IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104069

Biqiang Liu , Lingxiao Qin , Haishan Cao

{"title":"Nitrogen adsorption characteristics and specific heat capacities of two activated carbons for sorption-based compression","authors":"Biqiang Liu , Lingxiao Qin , Haishan Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Joule-Thomson (JT) sorption cryocoolers are highly suitable for vibration-sensitive instruments due to their advantages of no vibration, no electromagnetic interference and high reliability. However, limited research has been conducted on the nitrogen adsorption capacity and specific heat capacities of activated carbons under extreme conditions of high temperature and pressure, which is essential to the design of sorption compressors. In this study, the adsorption isotherms of nitrogen on two activated carbons, Norit RB4 and Chemviron AP4-60, were measured over a wide temperature range between 223 K and 723 K, and pressures up to 10 MPa using a volumetric adsorption analyzer. Based on the measured data, three adsorption isotherm models (dual-site Langmuir, Sips, and Toth) were employed to fit the total adsorption amount. The results show that the dual-site Langmuir model is the most suitable for describing the total adsorption amount. The isosteric heat of absolute adsorption was also derived based on this model. Additionally, the specific heat capacities of RB4 and AP4-60 were determined over the range from 253 K to 713 K. Based on the adsorption isotherms and specific heat capacities, the efficiencies of sorption compressors using RB4 and AP4-60 as sorbents were predicted and compared using a thermodynamic model. These data provide valuable foundations for the design and development of high-efficiency sorption compressors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104069"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of cryogenic treatment at different temperatures on microstructure, thermal, mechanical and corrosion response of pure zinc

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104071

Michael Johanes, Xavier Foo, Manoj Gupta

{"title":"Effect of cryogenic treatment at different temperatures on microstructure, thermal, mechanical and corrosion response of pure zinc","authors":"Michael Johanes, Xavier Foo, Manoj Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The potential for cryogenic treatment (CT) to enhance properties and performance of metals was first realized with steels, followed more recently with non-ferrous examples such as aluminium and magnesium. A wealth of knowledge on the optimum processing parameters and mechanisms behind the property enhancements has been discovered, and this presents a notable research gap for zinc (Zn) as it has never been explored with CT in the past.</div><div>To this end, pure Zn was successfully synthesized using the Disintegrated Melt Deposition (DMD) method, followed by hot extrusion and, for the first time, CT with exposure to varying temperatures (−20 °C, −50 °C, −80 °C, and −196 °C). Densification occurred for all materials (with 39.5 % porosity reduction after exposure to −50 °C being most significant), alongside a further 86.5 % increase in damping capacity after exposure to the same temperature. Microstructurally, CT induced significant grain growth across all exposure temperatures, − 80 °C conferring the largest grains (224 % increase over as-extruded equivalent). Compression response was also improved slightly after exposure to −80 °C, with improvements of 2.7 %, 2.3 %, and 1.0 % to compressive yield strength, ultimate compressive strength, and work of fracture. Exposure to −196 °C also notably lowered corrosion rates (32.4 % reduction). This highlights the ability of CT to not just alter, but tailor individual properties for Zn-based materials and opens up a new research area for this Hexagonal Closed Pack (HCP) metal and its derivatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104071"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on a solid Nitrogen-Cooled cryogenic system for MgB2 superconducting magnets used in gyrotrons

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104070

Tao Zhang , Meng Li , Chi Zhang , Tong Wei , Chuan Chen , Wei Liu , Chao Li , Jun Wang , Guo Yan , Pingxiang Zhang

{"title":"Research on a solid Nitrogen-Cooled cryogenic system for MgB2 superconducting magnets used in gyrotrons","authors":"Tao Zhang , Meng Li , Chi Zhang , Tong Wei , Chuan Chen , Wei Liu , Chao Li , Jun Wang , Guo Yan , Pingxiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A cryogenic cooling system for a superconducting magnet used in gyrotrons has been studied. The superconducting magnet was fabricated using MgB<sub>2</sub> wire and was designed to achieve a maximum magnetic flux density of ∼1.3 T. Firstly, the electromagnetic design was carried out, based on which the mechanical design and manufacturing were completed. In preliminary tests, the MgB<sub>2</sub> superconducting magnet was cooled by direct conduction cooling using four cryocoolers, and magnetization and demagnetization tests were performed at several different temperatures between 12 K and 20 K. Subsequently, the magnet was integrated into a carefully designed cryostat. Detailed heat transfer analyses and calculations were conducted during the design of the cryogenic system. The superconducting magnet is welded into a sealed reservoir and cooled through contact with nitrogen coolant (including both convection and conduction). The large heat capacity of solid nitrogen at low temperatures is utilized to maintain the temperature of the magnet over extended periods of time. The solid nitrogen reservoir is cooled by the second stage of a two-stage GM cryocooler and is enclosed within a cold shield cooled by the first stage. Specifically, to extend the holding time of solid nitrogen at low temperatures, a cryocooler chamber device is employed, which enables the detachment and repositioning of the cryocooler’s cold head while the magnet is in normal operation. Experimental results show that the cryogenic cooling system can cool the MgB<sub>2</sub> superconducting magnet to nearly 4.5 K. With the cold head detached, the magnet operates stably at a working current of 84 A for over 4 h, during which the magnet’s temperature increased from approximately 5 K to around 14 K. The maximum magnetic field strength achieved is 1.295 ± 0.01 T, meeting the design requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104070"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electromagnetic-thermal finite element model coupled to reduced electrical circuit for simulating inductive HTS coils in overcurrent regimes

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104068

Gabriel Hajiri , Kévin Berger , Frederic Trillaud , Jean Lévêque

{"title":"Electromagnetic-thermal finite element model coupled to reduced electrical circuit for simulating inductive HTS coils in overcurrent regimes","authors":"Gabriel Hajiri , Kévin Berger , Frederic Trillaud , Jean Lévêque","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To improve the understanding of the behaviour of High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) devices in electrical systems, it is relevant to couple Finite Element (FE) Models (FEM) and Electrical Circuits (EC). This coupling should include enough physics to look justly at the impact of the devices on the electrical system. Since some devices require the full or partial transition of the superconductor to its normal-resistive state, such as fault-current limiters, for instance, their modelling must address the dynamic change that the superconductor experiences moving both ways between its superconducting state and its normal-resistive state. To tackle this challenge, a multiphysics FEM coupled to an EC has been built targeting overcurrent operations of 2G HTS coils, used in such devices. Here, the basis of the approach is the electromotive force to compute the magnetic induction in the coil. The FEM is composed of two coupled submodels, an Electromagnetic one (EFEM) implementing the <strong>T</strong>-<strong>A</strong> formulation and a Thermal one (TFEM). The resulting TEFEM is coupled to an Electrical Circuit Model (ECM) in the same FE solver yielding the TEFEM − ECM. To further improve the computation time, a reduction method is employed to skim the ECM, without sacrificing accuracy. The simulation results for the most reduced version of the model are compared with experimental data obtained in liquid nitrogen at 77 K for a current pulse discharge system connected to a 2G HTS coil, showing good agreement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104068"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Local area cooling versus broad area cooling for boil-off reduction in large-scale liquid hydrogen storage tanks 减少大型液氢储罐沸腾的局部冷却与大面积冷却的比较

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104065

Sindre Stenen Blakseth , Ailo Aasen , André Massing , Petter Nekså

{"title":"Local area cooling versus broad area cooling for boil-off reduction in large-scale liquid hydrogen storage tanks","authors":"Sindre Stenen Blakseth , Ailo Aasen , André Massing , Petter Nekså","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Future use of liquid hydrogen (<figure><img></figure> ) as an effective energy carrier will require elimination or minimization of hydrogen boil-off that is not utilized by demands in the value chain. The present work promotes local area cooling (LAC) as a promising boil-off reduction technology. In contrast to the more conventional broad area cooling (BAC), LAC targets local, concentrated heat flows e.g. through tank support structures. This yields important practical benefits, especially for large-scale tanks, due to the order-of-magnitude reduction in the size of the cooling system. Such benefits include lower capital costs and simpler installation, maintenance and coolant management. LAC applied outside the outer tank wall is particularly attractive for tanks with evacuated insulation.</div><div>In a series of numerical studies, we use the finite element method to evaluate the thermal performance of LAC and BAC in the context of ship-borne <figure><img></figure> transport. The studies concern 40000 m<sup>3</sup>-capacity, skirt-supported tanks insulated using evacuated perlite or helium-filled polyurethane (HePUR) foam. For the perlite-insulated tank, LAC and BAC with liquid nitrogen coolant can reduce the daily boil-off rate from 0.04%/day to, respectively, 0.011%/day and 0.004%/day. The corresponding numbers for CO<sub>2</sub>-based refrigeration are 0.031%/day and 0.028%/day. For the HePUR-insulated tank, which has a higher baseline boil-off rate of 0.24%/day, reduced boil-off rates down to 0.17%/day and 0.04%/day are achievable using LAC and BAC, respectively. LAC and BAC both offer increased power efficiency in comparison to reliquefaction only.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104065"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

DC surface flashover characteristics of epoxy resin in high vacuum from 10 K to 299 K

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104067

Di Jiang , Yu Feng , Hongwei Zhang , Zhixiong Wu , Zhicong Miao , Rongjin Huang , Laifeng Li , Yuan Zhou

{"title":"DC surface flashover characteristics of epoxy resin in high vacuum from 10 K to 299 K","authors":"Di Jiang , Yu Feng , Hongwei Zhang , Zhixiong Wu , Zhicong Miao , Rongjin Huang , Laifeng Li , Yuan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the low-temperature electrical properties of epoxy resin is crucial for the design of safe and reliable insulation structures of superconducting magnet systems. Actually, superconducting magnets are used in a wide range of temperatures for different applications, but the current electrical property testing of the epoxy resin is mainly single temperature. Herein, an efficient integrated electrical testing system in the cryogenic to room temperature range has been built by using a G-M cryocooler (Gifford-McMahon) as the cold source. The DC surface flashover characteristics of the epoxy resin were tested at 10, 20, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, and 299 K in high vacuum helium, and Weibull distribution was obtained. The results show that the flashover strength of epoxy resin does not increase monotonically with the temperature decrease. This work fills the gap in the electrical performance of epoxy resin at multiple temperatures between 10 K to 299 K and helps to more fully comprehend the insulation properties of epoxy resins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104067"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical evaluation of heat transfer characteristics and effectiveness of miniature Stirling cryocooler’s regenerator: A multi-part computational study

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104066

Shad Muhammad, Xiaoqing Zhang

{"title":"Numerical evaluation of heat transfer characteristics and effectiveness of miniature Stirling cryocooler’s regenerator: A multi-part computational study","authors":"Shad Muhammad, Xiaoqing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Miniature Stirling cryocoolers with refrigeration capacities from 0.25 W to 2 W and cooling temperatures between 50 K and 150 K have made their way to the defense, aerospace, and medical industries. The regenerator is an essential part and its performance has significant effects on the miniature cryocooler. In this study, firstly, the non-ideal effects of matrix material longitudinal heat conduction and temperature-dependent properties of both the matrix material and working fluid on regenerator performance are numerically analyzed using the parallel flow model. The findings show that non-ideal longitudinal conduction relatively increases in-efficiency by 137 % maximum, If combining the effects of the matrix material and the working fluid thermophysical properties, the in-efficiency will further increase by 30 % and 5 %, respectively. The regenerator’s performance is primarily affected by longitudinal conduction and matrix material properties. Secondly, the 2D porous structure of regenerator simulation under cyclic flow is performed using CFD-assisted methodology, and the studies show that compared to constant material properties, the in-efficiency and temperature swings of the regenerator for temperature-dependent properties are 298 % and 185 % higher, respectively. Additionally, the effect of matrix material temperature swing is found non-negligible with the mass flow rate increasing. Finally, the effect of the cold tip heat load is investigated and found that it has instantaneous effects on the regenerator temperature profile and its efficiency, thus influencing the regenerator’s capability to transfer heat efficiently. This multi-part computational study can offer useful analyses and guides to improve the regenerator design for high-performance micro Stirling cryocoolers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104066"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design optimization study of cryogenic counter-flow plate fin heat exchangers

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104063

Prabhat Kumar Gupta , Rishi Kant Sharma , S. Raghavendra

引用次数: 0

Modeling of cryogenic pulsating heat pipe using CFD techniques

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104061

Marcin Opalski , Tisha Dixit , Bertrand Baudouy , Przemysław Błasiak , Jun Ishimoto , Sławomir Pietrowicz

{"title":"Modeling of cryogenic pulsating heat pipe using CFD techniques","authors":"Marcin Opalski , Tisha Dixit , Bertrand Baudouy , Przemysław Błasiak , Jun Ishimoto , Sławomir Pietrowicz","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents new numerical procedures for simulating cryogenic pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) developed in OpenFOAM. Using a multiphase flow approach, the numerical model incorporates a combination of Lee and Min phase change models and also features conjugate heat transfer between the solid wall and fluid. Turbulence effects are modeled using the k-<em>ε</em> turbulence model, with wall functions implemented to capture heat transfer dynamics more accurately. The model was validated against experimental data reported in literature on a nitrogen single-loop configuration. Our code captures the overall experimental thermal performance and pressure evolution within less than 3% difference. In addition, this study demonstrates that turbulence enhances heat transfer, with turbulent diffusion contributing substantially to the overall effective thermal conductivity and thus should not be neglected. The findings also indicate that cryogenic PHP simulations must consider pressure- and temperature-dependent properties to achieve reliable predictions for different operating scenarios. This work provides a promising basis for advancing the numerical modeling of cryogenic PHPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104061"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation of step piston type series pulse tube refrigerator

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104062

Sheng Xu, Yuanjian Li, Shaowei Zhu

引用次数: 0

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