IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104142

Zhao Zidong , Wang Ximing , Wei Aibo , Xu Zhengnan , Zhang Xiaobin

{"title":"Deep learning-based super-resolution reconstruction model for cavitation images in cryogenic flow fields","authors":"Zhao Zidong , Wang Ximing , Wei Aibo , Xu Zhengnan , Zhang Xiaobin","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Obtaining cavitation images of cryogenic fluid flow fields with high temporal and spatial resolution has important scientific value for revealing the mechanism of cryogenic cavitation. This study develops a super-resolution (SR) reconstruction model for cryogenic cavitation flow fields based on deep learning architectures (SRCNN, SRResNet, SRGAN, SwinIR) trained on the datasets obtained from Venturi tube liquid nitrogen (LN<sub>2</sub>) cavitation flows. Results show that the proposed model achieves ×4 and ×8 spatial resolution enhancement of the cavitation images, thus restoring flow field details well. By analyzing the performance of the model under different pressure ratios <em>P<sub>r</sub></em> inside and outside the dataset, and combining it with the convergent-divergent nozzle LN<sub>2</sub> flow field data for verification, it is found that the proposed model can accurately recover fine cavitation flow features from low-resolution inputs while maintaining the temporal coherence and exhibiting good generalization across operational conditions. Quantitative analysis shows that the model based on SwinIR performs better in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index measure (SSIM), and image standard deviation metrics, maintaining robustness even in severe cavitation information loss. The proposed method provides an effective SR analysis tool for cavitation experiments and has important application value for exploring the cryogenic cavitation mechanism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental characterization of neon pulsating heat pipes for cryocooler-based HTS magnets 低温冷却器基高温超导磁体霓虹脉动热管的实验表征

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104138

Q. Gorit , J.C. Maris , C. Zoller

{"title":"Experimental characterization of neon pulsating heat pipes for cryocooler-based HTS magnets","authors":"Q. Gorit , J.C. Maris , C. Zoller","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pulsating heat pipes (PHPs), i.e. passive devices employing two-phase flow, are increasingly studied in cryogenic conditions to improve heat transfer between cryocoolers and high temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets. This paper presents the experimental characterization of PHPs tested in vertical orientation using neon as working fluid. The main objective is to carry out a parametric study to assess the optimum parameters for a potential application to the cooling of HTS magnets. A summary of the literature on PHPs experiments under cryogenic conditions justifies the choice of neon as the working fluid for this specific application. It also leads to the selection of high-performance PHP designs for the parametric study. The PHP designs, the experimental setup, procedures, and campaigns are described. The results of the individual characterization of two PHPs, having 5 and 10 turns respectively, are analyzed and their performances are compared. In addition, a specific configuration operating simultaneously two 5-turn PHPs in parallel is investigated. The experiments are performed for two condenser temperatures (27 and <figure><img></figure>), a wide range of filling ratios (15 to 90%) and of heat loads (2 to <figure><img></figure>). The effect of the number of turns and the series or parallel configuration on the thermal performance is quantified and discussed, along with the effect of condenser temperature, filling ratio and heat load. The optimum parameters are found to be the two 5-turn PHPs in parallel, the filling ratio of 35% and the condenser temperature of <figure><img></figure>. These conditions lead to the lowest evaporator temperatures with thermal resistances ranging from 0.15 to <figure><img></figure>, while keeping a reliable working stability and no dry-out phenomena occurrence in the heat load range tested.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Operation of helium sub-atmospheric multistage cryogenic centrifugal compressor trains: Part 2 – Transient modeling and pump-down path selection 氦亚大气压多级低温离心压缩机组的运行：第2部分-瞬态建模和泵降路径选择

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104140

Jonathon Howard, Nusair Hasan, Venkatarao Ganni

{"title":"Operation of helium sub-atmospheric multistage cryogenic centrifugal compressor trains: Part 2 – Transient modeling and pump-down path selection","authors":"Jonathon Howard, Nusair Hasan, Venkatarao Ganni","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-pressure conditions required for operation of helium cryogenic systems below the normal boiling point (<em>i.e.</em> 4.2 K) are established through a transient process, commonly referred to as ‘<em>pump-down’</em>. This process is defined as the transition from pressures above atmospheric conditions to the saturation pressure which corresponds to a specified operational temperature. The FRIB 2 K system consists of five cryogenic centrifugal compressors which are operated in series. Historically, the pump-down process path has been established through empirical methods and system operator experience. Investigation into the pump-down process at FRIB aimed to develop a pump-down methodology which relies on theoretical model predictions rather than empirically developed process paths. Ensuring stable operation during the pump-down process involved application of a centrifugal compressor performance prediction model, which is described in Part 1 of this paper. Compressor performance maps can be directly used to evaluate the stability of a selected pump-down path and anticipate the overall reliability of the selected path. In conjunction with the compressor performance maps, a system pressure model was developed to estimate the transient pressure response during the pump-down process. Lastly, an explicit equation was developed to establish a mass flow rate profile for the pump-down process. Implementation of the presented methodology (including the developed models) allows for the system operator to determine a continuous pump-down path which maintains compressor stability while conforming to overall system capabilities. Overall, the methodology presented has resulted in simplification of transient pump-down operations and increased the reliability, stability and efficiency of the pump-down process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104140"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of a 187 K free-piston Stirling cryocooler with wound wire mesh regenerator 187k带绕丝网蓄热器的自由活塞斯特林制冷机的研制

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104141

Shuling Guo , Shilin Pan , Ankuo Zhang , Wenhui Yu , Chao Xiong , Haitao Chen

{"title":"Development of a 187 K free-piston Stirling cryocooler with wound wire mesh regenerator","authors":"Shuling Guo , Shilin Pan , Ankuo Zhang , Wenhui Yu , Chao Xiong , Haitao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stirling cryocoolers are widely used in low-temperature storage because the advantages such as high reliability and efficiency. To meet the demands of commercialization, the production process of Stirling cryocoolers needs to reduce costs. Compared to stacked wire mesh regenerator, wound wire mesh regenerator has emerged as a new option to reduce the cost of regenerators, as it eliminates the need for manual filling of regenerator matrix and consumes less metal. In this manuscript, an investigation is conducted focusing on the characteristics of this wound wire mesh regenerator. To cool the −86℃ ultra-low temperature refrigerators, a free-piston Stirling cryocooler with a wound wire mesh regenerator was developed, and one-dimensional simulation and experiments were conducted on the cryocooler. To better optimize cryocooler design, theoretical research was conducted on refrigeration losses of cryocooler. Analysis and simulation of the theoretical and actual energy flow distribution in the cryocooler were conducted. The proportion of internal losses for different components was analyzed. Simulations were performed to investigate the impact of on internal losses within the regenerator and the refrigeration efficiency of the cryocooler, working parameters and cold end temperature. The simulation results were experimentally validated, and the performance of the cryocooler was tested in terms of cooling characteristics and operational stability. The prototype of the optimized cryocooler design achieved a cooling capacity of 120 W@187 K, with a minimum attainable cold end temperature of 121.1 K.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104141"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Role of secondary phases on the magnetic properties of MnFe2O4 nanoferrite studied at room and cryogenic temperatures: VSM, Mössbauer and FC-ZFC techniques 利用VSM、Mössbauer和FC-ZFC技术研究了室温和低温下二次相对MnFe2O4纳米铁氧体磁性能的影响

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104139

Ch. Srinivas , Sher Singh Meena , E. Ranjith Kumar , V. Rajendran , P. Balraju , D.L. Sastry

{"title":"Role of secondary phases on the magnetic properties of MnFe2O4 nanoferrite studied at room and cryogenic temperatures: VSM, Mössbauer and FC-ZFC techniques","authors":"Ch. Srinivas , Sher Singh Meena , E. Ranjith Kumar , V. Rajendran , P. Balraju , D.L. Sastry","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel auto-combustion method have been subjected to heat treatment in order to understand phase change in the sample. The XRD patterns indicated the ferrite phase with secondary phases. The experimental lattice parameter (<em>a</em>) of as-prepared and sintered sample was found to be 8.3603 and 8.3409 Å while average crystallite size (<<em>D<sub>XRD</sub></em> >) 9.3 and 15.7 nm. From FE-SEM micrographs, the nature of ferrite nanoparticles is nearly spherical and agglomerated into bigger particles with strong magnetic interactions. The particles are distributed in between 11–23 nm with an average particle size (<<em>D<sub>FE-SEM</sub></em> >) 16.6 nm. Mössbauer spectrum consists of three sextets including a paramagnetic doublet. The sextet having higher hyperfine field (<em>H<sub>hf</sub></em>) equal to 51.2 T with <em>δ</em> = 0.356 and <em>Δ</em> = 0.222 is assigned to the secondary phase of α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The inversion parameter (<em>λ</em>) from the Mössbauer data is evaluated as 0.73. M−H loops indicated the soft magnetic nature of present ferrite system. The saturation magnetization (<em>M<sub>S</sub></em>) obtained is equal to 21 emu/g at 300 K and 41.4 emu/g at 5 K. The value of <em>λ</em> that fit to the <em>M<sub>S</sub></em> at 300 K is equal to 0.087. The blocking temperature (<em>T<sub>B</sub></em>) is evaluated as 153 K in the presence of 100 Oe while it is 72 K in the presence of 1000 Oe. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy of present nanoscaled Mn-ferrite is high and is equal to 2.2 × 10<sup>4</sup> J/m<sup>3</sup>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104139"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simplified numerical model for steady-state He II forced flow 稳态He II强迫流动的简化数值模型

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-06-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104137

Sławomir Pietrowicz , Przemysław Błasiak , Marcin Opalski , Bertrand Baudouy

{"title":"Simplified numerical model for steady-state He II forced flow","authors":"Sławomir Pietrowicz , Przemysław Błasiak , Marcin Opalski , Bertrand Baudouy","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The main objective of this study is to reproduce the heat and mass processes in He II forced flows in steady-state condition using a modified simplified two-fluid model with an open source CFD environment. The model is derived from the so-called two-fluid model by assuming that the dominant terms in the superfluid momentum equation are the thermo-mechanical, the Gorter-Mellink mutual friction and the pressure gradient terms. From this simplification, a new system of equations describing the heat and mass transfer in He II is obtained with a conventional continuity equation, a modified momentum equation for the total fluid, and an energy equation revealing the unique counter-flow heat transport mechanism as in other simplified models, but here with the addition of the pressure gradient effect in He II. The model has been validated and compared with other models available in the literature, such as the original two fluid model and simplified models, as well as experimental data. Our model has been implemented using the OpenFOAM software and we have demonstrated here its good accuracy with experimental results and shorter computational time by 2-6% compared to the two-fluid model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144253697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cooling system for DIXE mission from 300 K to 4 K DIXE任务的冷却系统从300k到4k

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-06-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104135

Shubao Zhao , Jia Quan , Bin Yang , Yuexue Ma , Ziyao Liu , Yuhong Zhang , Jianguo Li , Hai Jin , Chunyang Jiang , Wei Cui , Lingjiao Wei , Miguang Zhao , Jingtao Liang

引用次数: 0

Experimental and simulation study on transient heat transfer behaviour of multi-layer insulation for cryogenic vessels 低温容器多层绝热层瞬态传热特性的实验与模拟研究

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-06-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104136

Zhangliang Xu, Hongbo Tan, Hao Wu

{"title":"Experimental and simulation study on transient heat transfer behaviour of multi-layer insulation for cryogenic vessels","authors":"Zhangliang Xu, Hongbo Tan, Hao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal protection systems of cryogenic vessels require adaptability under diverse conditions to maintain thermodynamic stability. Given that the transient heat transfer behaviour of Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI) critically determines the thermodynamic performance and operation safety of cryogenic vessels, an experiment study was conducted at liquid nitrogen temperature on the transient heat transfer of a 90-layer MLI material after liquid nitrogen filling. A modified transient-state simulation model incorporating the unsteady heat transfer of spacers was developed and validated to investigate the transient heat transfer characteristics of the material. The variations of the inter-layer temperatures and heat leakage with time were simulated and compared with the experiment. The study shows that the 30th, 60th layer temperatures and heat leakage all decrease first rapidly and then slowly, where the heat leakage decreases from 0.42 W∙m<sup>−2</sup> to 0.18 W∙m<sup>−2</sup>. The maximum deviations of the 30th, 60th layer temperatures and heat leakage between the simulation and experiment are 5.13 %, 4.78 % and 15.15 %, respectively. The heat leakage prediction accuracy of the revised model reaches ± 0.0182 W∙m<sup>−2</sup>, which is improved by 23.21 % compared to that of the latest referenced models. The heat leakage is hardly affected by ambient temperature fluctuations, keeping below 0.3 W∙m<sup>−2</sup> for a long period after liquid nitrogen filling. The study reveals the MLI transient heat transfer characteristics during cryogenic vessel precooling operations, and provides important references for optimizing thermal protection system design and enhancing computational accuracy in cryogenic engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104136"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

3D effervescence Modeling of a Titan submarine 泰坦潜艇的三维气泡建模

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104130

Jason Hartwig , Peter Meyerhofer , R. Balasubramaniam , Ralph Lorenz , Anthony Colozza , Geoffrey Landis , Steve Oleson

引用次数: 0

Self-field measurements of a REBCO Rutherford-type cable REBCO卢瑟福型电缆的自场测量

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104134

T. Obana , M. Takayasu

引用次数: 0

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