Critical Reviews in Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"A risk assessment of mechanics who changed chrysotile asbestos containing brakes and other vehicle components in the 1950s-early 2000s era: an update on the 2004 evaluation.","authors":"David W Brew, Michael E Stevens, Arthur M Langer, Dennis J Paustenbach","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2024.2427222","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2024.2427222","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For the past 50 years, there has been an ongoing interest in understanding the potential health hazards, if any, to vehicle mechanics who worked with asbestos-containing brakes in the 1950s-early 2000s era. Two reviews have been published on this topic, one by Langer (2003) (\"Reduction of the biological potential of chrysotile asbestos arising from conditions of service on brake pads\") and another by Paustenbach, et al. (2004) (\"Environmental and occupational health hazards associated with the presence of asbestos in brake linings and pads (1900 to present): a 'state-of-the-art' review\"). This analysis is an update on those papers since a considerable amount of research has been published over the past 20 years on this topic. The following important aspects are addressed in this review: new information on the toxicology of chrysotile, toxicology studies of brake dust associated with grinding, additional epidemiology studies and meta-analyses published on auto mechanics of the era, previously unfound data on how brakes (during the era when chrysotile was used) were manufactured, and new work describing the transformation of chrysotile to various degradation products during vehicle braking. This update also addresses questions about the health hazards associated with asbestos in vehicle clutches, transmissions, and gaskets. The exposure data indicate that the airborne concentrations of chrysotile fibers associated with vehicle mechanic work when asbestos was in auto brakes were, on average, less than 0.04 f/cm³ (8-h TWA) and the average lifetime cumulative dose was in the vicinity of 0.5-3 f/cm³-year for mechanics of that era. Although many of these fibers may have no toxicity due to thermal degradation and the conversion to degradation products, 31 epidemiology studies have evaluated the risks of mesothelioma for vehicle mechanics of this era and all but one indicate that there was no increased incidence of this disease in these workers. The weight of evidence continues to indicate that the asbestos-related health risks to vehicle mechanics from asbestos-containing components were <i>de minimis</i>. The risks associated with take-home and bystander exposure of a mechanic were also addressed and they were found to pose a <i>de minimis</i> or zero health risk to those potentially exposed. Based on our evaluation, there is no indication that asbestos from asbestiform tremolite was present at detectable concentrations in bulk samples of brakes or in the air during brake work. The recent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) risk assessment of 2024 on chrysotile and their views of the hazards of asbestos-containing brakes were discussed. Their analyses did not alter our views that exposures to mechanics posed no increased risk of asbestos related disease. The latest knowledge about the role of genetic susceptibility on the development of mesothelioma is also addressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"932-981"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143499639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Celebrating fifty-five years of chronicling advances in toxicology and risk analysis.","authors":"Roger O McClellan","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2610082","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2610082","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"917-931"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147462641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to the Letter from Professor C. R. Wolf and colleagues concerning CRT, 55: 549-586, 2025: The modes of action for rodent liver tumor formation by activators of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) are not relevant to human cancer risk: an updated critical evaluation.","authors":"Tomoya Yamada, Samuel M Cohen, Brian G Lake","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2601198","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2601198","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1126-1131"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145997317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inventory of possible endocrine disrupting chemicals used in cosmetic products.","authors":"Manon C Bouwmeester, Gaby A M Eliesen, Jeroen L A Pennings, Susan W P Wijnhoven, Ellen V S Hessel","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2539186","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2539186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a concern on the safety of cosmetic ingredients and their endocrine-disrupting (ED) potential. Frequent use as well as the use of a diverse range of cosmetics pose a concern for a potential health risk via aggregate exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In this study, a list of ingredients available in cosmetic products that were recently introduced to the Dutch market was retrieved from the commercially accessible Mintel database and screened for the presence of EDCs. To achieve this, a workflow was developed to crosscheck the list of cosmetic ingredients with information on potential EDCs derived from open-source initiatives (i.e. chemical lists from the European Chemicals Agency, national authorities, and non-governmental organizations). Using this workflow, 27 chemicals were identified that were categorized as \"indications for ED properties\" and one chemical as \"no concern for ED properties\" out of the 890 cosmetic ingredients reviewed. For one of these chemicals, geraniol, a preliminary safety assessment was performed. Aggregated exposure to geraniol via cosmetics was modeled using PACEMweb and compared to the lowest observed adverse effect level on thyroid histopathology derived from an extended-one-generation study. This exercise showed that, based on the current information available, geraniol can be used safely in cosmetics with regard to endocrine-related health risks. Next, the cosmetic ingredients that are currently not identified as an EDC (i.e. not present on one of the crosschecked lists, <i>n</i> = 862), were prioritized based on an aggregate exposure score for further screening of their endocrine disrupting properties (<i>n</i> = 58). For eight out of the 58 prioritized chemicals data retrieved from a literature search indicated an endocrine-mediated relationship, and were categorized as \"limited indications of ED properties\". Overall, the developed workflow is a useful tool to screen cosmetics for the presence of potential EDCs and to prioritize chemicals for further evaluation of their ED properties, as well as assessment of their safe use in cosmetics.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"693-706"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145033095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating health impacts of exposure to PFAS mixtures: a systematic review of epidemiological studies using mixture methods.","authors":"Megan J Kemp, Krishanth Thoppe, Kylie Jones, Meghan Maltby, Kristen Ball, Christy A Barlow","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2546427","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2546427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) continue to be an emerging chemical class of concern due to their long half-lives in nature and in the human body. There have been many epidemiology studies published in the scientific literature on PFAS and various health effects. Until recently, these studies have focused on assessing exposure to individual PFAS rather than exposure to mixtures of PFAS. Over the past two decades, mixture methods-statistical methods for investigating the association of mixtures-have been developed, making it possible to more accurately assess the risk of adverse health effects associated with exposure to PFAS. To help provide a resource for the overall evaluation of potential health effects of PFAS mixtures, we applied a consistent set of examination methods and criteria for all epidemiology studies that examined the potential relationship between exposure to PFAS mixtures and various types of health outcomes. We identified 233 cohort studies, 39 case-control studies, and 89 cross-sectional studies that evaluated general background-level exposures, exposure from contaminated sites, and occupational exposure to PFAS mixtures and health outcomes including metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune system effects, fetal development, pregnancy outcomes, reproductive effects, liver function, and respiratory effects. We extracted study characteristics and results in a systematic manner and performed a formal study quality evaluation and classified studies into tiers based on their methodological strengths and weaknesses. We found 42 prospective cohort studies, five nested case-control studies, and one traditional case-control study that qualified for inclusion in the highest tier of quality (Tier I). Overall, the weight of evidence from this systematic review indicates that the available epidemiology studies currently support an association between exposure to PFAS mixtures and adiposity, increased total cholesterol, and hypertension, while the evidence for all other health outcomes is suggestive or limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"777-795"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145069370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human biomonitoring and risks of hazardous occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wildland fires: a critical review.","authors":"Rafael Araújo Silva, Elizeu Chiodi Pereira, Kelly Polido Kaneshiro Olympio, Maria José Nunes de Paiva, Isarita Martins","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2522814","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2522814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increase in global temperatures associated with climate change has intensified the frequency, duration, and severity of wildfires, resulting in exposure to a range of hazardous compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The work of wildland firefighters involves exposure to several physical, chemical, and biological hazards. The present study evaluated the health effects of PAH exposure from wildfires on firefighters. A systematic literature review was conducted using the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Lilacs databases, covering the period from January 2019 to June 2025, according to PRISMA guidelines. Out of 766 papers retrieved, 16 met the inclusion criteria. Biomonitoring was employed to quantify the levels of biomarkers of exposure, specifically monohydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs), in most studies, and biomarkers of effect, such as biochemical or cellular changes, in over half of them. Most studies have indicated significant post-exposure increases (up to 12-fold) in urinary PAH metabolite levels, either during simulated burn training or actual wildfire events. The primary health effects observed were oxidative stress, increased DNA damage, and alterations in inflammatory markers and immunological cells. Both respiratory and dermal exposure routes are significant, with dermal absorption identified as a key pathway even when respiratory protection is used. However, there is no specific certified respiratory personal protective equipment (PPE) for use in wildfires. In consideration of these findings, it is recommended that specialized equipment be developed for forest firefighting to reduce smoke exposure. The review highlights the need to mitigate these risks as the workers presented a high body burden of PAHs, and current exposure limits may be insufficient. Further occupational exposure studies, particularly in under-researched, high-impact geographical regions, are crucial to guide the development of public health policies and enhance risk management strategies for wildland firefighters.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"601-619"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144759403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk assessment of trace hydrazine in a 2020 bottled water-associated nonviral hepatitis outbreak.","authors":"Blake M Deckard, Kylie M McCauley, Michael E Stevens, David W Brew, Dennis J Paustenbach","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2600331","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2600331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Between August 1 and December 3, 2020, a 124-day outbreak of nonviral hepatitis occurred in geographically limited regions of Nevada and California, resulting in 21 hospitalized cases (18 in Nevada, 3 in California), including 18 intensive care unit admissions and one fatality in an adult female with preexisting conditions. In March 2021, a multi-agency investigation led by the Southern Nevada Health District (SNHD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and others identified consumption of Real Water, an alkalinized bottled water product, as the likely cause. On March 24, 2021, a recall was issued and the company ceased production of Real Water. Despite extensive investigation, no definitive causative agent was identified. However, trace concentrations of hydrazine, a known hepatotoxin, were detected in select product batches, prompting concerns regarding its potential role in the outbreak. This study presents a quantitative risk assessment of hydrazine exposure from daily consumption of retail bottled Real Water products during the outbreak period. Estimated intake was calculated based on age-, sex-, and body weight-specific water consumption patterns and measured hydrazine concentrations (mean: 0.0505 mg/L; maximum: 0.3 mg/L). Sub-chronic acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) of 0.09 mg/kg-day for adults and 0.04 mg/kg-day for children were developed based on toxicological data from isoniazid (INH) studies. Hydrazine and INH share similar profiles regarding hepatotoxicity, with hydrazine acting as a major mediator of INH-induced liver injury. Calculated hazard quotients for all demographic groups were <1.0, with the highest estimated intake (0.005 mg/kg-day) resulting in an HQ of 0.12. These findings indicate that hydrazine exposure <i>via</i> retail Real Water consumption could not have caused the observed hepatic injuries, supporting the conclusion of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) that the etiologic agent remains unidentified.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"982-994"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146084714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to letter to the editor on: \"the use of canonical dose-response models for benchmark dose analysis of continuous toxicological data\".","authors":"Wout Slob, Guangchao Chen, Martine I Bakker, Bas G H Bokkers, Weihsueh A Chiu, Wim Mennes, M Alina Nicolaie, R Woodrow Setzer, Paul A White","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2580643","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2580643","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1116-1122"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145762461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): immunotoxicity at the primary sites of exposure.","authors":"Emma Arnesdotter, Charlotte B A Stoffels, Wiebke Alker, Arno C Gutleb, Tommaso Serchi","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2501420","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2501420","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent synthetic chemicals widely used in industrial and consumer products, leading to environmental contamination and human exposure. This review focuses on perfluoroalkyl acids, a subset of PFAS, which are primarily encountered through diet, including drinking water, and other pathways such as dust ingestion, and dermal contact. Impaired vaccine antibody response has been identified as the most critical effect for risk assessment by the European Food Safety Authority. Furthermore, human epidemiological studies have linked exposure to certain PFAS to various immune-related outcomes, such as asthma, allergies, and inflammatory bowel disease. This review examines potential immunomodulatory effects of perfluoroalkyl acids at the primary sites of exposure: lungs, intestines, and skin, using human epidemiological data as the basis for investigating these impacts. While animal studies are referenced for context, this paper highlights the need for further human-based research to address key questions about PFAS and their immunological impacts. The state of <i>in vitro</i> toxicity testing related to these effects is thoroughly reviewed and critical issues pertaining to this topic are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"484-504"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12309456/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144119155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicological insights into hydrogen sulfide biology in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>: detection, metabolism, and functional outcomes.","authors":"Bobo Yang, Michael Aschner, Rongzhu Lu","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2543396","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2025.2543396","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), while historically recognized as a poisonous substance, also serves as a gasotransmitter that mediates a wide spectrum of physiological processes across species and is involved in the mechanisms of various exogenous toxicants. The <i>Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans)</i> is a valuable tool in toxicology, featuring both a conserved enzymatic H₂S metabolic pathway and a unique dietary bacteria-derived H₂S generation mechanism. Notably, existing data demonstrate that H₂S can extend lifespan, strengthen stress resistance, and preserve mitochondrial function in <i>C. elegans</i>. Its molecular mechanisms may be related to regulating HIF-1 and SKN-1 signaling, enhancing deacetylase SIR-2.1 activity, and exerting epigenetic effects, including methylation of histone H3K4 and protein persulfidation. More recently, H₂S has also been utilized to develop novel multi-target drugs for Alzheimer's disease using the <i>C. elegans</i> model. The present review summarizes recent advances in H₂S-based detection, metabolism and its functional outcomes, as well as molecular underpinnings of H₂S effects in <i>C. elegans</i>, offering valuable insight into the potential of this alternative model system for investigating H₂S-related physiological and toxicological mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"735-750"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144945910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}