Cryogenics最新文献

{"title":"Research on health monitoring of extreme low-temperature equipment","authors":"Haojian Su ,&nbsp;Zekun Wang ,&nbsp;Liancheng Xie ,&nbsp;Mingyue Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Full-lifecycle health monitoring of extreme low-temperature equipment heavily depends on the stability of the cryogenic mechanical behavior of core structural materials. Notably, Fe-Mn-C series high-manganese steels stand as key candidate material for extreme low-temperature scenarios at 4.2 K. To address three critical challenges for this material system—i.e., the lack of 4.2 K constitutive models, multi-scale modeling bottlenecks, and insufficient local monitoring—that directly limit its health monitoring, this study targets Fe-22 wt% Mn-1 wt% C-0.3 wt% Cu high-manganese austenitic steel to systematically investigate its 4.2 K constitutive behavior and microscale deformation mechanisms. The results are as follows: (1) At 4.2 K, the material exhibits a serrated stress–strain response in the plastic stage, characterized by “variable period, amplitude, and equilibrium position”; this behavior is dominated by the synergy of low-frequency (&lt;60 Hz) dynamic strain aging (DSA) and mechanical twinning. (2) 4.2 K-adapted cryogenic digital image correlation (DIC) technology reveals that the material exhibits differentiated strain distributions across temperature ranges, providing direct visual evidence for risk zone localization in health monitoring. (3) Microscopic characterization confirms that the hierarchical twin structure at 4.2 K is the core mechanism sustaining the material’s strength-plasticity balance; based on this, a correlation model linking “macroscopic strain distribution and microscopic twin evolution” is established. Leveraging these results, this study establishes a foundational 4.2 K constitutive model incorporating DSA-twinning coupling terms. This model enables quantitative support for “stress-strain-failure risk” analysis in extreme low-temperature equipment health monitoring, facilitating the advancement of monitoring systems from “macroscopic evaluation” to “precision early warning”.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104218"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of the performance and gas flow characteristics of a novel low-temperature-driven multistage Knudsen pump","authors":"Tiantian Xiao ,&nbsp;Yi Liao ,&nbsp;Xuming Liu ,&nbsp;Changzhao Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Knudsen pump, which operates based on the thermal transpiration effect and contains no moving parts, offers a promising solution for microfluidic transport. Its ability to function at low temperatures is particularly advantageous for applications such as hydrogen transportation, which help mitigate leakage risks, and space cryogenic systems, which require high reliability and compact design. This paper develops a numerical model of the low-temperature-driven Knudsen pump (LT-KP) based on the Navier-Stokes equations, incorporating velocity slip and temperature jump boundary conditions. The model simulates and evaluates the pressurization performance and the internal gas flow characteristics of the Knudsen pump over a temperature range extending from liquid nitrogen to room temperature. The simulation results indicate that a single-stage LT-KP can achieve a compression ratio of 1.02 under a temperature gradient of 223 K and an initial pressure of 1 atm. The study further investigates the impact of structural and operational parameters, including the number of stages, temperature gradients, gas rarefaction degree, microchannel dimensions, and gas types. More importantly, a design scheme for a closed-cycle dilution refrigerator incorporating LT-KP is proposed. The simulation results demonstrate that the 10-stage LT-KP, driven by the cascaded temperature gradients of 4 K-40 K and 40 K-300 K, can achieve pressurization from 5 mbar to 200 mbar. This research addresses the knowledge gap regarding Knudsen pump operation in cryogenic environments and provides valuable guidance for its application in refrigeration systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104215"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the degradation of current-carrying performance of YBCO multi-filamentary tapes prepared by reel-to-reel ultraviolet picosecond laser cutting under pure torsion mode","authors":"Jiulong Zhang ,&nbsp;Zuoguang Li ,&nbsp;Jingfeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiheng Ren ,&nbsp;Jinhao Shi ,&nbsp;Huan Jin ,&nbsp;Jinggang Qin ,&nbsp;Chao Zhou ,&nbsp;Shaoqing Wei ,&nbsp;Zhan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>YBCO multi-filamentary tapes’ current-carrying performance is susceptible to torsional stress during cable and magnet fabrication. In this study, commercial YBCO tapes from Shanghai Superconductor Technology Co., Ltd. were cut using a reel-to-reel ultraviolet picosecond laser cutting device developed by our group to fabricate 2-filament, 6-filament, and 10-filament multi-filamentary tapes. Additionally, some of the multi-filamentary tapes were encapsulated using the copper-plating re-encapsulation process developed by our group. The current-carrying performance degradation behavior of non-striated tapes, unencapsulated multi-filamentary tapes, and re-encapsulated copper-plated multi-filamentary tapes under pure torsion mode was systematically analyzed. The results show that the degradation behavior of multi-filamentary tapes is strongly dependent on the number of filaments. Specifically, the critical current degradation rates of unencapsulated non-striated tapes and unencapsulated 2-filament tapes are 12.11 % and 12.43 % respectively when the shear strain reaches 0.4125 %. In contrast, unencapsulated 6-filament and unencapsulated 10-filament tapes exhibit degradation rates of 11.69 % and 20.96 % respectively at a lower strain (0.375 %). For samples subjected to single-side copper-plated re-encapsulation with a thickness of 10 μm, the pattern of performance degradation is essentially consistent with that of the samples before copper-plated re-encapsulation, but their overall ability to withstand shear strain is improved by approximately 0.1 %. Macroscopic observations indicate that the surface of the tapes remains smooth without delamination after torsion; however, the “triangular” deformation feature reveals uneven internal stress distribution, suggesting that the superconducting layer may have incurred microscopic damage.​.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104213"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy conversion and loss characteristics of multi-stage cryogenic submerged pumps based on power density evolution model","authors":"Jinjie Wang ,&nbsp;Qile Ren ,&nbsp;Honggang Wen ,&nbsp;Zuchao Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiaojun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cryogenic submerged pumps (CSPs) are imperative for the efficient transport of cryogenic fluids; however, their multi-stage energy conversion mechanisms remain insufficiently understood under extreme operating conditions. This study aims to quantitatively elucidate the internal flow field and energy transfer characteristics of a two-stage CSP by developing an energy conversion and loss analysis method based on power density distribution. This method integrates high-fidelity numerical simulations and experimental validation using liquid nitrogen. The results reveal that the first-stage impeller is highly sensitive to inlet flow disturbances under off-design conditions, with local flow separation increasing turbulence intensity and energy dissipation; the deviation proportion (<em>DP</em>) in certain channels exceeds 15%. Conversely, the second-stage impeller exhibits a more uniform power density distribution and maintains stable outlet pressure even at 1.4<em>Q</em>_d, where its kinetic energy increment extends to a streamline distance of 0.36 compared to 0.2 in the first stage. Guide vanes account for 65 % of the total turbulent dissipation power and 59 % of wall friction loss, with peak kinetic-to-pressure energy conversion efficiency occurring at a streamline distance of 0.3. Both the impeller and guide vanes exhibit similar energy transfer processes: power density increases slightly at the inlet, decreases gradually along the channel, and rebounds near the outlet. These findings clarify inter-stage synergy and loss mechanisms while providing quantitative design guidance for optimising impeller–guide vane matching, thereby improving overall efficiency and expanding the high-efficiency operating range of multi-stage CSPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104211"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of hole pattern on high temperature superconducting wire using metal stitching for high-speed quench propagation","authors":"Rock Kil Ko,&nbsp;Hyun Woo Noh,&nbsp;Tae Hyung Koo,&nbsp;Dong Woo Ha,&nbsp;Young Min Seo","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we investigated the influence of hole pattern on the quench propagation behavior of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) wires utilizing a metal stitching technique. A nano-second laser processing system was used to fabricate precise micro-hole patterns through the metal and insulation layers of the HTS conductor. To evaluate the quench performance, HTS wires were prepared with various hole spacing patterns (5  cm, 2.5  cm, and 1  cm) and compared with an unmodified original wire. The results showed that as the hole spacing decreased, the decay of the central magnetic field after quench became significantly faster. In particular, the sample with 2.5  cm spacing exhibited a sharp drop in central field from 44 G to 3 G after quench. Additionally, a metal-insulated coil incorporating a 2  cm-spacing metal stitching pattern demonstrated a magnetic flux density decay rate exceeding 40 G/sec, indicating improved responsiveness in quench detection and protection systems. These findings confirm the potential of metal stitching as a structural strategy to enhance the quench safety in HTS applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104212"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CFD validation of k-site tank self-pressurization under varying fill levels and heat fluxes with different turbulence models","authors":"Olga Kartuzova ,&nbsp;Mohammad Kassemi ,&nbsp;Daniel Hauser","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of cryogenic tank self-pressurization is critical for NASA’s short- and long-duration missions, where heat leakage into storage systems occurs through insulation, structural supports, and penetrations. To address this need, a two-phase CFD model was developed to simulate the self-pressurization of a cryogenic storage tank partially filled with liquid hydrogen. The model employed the Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) approach to capture two-phase flow behavior, incorporating interfacial heat, mass and momentum transfer between the liquid and vapor phases. Validation was carried out against self-pressurization experiments performed using the K-site flightweight hydrogen storage tank at NASA Glenn Research Center. Initial validation focused on a 49 % liquid fill level followed by extension to additional fill levels of 29 % and 83 %, studied in the experiment. Laminar and turbulent simulations were performed, along with conjugate heat transfer, to evaluate pressurization dynamics across different operating conditions. Numerical results for tank pressures and fluid temperature are compared with experimental data under external tank heat fluxes of 3.5 and 2.0 W/m². The effects of turbulence modeling, liquid fill level, and localized heat leaks through instrumentation penetrations are analyzed and discussed in detail.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis and experimental validation of a design method for 5 K precooled Joule-Thomson coolers","authors":"Giorgio Ghilardi,&nbsp;Sangkwon Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 2-stage precooled Joule-Thomson (J-T) refrigerator for potential cooling of superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) is conceived, analyzed and tested. In the analysis, theoretical tools aimed at aiding the design process are presented. The effect of the precooling temperatures is discussed in detail. To validate the analysis, an experimental apparatus is built employing a commercial Gifford-McMahon (G-M) cryocooler. The system is built by repurposing commercial compressors for use with ⁴He. The complete system is composed of the G-M auxiliary cryocooler; the J-T refrigerator heat exchangers and expansion orifice, and the compressors with an oil removal system (ORS). The model associated with the analysis predicted the cold-tip temperature with a maximum error lower of 0.5 K. The whole system achieved a cooling power of 10 mW at 5 K.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104209"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of threshold voltage extraction methods for 55 nm CMOS technology at liquid helium temperature","authors":"Gaohao Chen ,&nbsp;Ao Tan ,&nbsp;Cheng Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Ning ,&nbsp;Xueye Hu ,&nbsp;Futian Liang ,&nbsp;Xinzhe Wang ,&nbsp;Jinhong Wang ,&nbsp;Shubin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate determination of threshold voltage (<span><math><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mrow><mtext>th</mtext></mrow></mrow></msub></math></span>) is critical for MOSFET characterization and modeling, especially for emerging applications in cryogenic electronics, such as quantum computing and advanced scientific instrumentation. This paper presents a systematic comparative evaluation of multiple threshold voltage extraction methods applied to a commercial 55 nm bulk CMOS technology at liquid helium temperature (<span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>4 K). We examine and adapt conventional extraction techniques—including Constant Current (CC), Linear Extrapolation (LE), Y-function (Yfunc), Transconductance Linear Extrapolation (GMLE), Second Derivative (SD), Third Derivative (TD), Transition-based (TM, NMID, NRH), and Transconductance-to-Current Ratio (TCR)-based methods—and assess their performance in terms of consistency, robustness against measurement noise, and applicability at cryogenic temperatures. Results indicate significant method-dependent variability in extracted threshold values at 4 K, reflecting fundamental differences in how each method handles cryogenic-specific effects such as dopant freeze-out and mobility variations. Through careful comparative analysis, we identify the most reliable and accurate extraction methods for low-temperature conditions, specifically SD, LE, TM, TD, GMLE, fitLE (fitted linear extrapolation), and Y-function, offering practical recommendations to improve device modeling accuracy and reliability for cryogenic CMOS circuits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104208"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen liquefaction by active magnetic regenerative refrigeration","authors":"Koji Kamiya ,&nbsp;Kyohei Natsume ,&nbsp;Akira Uchida ,&nbsp;Takenori Numazawa ,&nbsp;Tsuyoshi Shirai ,&nbsp;Akiko T. Saito ,&nbsp;Koichi Matsumoto ,&nbsp;Shinji Masuyama","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling method that utilizes the magnetocaloric effect. The magnetocaloric effect induces temperature changes by varying the magnetic moment in response to changes in a magnetic field, eliminating the need for compression work as seen in conventional gas refrigerators. This enables high-efficiency cooling, making it suitable for cooling and liquefaction of cryogenic gases. In this study, we focused on an Active Magnetic Refrigeration (AMR) system, one of the magnetic refrigeration methods, capable of operating over a wide temperature range, and fabricated a dedicated AMR system for hydrogen liquefaction. The AMR developed in this study achieved a cooling power of 7.34 W and a relative Carnot efficiency of 60.5 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104205"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental method for modelling the off-state thermodynamics of a cryocooler","authors":"Koen Lotze,&nbsp;Jurgen Rietberg,&nbsp;Marcel ter Brake","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a method for modelling the thermodynamic behaviour of a cryocooler in the case of intermittent operation of the cooler. Such intermittent operation can, for instance, be applied to prevent cooler interference when cooling ultra-sensitive devices. In this case, the cooler is switched off during actual operation of these devices. Since these devices usually are sensitive to temperature variations, it is important to know the thermal response of the cooler when switching it on and off. Our approach in predicting this response is based on simple <span><math><mrow><mi>RC</mi></mrow></math></span> modelling of the separate cooler stages, in which the thermal resistance <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow></math></span> and the heat capacity <span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow></math></span> are considered temperature dependent. In order to determine these dependencies, the cooler is characterized in warm-up experiments where the cold-stage temperatures are recorded as functions of time. In the paper, we present our modelling approach and the method to derive the model parameters from the warm-up experiments. The presented methodology is illustrated by experiments performed with a commercial two-stage cryocooler.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}