Haugabrooks, David G Allen, Luciene B Balottin, Yoko Hirabayashi, Nicole C Kleinstreuer, Hajime Kojima, Claudio Nishizawa, Pilar Prieto, Deborah E Ratzlaff, Jayoung Jeong, JinHee Lee, Ying Yang, Pinpin Lin, Kristie Sullivan, Warren Casey","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2240852","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2240852","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemical regulatory authorities around the world require systemic toxicity data from acute exposures via the oral, dermal, and inhalation routes for human health risk assessment. To identify opportunities for regulatory uses of non-animal replacements for these tests, we reviewed acute systemic toxicity testing requirements for jurisdictions that participate in the International Cooperation on Alternative Test Methods (ICATM): Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the USA. The chemical sectors included in our review of each jurisdiction were cosmetics, consumer products, industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and pesticides. We found acute systemic toxicity data were most often required for hazard assessment, classification, and labeling, and to a lesser extent quantitative risk assessment. Where animal methods were required, animal reduction methods were typically recommended. For many jurisdictions and chemical sectors, non-animal alternatives are not accepted, but several jurisdictions provide guidance to support the use of test waivers to reduce animal use for specific applications. An understanding of international regulatory requirements for acute systemic toxicity testing will inform ICATM's strategy for the development, acceptance, and implementation of non-animal alternatives to assess the health hazards and risks associated with acute toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"385-411"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10592330/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10549589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to the letter to the editor regarding the article \"Weight of evidence evaluation for chemical-induced immunotoxicity for PFOA and PFOS: findings from an independent panel of experts\" by Garvey et al. (2023).","authors":"Gregory J Garvey,&nbsp;Janet K Anderson,&nbsp;Philip P Goodrum,&nbsp;Kirby H Tyndall,&nbsp;L Anthony Cox,&nbsp;Mahin Khatami,&nbsp;Jorge Morales-Montor,&nbsp;Rita S Schoeny,&nbsp;Jennifer G Seed,&nbsp;Rajeev K Tyagi,&nbsp;Christopher R Kirman,&nbsp;Sean M Hays","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2240841","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2240841","url":null,"abstract":"Thank you for the opportunity to respond to Dr. Post’s letter (Post 2023) regarding our recent publication. We are pleased that our paper and the work of the independent panel of experts is gaining such attention and we appreciate the opportunity to respond and correct the record. Dr. Post suggests there are “inaccuracies” in our statements regarding the use of immune system effects as the critical endpoints for toxicity factors for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). We divided her comment letter into three sections and provide responses below.","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"438-439"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10069403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the editor about the article \"Weight of evidence evaluation for chemical-induced immunotoxicity for PFOA and PFOS: findings from an independent panel of experts\" by Garvey et al. (2023).","authors":"Gloria B Post","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2240903","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2240903","url":null,"abstract":"This letter is written regarding the recently published paper, Garvey et al. (2023). “Weight of evidence evaluation for chemical-induced immunotoxicity for PFOA and PFOS: findings from an independent panel of experts,” doi:10.1080/10408444.2023.2194913. I am writing to correct inaccuracies in the information about the use of immune system effects as the critical endpoints for toxicity factors (Reference Doses [RfDs]; Minimal Risk Levels [MRLs]) for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) that Garvey et al. attributed to my publication, Post (2021). Garvey et al. state:","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"436-437"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10069406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The environment and male reproductive system: the potential role and underlying mechanisms of cadmium in testis cancer.","authors":"Cristina de Angelis,&nbsp;Giacomo Galdiero,&nbsp;Davide Menafra,&nbsp;Francesco Garifalos,&nbsp;Nunzia Verde,&nbsp;Mariangela Piscopo,&nbsp;Mariarosaria Negri,&nbsp;Renata Simona Auriemma,&nbsp;Chiara Simeoli,&nbsp;Claudia Pivonello,&nbsp;Annamaria Colao,&nbsp;Rosario Pivonello","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2250387","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2250387","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cadmium is a known human carcinogen, and has been shown to profoundly affect male reproductive function, at multiple levels, by exerting both endocrine and non-endocrine actions. Nevertheless, the potential role of cadmium in the etiology of testis cancer has been scantly investigated in humans, and, currently, available epidemiological observational studies are insufficient to draw definitive conclusions in this regard. On the contrary, experimental studies in laboratory animals demonstrated that cadmium is a strong inducer of testis tumors, mostly represented by benign Leydig cell adenoma; moreover, malignant transformation was also reported in few animals, following cadmium treatment. Early experimental studies in animals proposed an endocrine-dependent mechanism of cadmium-induced testis tumorigenesis; however, more recent findings from cell-free assays, <i>in vitro</i> studies, and short-term <i>in vivo</i> studies, highlighted that cadmium might also contribute to testis tumor development by early occurring endocrine-independent mechanisms, which include aberrant gene expression within the testis, and genotoxic effects, and take place well before the timing of testis tumorigenesis. These endocrine-independent mechanisms, however, have not been directly investigated on testis tumor samples retrieved from affected, cadmium-treated animals so far. The present review focuses on the relationship between cadmium exposure and testis cancer, by reporting the few epidemiological observational human studies available, and by providing animal-based experimental evidences of cadmium implication in the pathogenesis and progression of testis tumor. Moreover, the relevance of experimental animal studies to human cadmium exposure and the translational potential of experimental findings will be extensively discussed, by critically addressing strengths and weaknesses of available data.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"412-435"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41115950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigations on learning and memory function in extended one-generation reproductive toxicity studies - when considered needed and based on what?","authors":"Josje H E Arts,&nbsp;Frank Faulhammer,&nbsp;Steffen Schneider,&nbsp;Joanne G W Salverda","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2236134","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2236134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To justify investigations on learning and memory (L&M) function in extended one-generation reproductive toxicity studies (EOGRTS; Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline (TG) 443) for registration under Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemical (REACH), the European Chemicals Agency has referred to three publications based on which the Agency concluded that \"perturbation of thyroid hormone signaling in offspring affects spatial cognitive abilities (learning and memory)\" and \"Therefore, it is necessary to conduct spatial learning and memory tests for F1 animals\". In this paper, the inclusion of the requested L&M tests in an EOGRTS is challenged. In addition, next to the question on the validity of rodent models in general for testing thyroid hormone-dependent perturbations in brain development, the reliability of the publications specifically relied upon by the agency is questioned as these contain numerous fundamental errors in study methodology, design, and data reporting, provide contradicting results, lack crucial information to validate the results and exclude confounding factors, and finally show no causal relationship. Therefore, in our opinion, these publications cannot be used to substantiate, support, or conclude that decreases in blood thyroid (T4) hormone level on their own would result in impaired L&M in rats and are thus not adequate to use as fundament to ask for L&M testing as part of an EOGRTS.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":"53 6","pages":"372-384"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10115163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny - Part IV: the ECETOC and CLE Proposal for a Thyroid Function-Related Neurodevelopmental Toxicity Testing and Assessment Scheme (Thyroid-NDT-TAS).","authors":"Stephanie Melching-Kollmuss,&nbsp;Kathrin Bothe,&nbsp;Alex Charlton,&nbsp;Babunilayam Gangadharan,&nbsp;Rashin Ghaffari,&nbsp;Sylvia Jacobi,&nbsp;Sue Marty,&nbsp;Heike-Antje Marxfeld,&nbsp;Elizabeth F McInnes,&nbsp;Ursula G Sauer,&nbsp;Larry P Sheets,&nbsp;Christian Strupp,&nbsp;Helen Tinwell,&nbsp;Christiane Wiemann,&nbsp;Philip A Botham,&nbsp;Bennard van Ravenzwaay","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2231033","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2231033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Following the European Commission Endocrine Disruptor Criteria, substances shall be considered as having endocrine disrupting properties if they (a) elicit adverse effects, (b) have endocrine activity, and (c) the two are linked by an endocrine mode-of-action (MoA) unless the MoA is not relevant for humans. A comprehensive, structured approach to assess whether substances meet the Endocrine Disruptor Criteria for the thyroid modality (EDC-T) is currently unavailable. Here, the European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals Thyroxine Task Force and CropLife Europe propose a <u>Thyroid</u> Function-Related <u>N</u>euro<u>d</u>evelopmental <u>T</u>oxicity <u>T</u>esting and <u>A</u>ssessment <u>S</u>cheme (Thyroid-NDT-TAS). In Tier 0, before entering the Thyroid-NDT-TAS, all available <i>in vivo</i>, <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in silico</i> data are submitted to weight-of-evidence (WoE) evaluations to determine whether the substance of interest poses a concern for thyroid disruption. If so, Tier 1 of the Thyroid-NDT-TAS includes an initial MoA and human relevance assessment (structured by the key events of possibly relevant adverse outcome pathways) and the generation of supportive <i>in vitro</i>/<i>in silico</i> data, if relevant. Only if Tier 1 is inconclusive, Tier 2 involves higher-tier testing to generate further thyroid- and/or neurodevelopment-related data. Tier 3 includes the final MoA and human relevance assessment and an overarching WoE evaluation to draw a conclusion on whether, or not, the substance meets the EDC-T. The Thyroid-NDT-TAS is based on the state-of-the-science, and it has been developed to minimise animal testing. To make human safety assessments more accurate, it is recommended to apply the Thyroid-NDT-TAS during future regulatory assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":"53 6","pages":"339-371"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10490993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}