Critical Reviews in Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Systematic review of epidemiological and toxicological evidence on health effects of fluoride in drinking water.","authors":"Mohamed Kadry Taher, Franco Momoli, Jennifer Go, Shintaro Hagiwara, Siva Ramoju, Xuefeng Hu, Natalie Jensen, Rowan Terrell, Alex Hemmerich, Daniel Krewski","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2295338","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2295338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Fluoride is a naturally occurring substance that is also added to drinking water, dental hygiene products, and food supplements for preventing dental caries. Concerns have been raised about several other potential health risks of fluoride.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To conduct a robust synthesis of evidence regarding human health risks due to exposure to fluoride in drinking water, and to develop a point of departure (POD) for setting a health-based value (HBV) for fluoride in drinking water.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review of evidence published since recent reviews of human, animal, and <i>in vitro</i> data was carried out. Bradford Hill considerations were used to weigh the evidence for causality. Several key studies were considered for deriving PODs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The current review identified 89 human studies, 199 animal studies, and 10 major <i>in vitro</i> reviews. The weight of evidence on 39 health endpoints was presented. In addition to dental fluorosis, evidence was considered strong for reduction in IQ scores in children, moderate for thyroid dysfunction, weak for kidney dysfunction, and limited for sex hormone disruptions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current review identified moderate dental fluorosis and reduction in IQ scores in children as the most relevant endpoints for establishing an HBV for fluoride in drinking water. PODs were derived for these two endpoints, although there is still some uncertainty in the causal weight of evidence for causality for reducing IQ scores in children and considerable uncertainty in the derivation of its POD. Given our evaluation of the overall weight of evidence, moderate dental fluorosis is suggested as the key endpoint until more evidence is accumulated on possible reduction of IQ scores effects. A POD of 1.56 mg fluoride/L for moderate dental fluorosis may be preferred as a starting point for setting an HBV for fluoride in drinking water to protect against moderate and severe dental fluorosis. Although outside the scope of the current review, precautionary concerns for potential neurodevelopmental cognitive effects may warrant special consideration in the derivation of the HBV for fluoride in drinking water.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"2-34"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139691451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An updated evaluation of reported no-observed adverse effect levels for chrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite asbestos for lung cancer and mesothelioma","authors":"Evan M. Beckett, Anders Abelmann, Benjamin Roberts, Ryan C. Lewis, Drew Cheatham, Eric W. Miller, Ethan Hall, Jennifer S. Pierce","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2283169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2023.2283169","url":null,"abstract":"This analysis updates two previous analyses that evaluated the exposure-response relationships for lung cancer and mesothelioma in chrysotile-exposed cohorts. We reviewed recently published studies...","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138824262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatotoxicity due to dietary supplements: state-of-the-art, gaps and perspectives","authors":"Fernando Rivero-Pino, Alfredo G. Casanova","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2282415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2023.2282415","url":null,"abstract":"Food supplements are products intended to complement the normal diet and consist of concentrated sources of nutrients or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect. Although they a...","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138552459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence and hypotheses on adverse effects of the food additives carrageenan (E 407)/processed Eucheuma seaweed (E 407a) and carboxymethylcellulose (E 466) on the intestines: a scoping review.","authors":"Mirlinda Tahiri, Celine Johnsrud, Inger-Lise Steffensen","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270574","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270574","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This scoping review provides an overview of publications reporting adverse effects on the intestines of the food additives carrageenan (CGN) (E 407)/processed Eucheuma seaweed (PES) (E 407a) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (E 466). It includes evidence from human, experimental mammal and <i>in vitro</i> research publications, and other evidence. The databases Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Epistemonikos were searched without time limits, in addition to grey literature. The publications retrieved were screened against predefined criteria. From two literature searches, 2572 records were screened, of which 224 records were included, as well as 38 records from grey literature, making a total of 262 included publications, 196 on CGN and 101 on CMC. These publications were coded and analyzed in Eppi-Reviewer and data gaps presented in interactive maps. For CGN, five, 69 and 33 research publications on humans, experimental mammals and <i>in vitro</i> experiments were found, further separated as degraded or native (non-degraded) CGN. For CMC, three human, 20 animal and 14 <i>in vitro</i> research publications were obtained. The most studied adverse effects on the intestines were for both additives inflammation, the gut microbiome, including fermentation, intestinal permeability, and cancer and metabolic effects, and immune effects for CGN. Further studies should focus on native CGN, in the form and molecular weight used as food additive. For both additives, randomized controlled trials of sufficient power and with realistic dietary exposure levels of single additives, performed in persons of all ages, including potentially vulnerable groups, are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"521-571"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138458463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity of chemical-based hand sanitizers on children and the development of natural alternatives: a computational approach.","authors":"Toshika Mishra, Suneetha Vuppu","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270496","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The unintended exposure of children to hand sanitizers poses a high risk of potentially fatal complications. Skin irritation, dryness, cracking, peeling, hypoglycemia, apnea, and acidosis are examples of unintended consequences of hand sanitizer. The sanitizer reportedly kills normal microbial flora on hands, which usually promotes innate immunity among children under 12. Children are more susceptible to the toxicity associated with the chemical constituents of marketed chemical-based hand sanitizers; however, the studies to develop sanitizer formulations for children are rudimentary. The adverse events limit the use of hand sanitizers specifically in children because of their sensitive and delicate skin. Additionally, it is reported that many chemical-based hand sanitizer formulations, especially alcohol-based ones may also contain contaminants like methanol, acetaldehyde, benzene, isopropanol, and ethyl-acetate. These contaminants are found to be hazardous to human health exhibiting toxicity on ingestion, inhalation, or dermal exposure, especially in children. Therefore, it is important to design novel, innovative, safer sanitizer formulations for children. The study aims to discuss the toxic contaminants in chemical-based sanitizer formulations and propose a design for novel herbal formulations with minimal toxicity and adverse effects, especially for children. The review focuses on ADMET analysis of the common contaminants in hand sanitizers, molecular docking, Lipinski's rule of five analysis, and molecular simulation studies to analyze the efficacy of interaction with the receptor leading to anti-microbial activity and drug-likeness of the compound. The <i>in silico</i> methods can effectively validate the potential efficacy of novel formulations of hand sanitizers designed for children as an efficient alternative to chemical-based sanitizers with greater efficacy and the absence of toxic contaminants.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"572-599"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71421459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From cultivation to cancer: formation of <i>N</i>-nitrosamines and other carcinogens in smokeless tobacco and their mutagenic implications.","authors":"Stephen B Stanfill, Stephen S Hecht, Andreas C Joerger, Pablo J González, Luisa B Maia, Maria G Rivas, José J G Moura, Alpana K Gupta, Nick E Le Brun, Jason C Crack, Pierre Hainaut, Courtney Sparacino-Watkins, Robert E Tyx, Suresh D Pillai, Ghazi S Zaatari, S Jane Henley, Benjamin C Blount, Clifford H Watson, Bernd Kaina, Ravi Mehrotra","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2264327","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2264327","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tobacco use is a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. Tobacco products, including smokeless tobacco (ST), generally contain tobacco-specific <i>N</i>-nitrosamines (TSNAs), such as <i>N</i>'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone (NNK), which are potent carcinogens that cause mutations in critical genes in human DNA. This review covers the series of biochemical and chemical transformations, related to TSNAs, leading from tobacco cultivation to cancer initiation. A key aim of this review is to provide a greater understanding of TSNAs: their precursors, the microbial and chemical mechanisms that contribute to their formation in ST, their mutagenicity leading to cancer due to ST use, and potential means of lowering TSNA levels in tobacco products. TSNAs are not present in harvested tobacco but can form due to nitrosating agents reacting with tobacco alkaloids present in tobacco during certain types of curing. TSNAs can also form during or following ST production when certain microorganisms perform nitrate metabolism, with dissimilatory nitrate reductases converting nitrate to nitrite that is then released into tobacco and reacts chemically with tobacco alkaloids. When ST usage occurs, TSNAs are absorbed and metabolized to reactive compounds that form DNA adducts leading to mutations in critical target genes, including the <i>RAS</i> oncogenes and the p53 tumor suppressor gene. DNA repair mechanisms remove most adducts induced by carcinogens, thus preventing many but not all mutations. Lastly, because TSNAs and other agents cause cancer, previously documented strategies for lowering their levels in ST products are discussed, including using tobacco with lower nornicotine levels, pasteurization and other means of eliminating microorganisms, omitting fermentation and fire-curing, refrigerating ST products, and including nitrite scavenging chemicals as ST ingredients.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"658-701"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138486943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of pulmonary neutrophilia and insights into the key role of neutrophils in particle-induced pathogenesis in the lung from animal studies of lunar dusts and other poorly soluble dust particles.","authors":"Chiu-Wing Lam, Vincent Castranova, Kevin Driscoll, David Warheit, Valerie Ryder, Ye Zhang, Patti Zeidler-Erdely, Robert Hunter, Robert Scully, William Wallace, John James, Brian Crucian, Mayra Nelman, Richard McCluskey, Donald Gardner, Roger Renne, Roger McClellan","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2258925","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2258925","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The mechanisms of particle-induced pathogenesis in the lung remain poorly understood. Neutrophilic inflammation and oxidative stress in the lung are hallmarks of toxicity. Some investigators have postulated that oxidative stress from particle surface reactive oxygen species (psROS) on the dust produces the toxicopathology in the lungs of dust-exposed animals. This postulate was tested concurrently with the studies to elucidate the toxicity of lunar dust (LD), which is believed to contain psROS due to high-speed micrometeoroid bombardment that fractured and pulverized lunar surface regolith. Results from studies of rats intratracheally instilled (ITI) with three LDs (prepared from an Apollo-14 lunar regolith), which differed 14-fold in levels of psROS, and two toxicity reference dusts (TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and quartz) indicated that psROS had no significant contribution to the dusts' toxicity in the lung. Reported here are results of further investigations by the LD toxicity study team on the toxicological role of oxidants in alveolar neutrophils that were harvested from rats in the 5-dust ITI study and from rats that were exposed to airborne LD for 4 weeks. The oxidants per neutrophils and all neutrophils increased with dose, exposure time and dust's cytotoxicity. The results suggest that alveolar neutrophils play a critical role in particle-induced injury and toxicity in the lung of dust-exposed animals. Based on these results, we propose an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for particle-associated lung disease that centers on the crucial role of alveolar neutrophil-derived oxidant species. A critical review of the toxicology literature on particle exposure and lung disease further supports a neutrophil-centric mechanism in the pathogenesis of lung disease and may explain previously reported animal species differences in responses to poorly soluble particles. Key findings from the toxicology literature indicate that (1) after exposures to the same dust at the same amount, rats have more alveolar neutrophils than hamsters; hamsters clear more particles from their lungs, consequently contributing to fewer neutrophils and less severe lung lesions; (2) rats exposed to nano-sized TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; have more neutrophils and more severe lesions in their lungs than rats exposed to the same mass-concentration of micron-sized TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;; nano-sized dust has a greater number of particles and a larger total particle-cell contact surface area than the same mass of micron-sized dust, which triggers more alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) to synthesize and release more cytokines that recruit a greater number of neutrophils leading to more severe lesions. Thus, we postulate that, during chronic dust exposure, particle-inflicted AECs persistently release cytokines, which recruit neutrophils and activate them to produce oxidants resulting in a prolonged continuous source of endogenous oxidative stress that leads to lung toxicity. This neutrophil-driven lung pathoge","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"441-479"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10872584/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41233098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incapacitating agents review: 20 years after Nord Ost Siege.","authors":"Tomás A E Gabrielli","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270567","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Incapacitating agents are chemical weapons that produce a temporary disabling condition that persists for hours or days after exposure. Their main site of action is the central nervous system and includes substances that are considered depressants or stimulants. While not intended to cause death, can produce significant morbidity in affected patients. The objective of this narrative review is to update the toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, diagnosis, and treatment of these chemicals, considering that 20 years have passed since the Nord Ost Siege, where a fentanyl derivative was used by Russian forces to neutralize a group of Chechen dissidents. A bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed, SciELO, and Cochrane Library databases as well as nonindexed scientific literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"481-490"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71421458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malathion or diazinon exposure and male reproductive toxicity: a systematic review of studies performed with rodents.","authors":"Daniel Delorenzi Schons, Gabriel Adan Araújo Leite","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270494","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malathion and diazinon are pesticides commonly used in agriculture to avoid insects that damage crops; however, they may cause impairment to the male genital system of exposed humans. The present work carried out a systematic review of the literature concerning the primary studies that assessed the reproductive effects resulting from male rats and mice exposed to malathion or diazinon. The search for articles was performed on the databases PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, and SciELO, using different combinations of the search terms \"malathion,\" \"diazinon,\" \"mice,\" \"rats,\" \"male reproduction,\" \"fertility,\" and \"sperm,\" followed by the Boolean operators AND or OR. The results obtained indicate that both pesticides act as reproductive toxicants by reducing sperm quality, diminishing hormonal concentrations, inducing increased oxidative stress, and provoking histopathological damage in reproductive organs. Then, the exposure to malathion and diazinon may provoke diminished levels of testosterone by increasing acetylcholine stimulation in the testis through muscarinic receptors, thus, providing a reduction in steroidogenic activity in Leydig cells, whose effect is related to lower levels of testosterone in rodents, and consequently, it is associated with decreased fertility. Considering the toxic effects on the male genital system of rodents and the possible male reproductive toxicity in humans, it is recommended the decreased use of these pesticides and their replacement for others that show no or few toxic effects for non-target animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"506-520"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71434059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials and their role in asthma.","authors":"Wells Utembe, Charlene Andraos, Mary Gulumian","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270519","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270519","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The toxicity of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> has formed the basis of most studies. However, the toxicity of ENMs, particularly on the immune system, i.e. <i>immunotoxicity</i>, and their role in manipulating it, are less known. This review addresses the initiation or exacerbation as well as the attenuation of allergic asthma by a variety of ENMs and how they may be used in drug delivery to enhance the treatment of asthma. This review also highlights a few research gaps in the study of the immunotoxicity of ENMs, for example, the potential drawbacks of assays used in immunotoxicity assays; the potential role of hormesis during dosing of ENMs; and the variables that result in discrepancies among different studies, such as the physicochemical properties of ENMs, differences in asthmatic animal models, and different routes of administration.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"491-505"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71479176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}