IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-04-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104078

Gianluca De Marzi , Valentina Corato , Monika Lewandowska

引用次数: 0

A trans-scale analysis and computation model for transient local stress in Nb3Sn superconductor under quench-induced thermal shock 淬火诱导热冲击下 Nb3Sn 超导瞬态局部应力的跨尺度分析和计算模型

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104085

Qiaoyi Du , Gesheng Xiao , Songbo Zhang , Lin Yang , Li Qiao

{"title":"A trans-scale analysis and computation model for transient local stress in Nb3Sn superconductor under quench-induced thermal shock","authors":"Qiaoyi Du , Gesheng Xiao , Songbo Zhang , Lin Yang , Li Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Superconducting Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn is pivotal for high-field (>10 T) magnets, where extreme operating currents enable substantial energy storage. Thermal energy rapidly accumulates in localized magnet coil regions during resistive transition (quench) initiation. This localized overheating creates intense thermal gradients where heat concentration in such a confined area leads to accelerated temperature rise, ultimately posing catastrophic risks to the integrity of the high-field superconducting magnet system. This study employs multiscale modeling to analyze temperature-dependent nonlinearities in thermodynamic parameters and transient local thermal stresses induced by quench-driven thermal shock. The study reveals a non-monotonic temperature dependence of thermal conductivity in Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn, governed by synergistic effects of phonon boundary scattering, Umklapp processes, and multi-mechanism electron scattering. The Debye model accurately predicts the nonlinear temperature dependence of Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn’s specific heat capacity, following <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> law at cryogenic temperatures, due to phonon energy variations driven by temperature. The thermal expansion coefficient demonstrates nonlinear temperature dependence, with lattice anharmonicity as the dominant mechanism. Furthermore, the temperature sensitivity of d-electron states governs the abnormal elastic behavior of Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn during its superconducting transition. Employing an equiaxed-grain polycrystalline Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn model demonstrates that thermal stress intensifies with rising temperature fields during quench, exhibiting irregular distributions arising from variations in grain orientation, morphology, and local temperature. These multiscale simulations provide critical insights for superconducting magnet safety assessments under thermal shock conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104085"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Advances in understanding vacuum break dynamics in liquid helium-cooled tubes for accelerator beamline applications 液氦冷却管在加速器束流中的真空断裂动力学研究进展

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104082

Yinghe Qi , Wei Guo

{"title":"Advances in understanding vacuum break dynamics in liquid helium-cooled tubes for accelerator beamline applications","authors":"Yinghe Qi , Wei Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding air propagation and condensation following a catastrophic vacuum break in particle accelerator beamlines cooled by liquid helium is essential for ensuring operational safety. This review summarizes experimental and theoretical work conducted in our cryogenics lab to address this issue. Systematic measurements were performed to study nitrogen gas propagation in uniform copper tubes cooled by both normal liquid helium (He I) and superfluid helium (He II). These experiments revealed a nearly exponential deceleration of the gas front, with stronger deceleration observed in He II-cooled tubes. To interpret these results, a one-dimensional (1D) theoretical model was developed, incorporating gas dynamics, heat transfer, and condensation mechanisms. The model successfully reproduced key experimental observations in the uniform tube system. However, recent experiments involving a bulky copper cavity designed to mimic the geometry of a superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavity revealed strong anisotropic flow patterns of nitrogen gas within the cavity, highlighting limitations in extrapolating results from simplified tube geometries to real accelerator beamlines. To address these complexities, we outline plans for systematic studies using tubes with multiple bulky cavities and the development of a two-dimensional (2D) model to simulate gas dynamics in these more intricate configurations. These efforts aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of vacuum breaks in particle accelerators and improve predictive capabilities for their operational safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104082"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Compact cryomodule for mobile stand-alone superconducting industrial accelerators 用于移动独立超导工业加速器的紧凑型低温模块

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104083

A. Schillaci , R. Agustsson , R. Berry , Y.C. Chen , C. Edwards , M. Henry , S.V. Kutsaev , T. Nicol , J. Pena , J.C. Thangaraj

引用次数: 0

Cryogenic properties of copper produced by Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (ADAM) 原子扩散快速成型技术（ADAM）生产的铜的低温特性

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104081

Erik Walcz , Csaba Budai

引用次数: 0

Grain size effects on low temperature electrical transport in sputtered ZrNxOy thin films 晶粒尺寸对溅射ZrNxOy薄膜低温电输运的影响

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-04-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104086

Zhen Geng , Yemao Han , Zhicong Miao , Liancheng Xie , Di Jiang , Mingyue Jiang , Yuqiang Zhao , Haojian Su , Rongjin Huang , Laifeng Li

{"title":"Grain size effects on low temperature electrical transport in sputtered ZrNxOy thin films","authors":"Zhen Geng , Yemao Han , Zhicong Miao , Liancheng Xie , Di Jiang , Mingyue Jiang , Yuqiang Zhao , Haojian Su , Rongjin Huang , Laifeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate low-temperature measurements are crucial in fields such as high energy physics, nuclear engineering, and aerospace. ZrN<em><sub>x</sub></em>O<em><sub>y</sub></em> thin films exhibit resistance highly sensitive to temperature variations due to meticulously controlled growth parameters. The grain size of these films, significantly influences their low-temperature electrical transport properties, a relationship that remains insufficiently explored. In this study, the effects of grain size evolution by controlling deposition temperature are investigated, focusing on the temperature dependence of resistivity and magnetoresistance behavior in a low-temperature strong magnetic field. As grain size decreases, room temperature resistivity, the intensity of transverse phonon modes, and disorder all increased. The electron − phonon interactions strength weakens as the grain size decreases. The <em>w</em>(<em>T</em>) function, which is the logarithmic derivative of electrical conductance with respect to temperature, exhibits anomalous behavior in the temperature range of 300 K−100 K (i.e., d<em>w</em>/d<em>T</em> > 0), contrasting with the negative slope observed from 100 K to 2 K. By analyzing <em>w</em>(<em>T</em>), it is determined that multiple conduction mechanisms overlap in this series of samples. At 2 K, 0.2 % positive saturated magnetoresistance shows in weak magnetic fields, transitioning to unsaturated negative magnetoresistance as the magnetic field increases until 9 T, is consistent with the correlation effects and spin-flip hopping theory. Meanwhile, positive magnetoresistance is unaffected by grain size, whereas negative magnetoresistance weakens as grain size increases. Grain size evolution effect offers an approach for evaluating and developing high-sensitivity thermometers for a wide temperature range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104086"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Passive pyrolytic graphite heat switch for sub-Kelvin coolers 用于亚开尔文冷却器的被动热解石墨热开关

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-04-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104079

Roman Kolevatov, Joe Wiedemann, Dmitrii Trunin, Joelle-Marie Begin, Nate Otto, Lyman Page, Saptarshi Chaudhuri

引用次数: 0

Research on discharged unsteady response of straight CORC based on the equivalent circuit model 基于等效电路模型的直筒式CORC放电非定常响应研究

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-04-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104084

G.Q. Qiao , H. Zhang , J. Jiang , F.G. Cai , D. Li , X.S. Yang , Y. Zhao

{"title":"Research on discharged unsteady response of straight CORC based on the equivalent circuit model","authors":"G.Q. Qiao , H. Zhang , J. Jiang , F.G. Cai , D. Li , X.S. Yang , Y. Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CORC (Conductor on Round Core) is considered one of the most promising superconducting cable/conductor structures for large-scale applications particularly in fusion magnets, owing to its stable mechanical structure, high current-carrying density, and low AC losses. The utilization of an equivalent circuit model has been instrumental in studying the current distribution within HTS conductors. In the traditional CORC equivalent circuit model, the equivalent inductances are typically set at fixed values. However, given that monitoring current distribution within the tape and between layers is crucial, assessing whether changes in contact resistance could lead to alterations in overall inductance and whether radial currents might cause irreversible damage to the conductor during operation becomes imperative. This study has developed an equivalent circuit modelbased on a CORC-like structure, starting from a simple straight CORC conductor, and its accuracy has been validated. Through this model, the inductance value of a complex multi-layer CORC configuration has been calculated. When the charging current exceeds 0.7<em>I</em><sub>c</sub>, the inductance of the non-insulating CORC experiences a sudden change. By examining variations in inductance values, it is possible to infer the presence of interlayer currents within the CORC during transient responses. Furthermore, discussions encompass the current flow direction and trends of different CORC specifications during on–off current scenarios, exploring whether current transmission occurs in non-superconducting layers when the CORC is subjected to high currents, determining potential abrupt changes in overall inductance, and assessing the risk of conductor damage during discharge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104084"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Setup of a numerical methodology for the study of self-pressurization of cryogenic tanks 低温储罐自增压数值方法的建立

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104059

Francesca Rossetti , Marco Pizzarelli , Rocco Carmine Pellegrini , Enrico Cavallini , Matteo Bernardini

{"title":"Setup of a numerical methodology for the study of self-pressurization of cryogenic tanks","authors":"Francesca Rossetti , Marco Pizzarelli , Rocco Carmine Pellegrini , Enrico Cavallini , Matteo Bernardini","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a suitable numerical methodology to predict the thermo-fluid-dynamics within self-pressurized cryogenic tanks is proposed. A comparison towards experimental results of a self-pressurization test case in a ground-based, liquid nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) tank, subject to an entering heat transfer rate, is carried out in order to select the most promising numerical methodology. The effect of different numerical models and parameters is studied, always adopting the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method for tracing the two-phase fluid interface and the Lee model for calculating the phase transition. In particular, the numerical results show that, for the studied test case: (1) the prediction of the pressure rise is not strongly affected by the Lee model parameters, even if they may affect the numerical stability of the computation; (2) the use of a conjugate heat transfer model is necessary in order to represent the liquid temperature stratification close to the free-surface, as the wall heat flux paths play a fundamental role in the heat distribution between the liquid phase and the ullage; (3) a laminar model is more adequate as the turbulent model overestimates convective recirculations in the liquid phase, leading to excessive mixing and resulting in failure to describe temperature stratification close to the free-surface, confirming the results of other papers in the literature; (4) the experimental uncertainty on the entering heat transfer rate may substantially affect the numerical predictions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104059"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Heat-transfer dependence of pipe surface materials in cryogenic double pipes 低温双管道中管道表面材料的传热依赖关系

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-04-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104064

Sataro Yamaguchi , Masae Kanda , Yury Ivanov , Hirofumi Watanabe , Shuichiro Tsubota , Kazuaki Matsumoto , Yasuhiro Harada

{"title":"Heat-transfer dependence of pipe surface materials in cryogenic double pipes","authors":"Sataro Yamaguchi , Masae Kanda , Yury Ivanov , Hirofumi Watanabe , Shuichiro Tsubota , Kazuaki Matsumoto , Yasuhiro Harada","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since the heat leak through the cryogenic vacuum chamber is a critical issue for superconducting devices, especially those with a large surface-to-volume ratio, such as a long cable, we measured the heat leak of the cryogenic co-axial double pipes for the superconducting cable in the past 20 years. We also estimate the heat leak using the radiative heat transfer equation for the cryogenic pipe. We can fix the surface area of the pipes from the design, but we have assumed the emissivity value of those surfaces. Therefore, we used the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the optical integrating sphere to measure the reflectivity of various metal surfaces in the infrared wavelength range and estimate the effective emissivity using the Plank equation for the weighted average of the emissivity, a function of the wavelength. Finally, we estimate the heat leak utilizing the heat transfer equation and compare the experimental data. Since these two heat leaks are consistent, the optical measurement can potentially evaluate the surface performance of the cryogenic pipes. We also discuss the error of the optical measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104064"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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