Cryogenics最新文献_第10页

Heat load efficiency in multi-temperature cryogenic computing systems 多温度低温计算系统的热负荷效率

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104013

Nurzhan Zhuldassov, Rassul Bairamkulov, Eby G. Friedman

{"title":"Heat load efficiency in multi-temperature cryogenic computing systems","authors":"Nurzhan Zhuldassov, Rassul Bairamkulov, Eby G. Friedman","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heterogeneous cryogenic computing systems often incorporate a variety of technologies, each functioning at different temperatures. The chosen operating temperature of these components significantly influences the overall power dissipation, heat load, and system performance. Existing design methodologies for managing cryogenic systems with multiple temperature zones often overlook thermal variations within these zones, the interconnect between different zones, and are restricted to the temperature within a single zone. A comprehensive framework designed to enhance the efficiency of heterogeneous computing systems operating under cryogenic conditions is presented in this paper. Utilizing a graph theoretic approach, the framework is used to evaluate the influence of operating temperatures on both delay and power consumption. Thermal interactions among different system components are also considered, enabling a more precise estimate of the power requirements and local thermal load. The methodology is applied to two case studies related to cryogenic cloud computing systems. The objective is to minimize overall system-wide power consumption while satisfying specific performance criteria and considering the impact of heat load on the cooling infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104013"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modeling of solid-air dendrite growth solidification in liquid hydrogen by using isotropic quantitative phase field method 用各向同性定量相场法模拟液氢中固体-空气枝晶生长凝固

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104024

Chaolong Li, Ke Li, Jian Wen, Lei Wang, Yanzhong Li

{"title":"Modeling of solid-air dendrite growth solidification in liquid hydrogen by using isotropic quantitative phase field method","authors":"Chaolong Li, Ke Li, Jian Wen, Lei Wang, Yanzhong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The safety hazards caused by solid-air accumulation in liquid hydrogen need attention. This paper is dedicated to the numerical reproduction of the microstructural evolution of solid-air dendrites in liquid hydrogen and the investigation of the oxygen solute distribution pattern. A quantitative phase field model for the growth of six-fold symmetric solid-air dendrites is developed to investigate the growth behavior of solid-air single and multiple dendrites under different subcooling and continuous cooling conditions to address the quantitative deficiencies of previous studies. The results show that the current model can maintain the rotational invariance of solid-air dendrites. With the escalation of subcooling, the dendritic morphology undergoes heightened complexity, and the development of secondary dendrite arms becomes more pronounced. Three characteristic position curves were chosen to quantify the oxygen solute distribution within the solid-air dendrites and in the liquid phase, with the highest oxygen solute concentration near the solid–liquid interface and increasing with subcooling. The distribution of oxygen solute concentration shows the same qualitative characteristics under constant subcooling and continuous cooling conditions, but the oxygen concentration at the solid–liquid interface is higher under continuous cooling compared to constant subcooling. The interaction of multiple dendrites changes the dendrite growth pattern. At constant subcooling, solid-air dendrite growth gradually tends to stagnate, whereas under continuous cooling conditions, solid-air dendrites can achieve greater solid phase fraction. The gaps formed between the dendrites impede the diffusion of oxygen solutes, and the concentration of oxygen solutes is higher at the grain boundaries of the dendrites compared to single dendrite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104024"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimised fuzzy-tuned PID control for piston offset in linear compressors for Joule-Thomson cryocoolers 焦耳-汤姆逊制冷机线性压缩机活塞偏移量的优化模糊调谐PID控制

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104014

Nibin Qian , Xinwen Chen , Zhaohua Li , Kun Liang

引用次数: 0

Improved superconducting properties of ex situ processed MgB2 tapes sintered at low temperatures under hydrogen atmosphere 改善低温烧结非原位MgB2带的超导性能

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104023

Hiroki Fujii

{"title":"Improved superconducting properties of ex situ processed MgB2 tapes sintered at low temperatures under hydrogen atmosphere","authors":"Hiroki Fujii","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ex situ</em> processed Fe-sheathed MgB<sub>2</sub> tapes using milled powders with Te addition were sintered under Ar or H<sub>2</sub> atmosphere. In comparison with Ar atmosphere, sintering under H<sub>2</sub> improves grain connectivity in microstructure at a lower temperature. Concerning the superconducting properties, the sintering under H<sub>2</sub> increases the critical temperature (<em>T</em><sub>c</sub>) of the tapes by up to 2 K, as observed for <em>in situ</em> processed conductors heat-treated under H<sub>2</sub>. However, the transport critical density (<em>J</em><sub>c</sub>) property shows different behavior. Whereas heat treatment under H<sub>2</sub> just degrades the <em>J</em><sub>c</sub> for the <em>in situ</em> process, sintering under H<sub>2</sub> improves the <em>J</em><sub>c</sub> at a lower temperature for the <em>ex situ</em> process. The optimal sintering temperature (<em>T</em><sub>sin</sub>) at which <em>J</em><sub>c</sub> at 4.2 K and 10 T shows best performance is lower for the sintering under H<sub>2</sub> than that for Ar by more than 100 °C without <em>J</em><sub>c</sub> deterioration. This <em>J</em><sub>c</sub> enhancement at low <em>T</em><sub>sin</sub>s is attributed to the improved grain connectivity and the increase in the <em>T</em><sub>c</sub>, upper critical, and irreversibility fields (<em>H</em><sub>c2</sub> and <em>H</em><sub>irr</sub>).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104023"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Critical current and AC-loss for intentionally cracked REBCO split wires 故意破裂的REBCO分离线的临界电流和交流损耗

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104011

Ryohei Nishiyama, Shintetsu Kanazawa

引用次数: 0

Design, Fabrication, Assembling and Testing of QWR/HWR Cavity Cryomodules for HIAF Project HIAF项目QWR/HWR空腔低温模块的设计、制造、组装和测试

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2024-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104019

Feng Bai , Peng Zhang , Xianjin Wang , Yugang Zhao , Xiaofei Niu , Zhiming You , Luozhu Nian , Yonghui Yang , Yongping Hu , Jun Wen , Dajun Fan , Junhui Zhang , Juli Hu , Maolei Lu , Pei Wang

引用次数: 0

Growth behavior of bubbles containing non-condensable gas in superheated cryogenic liquids 含不凝性气体的气泡在过热低温液体中的生长行为

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104016

Yonghua Huang, Xujin Qin

{"title":"Growth behavior of bubbles containing non-condensable gas in superheated cryogenic liquids","authors":"Yonghua Huang, Xujin Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bubble growth is one of the most critical concerns in flashing or cavitation in metastable superheated liquids. The bubble growth rate and heat and mass transfer rates across the boundary are essential for quantifying the flashing evaporation behavior. Prior simulations treated the bubble as a pure vapor, which dropped an important influencing factor driving bubble growth. A mathematical model is proposed for characterizing bubble growth in superheated cryogenic liquids, namely, liquid oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. The model considers a non-condensable gas component in the bubble, which plays a significant role in the early stages of bubble growth. It not only influences the critical radius of the bubble but also affects the delay time of the growth. The behavior of bubbles in these cryogenic fluids was compared to that in water in terms of radius growth. The effect of the liquid state on the bubble radius was investigated. As expected, the bubble grew faster in the liquid at lower pressures and greater degrees of superheat. Bubbles with smaller critical radii require higher degrees of superheat or thermal disturbances to grow.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104016"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design and operation of direct heat exchange type thermal energy storage unit in an actual-size liquid air energy storage system 实际规模液体空气储能系统中直接换热式蓄热机组的设计与运行

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104015

Kyoung Joong Kim , Cheonkyu Lee , Junhyuk Bae , Sangkwon Jeong

{"title":"Design and operation of direct heat exchange type thermal energy storage unit in an actual-size liquid air energy storage system","authors":"Kyoung Joong Kim , Cheonkyu Lee , Junhyuk Bae , Sangkwon Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the design specifications and operational parameters crucial for integrating thermal energy storage unit (TESU) within a demonstration-scale liquid air energy storage (LAES) system. The LAES system’s storage capacity of 6 MWh and power generation of 2 MW serve as performance benchmarks. To satisfy these criteria, a TESU with a mass flow rate of 26 kg/s and a duration of 2 hr to 4 h is deemed essential. Ensuring an effectiveness exceeding 0.9 necessitates adherence to specific design principles. Firstly, optimal spatial configuration of heat exchange parts, approximately double the thermal penetration depth, is essential to maintain high performance. Deviations from this guideline can lead to decreased heat exchange efficiency and thermal interference. Moreover, as TESU duration increases, the relative heat capacity of the shuttle mass rises, diminishing overall effectiveness. Adequate heat capacity within the TESU is thus crucial to sustaining desired performance levels throughout the duration. Additionally, optimizing the aspect ratio of the TESU improves effectiveness by mitigating axial heat conduction losses, facilitating efficient energy storage and retrieval. By incorporating these design considerations, the performance and effectiveness of the TESU within LAES systems can be optimized, enabling seamless energy management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104015"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design and analysis of the components of cryogenic extruder for producing liquid hydrogen 液态氢低温挤出机部件的设计与分析

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104021

Vishal Gupta, Hemang Agravat, Samiran S. Mukherjee, Avijit Dewasi, Jyoti S. Mishra, Pratik A. Nayak, Paresh Panchal, Moni Banaudha, Ranjana Gangradey

{"title":"Design and analysis of the components of cryogenic extruder for producing liquid hydrogen","authors":"Vishal Gupta, Hemang Agravat, Samiran S. Mukherjee, Avijit Dewasi, Jyoti S. Mishra, Pratik A. Nayak, Paresh Panchal, Moni Banaudha, Ranjana Gangradey","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Cryogenic Extruder (CE) is an extruder technology which can continuously produce solid rods of hydrogen and its isotopes. The solid rod is further cut into small cylindrical pieces called pellets, which are used for the fuelling of the long-pulse fusion reactors by injecting at high velocity into the magnetically confined, hot plasma, for the core-fuelling and D-T reaction. The design and analysis of a cryogenic extruder involves optimization of the various parameters of its different components such as precoolers, liquefier and solidifier compatible with cryogenic temperature operation. In this work, a design approach and Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of the components of extruder system is presented. The liquefier is designed to operate at a temperature of < 21 K and cooled using the 2nd stage of the cold head of a GM cryocooler. It has a compact shell which has an array of fins for the cooling down and liquefaction of the hydrogen gas to liquid. Theoretically, the surface temperature of 20.4 K is sufficient to produce liquid for the extrusion rate of 500 mm<sup>3</sup>/s of solid hydrogen but the CFD studies showed that the liquefier can produce the liquid for up to 1.75E-5 kg/s i.e., equivalent to 200 mm<sup>3</sup>/s of solid hydrogen based on the available cooling capacity of a cryocooler.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104021"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermal and electrical conductivity of magnetic refrigerant holmium diboride for magnetic refrigerator application 磁冰箱用磁性制冷剂二硼化钬的导热性和导电性

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104020

Koichi Matsumoto , Hironori Hasegawa , Masaki Horie , Hideaki Kitazawa , Akiko T. Saito , Takenori Numazawa

{"title":"Thermal and electrical conductivity of magnetic refrigerant holmium diboride for magnetic refrigerator application","authors":"Koichi Matsumoto , Hironori Hasegawa , Masaki Horie , Hideaki Kitazawa , Akiko T. Saito , Takenori Numazawa","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intermetallic compound holmium diboride, HoB<em><sub>2</sub></em> is a promising refrigerant in magnetic cooling systems. It is particularly well-suited for hydrogen liquefaction. It was confirmed that HoB<sub>2</sub> had large magneto-caloric effect because of a magnetic phase transition from a paramagnetic to a ferromagnetic state at the transition temperature <em>T</em><sub>c</sub> of 15 K by magnetization and specific heat. From the standpoint of magnetic refrigerator, the thermal and electrical conductivity of polycrystal HoB<sub>2</sub> in magnetic fields were reported in the present work. The thermal conductivity was found to increase with magnetic field around <em>T</em><sub>c</sub>. In electric resistivity measurements, a characteristic kink was observed at <em>T</em><sub>c</sub> in zero field, and this kink was suppressed in magnetic fields. The transport properties of HoB<sub>2</sub> were analyzed using these data. Evaluated thermal diffusion coefficient and eddy current power dissipation showed that HoB<sub>2</sub> with submillimeter size has good heat transfer and negligible eddy current power dissipation compared with the cooling power, in practical magnetic refrigeration cycles. These results show that HoB<sub>2</sub> is an excellent magnetic refrigerant for use in the lowest temperature stage of hydrogen liquefaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104020"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0