Cryogenics最新文献

{"title":"A cryogenic tank thermodynamic process model for marine applications","authors":"George Dimopoulos ,&nbsp;Dimitrios Sykas ,&nbsp;George Kontaras ,&nbsp;Chara Georgopoulou","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The maritime industry’s accelerated transition to low- and zero-carbon energy is driving the adoption of marine fuels such as LNG, ammonia, hydrogen, and CO₂ seaborne transport from carbon capture. These substances require cryogenic storage and handling, with complex onboard systems of tanks, piping, and process equipment. At the core is the cryogenic tank, where complex vapour-liquid equilibrium due to external heat ingress determine boil-off and pressure dynamics during ship operations. This work introduces a generic thermodynamic model for cryogenic tanks that accommodates various fuel and CO₂ mixtures and integrates with marine cryogenic gas handling system models. The model accounts for multicomponent vapour-liquid equilibrium, vapour superheating, environmental and interphase heat transfer, flash evaporation during loading, and spray cooling via droplet evaporation. These capabilities enable the simulation of pressure accumulation, loading/unloading, boil-off management, internal transfers, and spray cooling processes. Developed through a process modelling framework, the tank model is able to interface with models of valves, pipes, pumps, and be used in multi-tank configurations. A comprehensive set of validation and verification studies is presented and discussed using both published experimental data and measurements from an actual LNG-fuelled vessel, confirming its predictive accuracy. Finally, simulations across different tank geometries, ship operations and cryogenic substances demonstrate the model’s ability in providing insight and supporting complex ship operations and design challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104133"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operation of helium sub-atmospheric multistage cryogenic centrifugal compressor trains: Part 1 – Steady state modeling and speed ratio selection","authors":"Jonathon Howard ,&nbsp;Venkatarao Ganni ,&nbsp;Peter Knudsen ,&nbsp;Nusair Hasan ,&nbsp;Abraham Engeda","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Helium cryogenic systems which can provide cooling below the normal boiling point of helium (approximately 4.2 K) are often required by superconducting radio-frequency niobium resonators utilized in modern high-energy particle accelerators. Achieving temperatures below 4.2 K generally involves operating a cryogenic vessel with liquid helium under sub-atmospheric conditions, thereby lowering the saturation pressure and corresponding saturation temperature. Over the last several decades, multi-stage cryogenic centrifugal compressor trains (CC’s) have been operated efficiently and reliably within large-scale cryogenic systems to continuously evacuate helium vapor generated by a device within the vessel, maintaining sub-atmospheric conditions in the vessel while pressurizing the return vapor to above atmospheric conditions. Traditionally, these CC systems have been operated using empirically derived control philosophies and insight gathered from previous operational experience. Recent efforts at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) have been aimed at the development of a theoretical basis to characterize the operation of multi-stage cryogenic centrifugal compressor train and utilizing predictive model results to generate control parameters. The objective of this research was identifying operational points which adequately balance cryogenic system efficiency, stability, and overall ease of operation. This manuscript provides an overview of the predictive model development, characterization of the FRIB cryogenic centrifugal compressors and implementation of the predicted performance results during steady-state system operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104132"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of cavitation on the control performance of a cryogenic valve","authors":"Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Miao Yu ,&nbsp;Abhilash Suryan ,&nbsp;Ikhyun Kim ,&nbsp;Guang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cryogenic valves have been widely used in the transmission systems of cryogenic fluid mediums such as LNG, LN₂, LO₂ and other liquefied gas, which plays important roles in the stability and reliability of the system operation. Cavitation makes serious erosion and damage on the valve core and pipeline surface, which leads to the leakage and noise problems in cryogenic valves. Cryogenic cavitation phenomenon usually produces vibration and noise hazards, which significantly affect the stable operation of the system. In this study, Based on the original ZGB cavitation model, combined with the thermodynamic effect of cryogenic fluid, the cavitation model is modified, and a cavitation model suitable for cryogenic fluid is obtained. The accuracy and applicability of the modified cavitation model are verified by the combination of experiment and numerical simulation. Taking different openings as the research variables, the cryogenic cavitation under different openings was obtained, and the influence of cavitation on the control performance of the cryogenic ball valve was analyzed. The results show that when the spool is in a large opening, cavitation has a great influence on the control performance of the ball valve. The volume and flow instability of the cavity change with the opening. And the spatial and temporal distribution of the vortex structure in the cavitation flow field is highly consistent with the evolution of the cavitation. The energy loss in the cavitation flow field is quantified by the entropy characterization method, and the evolution process of cavitation is characterized by different types of entropy production distribution. The results show that the outlet of the spool is the concentrated area of entropy production distribution, and in the cavitation flow field, the entropy production caused by direct dissipation (EPDD) and the entropy production caused by turbulent dissipation (EPTD) account for the main part of the total entropy production in the cavitation flow field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Ba substitution on phase formation, RBS analysis, critical current density and flux pinning dynamics in Y-BSCCO superconducting materials","authors":"M.S. Shalaby ,&nbsp;Manale Noun ,&nbsp;Nashwa M. Yousifv ,&nbsp;M.I.A. Abdel Maksoud ,&nbsp;Soraya Abdelhaleem","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The structural, morphological and magnetic for Bi_1.8Y_0.2Sr_2-xBa_xCa₂Cu₃O₁₀, (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15), superconductors were investigated. SEM and elemental mapping showed a layered morphology with interconnected grains, with no detected unknown elements which confirmed throughout Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) spectra. The structural parameters and volume fractions were calculated from XRD.<!--> <!-->Magnetic measurements reveal the formation of the Bi-2212 phase instead of the intended Bi-2223, with transition temperatures (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) around 89–90 K. BiYBa0.15 shows the highest critical current density <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>J</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>, reaching approximately 800 A/m² at 10 K and 9.2 A/ m² at 40 K, while BiYBa0 and BiYBa0.05 show <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>J</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> <!-->≈1.45 A/m² at 60 K. Temperature-dependent magnetization measurements performed at 10 K, 40 K, and 60 K under applied fields up to 60 kOe demonstrate complex pinning force dynamics. Notably, the pure and x = 0.15 samples exhibit enhanced pinning forces at low temperatures, while intermediate Ba concentrations show modified flux pinning landscapes. The achieved high <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>J</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> make these materials are promising candidates for wires, tapes, and superconducting fault current limiters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on chill-down process of horizontal exit-contracted pipe with smooth inner wall","authors":"Quanqi Wang ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenjing Qin ,&nbsp;Siyang Feng ,&nbsp;Qiyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Lanwei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Different from cases of transfer pipes, when cryogenic fluid flows into an exit-contracted pipe, boiling pattern does not develop in a spatially non-sequential manner. This experimental study investigates the LOX chill-down process through a horizontal exit-contracted pipe with smooth inner wall with a wide condition of steady pressure ranging from 0.52 to 3.52 MPa and steady mass flow rate from 0.126 to 0.766 kg/s. The development of physical parameters and transition of the boiling patterns during the chill-down process are discussed respectively. The entire process of chill-down process is reconstructed through the inversed parameters, vapor film thickness and flow pattern diagrams comprehensively. The conclusion indicates that three QF modes are summarized and analysis is presented on the effect of pressure and mass flow rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a cold helium circulation system for HTS application","authors":"Qi Huang,&nbsp;Xinglong Guo,&nbsp;Zhanli Yao,&nbsp;Hongming Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces a cold helium circulation system for high-temperature superconducting (HTS) applications, designed to maintain HTS coils below 30 K during operation. The cold helium circulation system includes HTS coils, two self-developed Gifford-McMahon (G-M) refrigerators (BMC215, BAMA Inc.) with respective cooling capacities of 62 W@60 K for the first stage and 20 [email protected] K for the second stage, a circulating helium compressor (HC-603, BAMA Inc.), two cold head heat exchangers, and two double-pipe heat exchangers. Following the quantification of system heat loads, the cooling system is assigned a design target of 10 W@30 K. Through systematic design and optimization of heat exchanger structures, optimal dimensions and configurations for each stage are determined. Experimental results reveal that the HTS coils achieve a minimum temperature ranging from 24 K to 26 K, successfully fulfilling the design target. This study validates the efficacy and reliability of the proposed cold helium circulation system, positioning it as a viable solution for HTS applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of cryogenic flow quenching of stainless steel tubes with thickness-gradient Teflon coatings","authors":"Chunkai Guo,&nbsp;Yuhang Wang,&nbsp;Peng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Applying a low thermal conductivity coating layer to the inner wall of the tubes is a promising approach to accelerating the chilldown process, with extensive research focusing on the impact of coating thickness on the chilldown performance. It was concluded that there exists an optimal thickness of the coating layer for shortening chilldown time. However, the optimal thickness is apparently not uniform along the axis of tube due to the variation of heat transfer characteristics at different axial positions. Therefore, the chilldown behavior of tubes with uniform coating thicknesses ranging from 24 µm to 201 µm and the tube with thickness-gradient coating layer of approximately 146 µm to 71 µm along the axial direction are investigated by conducting horizontal flow quenching experiments using liquid nitrogen at different inlet pressures. It is found that, when liquid nitrogen flows from the thick coating layer (146 µm) side to the thin coating layer (71 µm) side, the chilldown time is reduced by 12.1–16.3% compared to the opposite flow direction, and by 7.1% compared to the uniform-coated tube with similar average thickness. It can be concluded that the thicker coating layer upstream allows earlier emergence of transition boiling, thereby accelerating the film boiling process downstream. The Leidenfrost point temperature upstream is higher than that downstream due to the increased solid-liquid contacts. Additionally, the pressure drop measurement throughout the tube reveals that the onset of the transition boiling intensifies flow turbulence, and consequently enhances heat transfer of film boiling downstream.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104127"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of spark plasma sintering on the superconducting properties of Sm-based oxypnictide","authors":"Mohammad Azam ,&nbsp;Tatiana Zajarniuk ,&nbsp;Konrad Kwatek ,&nbsp;Paolo Mele ,&nbsp;Shiv J. Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We optimize the superconducting properties of Sm-based oxypnictide (Sm1111: SmFeAsO_0.80F_0.20) by using the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technique under various synthesis conditions, including heating temperatures ranging from 600 to 1000 °C for durations of 5 to 30 min at the applied pressure of 45 MPa. All prepared bulks are characterized by structural and microstructural analysis as well as transport and magnetic measurements to conclude our findings. SmFeAsO_0.80F_0.20 bulks are also prepared using the conventional synthesis process at ambient pressure (CSP) and the high gas pressure and high temperature (HP-HTS) methods at 500 MPa, which exhibit a superconducting transition temperature (<em>T_c</em>) of 53–54 K. Interestingly, the SPS process of SmFeAsO_0.80F_0.20 increases the sample densities up to 97–98 % and confirms the optimized synthesis conditions of 900 °C for 5–10 min; however, the increased sintering temperature or duration reduces <em>T_c</em> due to the possible evaporation of lighter elements, particularly fluorine. Furthermore, the SPS technique is unable to reduce the observed impurity phases for the Sm1111, which is similar to the CSP and HP-HTS processes. A slight increment in the <em>J_c</em> by the SPS process is observed due to the enhancement of sample density. A comparative analysis of Sm1111 superconductors prepared by SPS is performed with CSP and HP-HTS processes, suggesting that an increased sample density is ineffective on the superconducting properties in the presence of the impurity phases. This finding can be beneficial for the fundamental and applied research of iron-based superconductor (FBS).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-parametrical investigation on the start-up of nitrogen pulsating heat pipes for space applications","authors":"Penghui Wang ,&nbsp;Dong Xu ,&nbsp;Peng Jia ,&nbsp;Yaran Shi ,&nbsp;Rendong Guo ,&nbsp;Laifeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The successful startup of a pulsating heat pipe is crucial for ensuring its stable operation both on ground-based applications and, even more in space conditions. Indeed, under microgravity conditions, the startup behavior of the pulsating heat pipe differs significantly from that observed under normal gravity. Consequently, it is vital to conduct comprehensive research into the startup mechanisms of the pulsating heat pipe under zero-gravity conditions. A systematic analysis was conducted on how initial vapor–liquid distribution, filling ratio, assembly parameter, and thermal load influence the startup characteristics of nitrogen PHPs by ground-based horizontal experiments. The results showed that initial vapor–liquid distribution was key in determining startup success. Precooling and filling in the horizontal orientation inevitably led to startup failure. In contrast, performing precooling and filling in the vertical orientation or modifying the initial vapor–liquid distribution by heating the condenser facilitated the startup of the pulsating heat pipe in the horizontal orientation. With a 20% filling ratio, the PHPs could successfully start up and operate across a broad thermal load range, ensuring efficient heat transfer. With a 40% filling ratio, periodic flow stagnation tended to occur inside the PHPs. With a 60% filling ratio, the PHPs struggled to start successfully. Even when startup occurred, its operational thermal load range for efficient heat transfer was limited. Moreover, increasing the number of turns has helped to minimize fluctuations in the evaporator temperature and PHP pressure during operation. A double-loop configuration has also greatly enhanced the temperature uniformity of the evaporator. Among the three configurations, the single-loop 12-turn PHP exhibited the optimal heat transfer performance at a 20% filling ratio.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104115"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and application of a measurement system for effective thermal conductivity in cryocooler regenerators","authors":"Takashi Hirayama","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In regenerative cryocoolers, the regenerator is composed of stacked layers of the regenerator material in the form of wire meshes or spheres, and the voids of the regenerator are filled with a working fluid, such as helium gas. Thermal conduction loss occurs in the regenerator because of the large temperature difference between its hot and cold sides. It is important to develop a high-efficiency cryocooler to estimate accurately thermal conduction loss. However, it is difficult to estimate the effective thermal conductivity of these complex structures. Therefore, in this study, we developed a new effective thermal conductivity measurement system that can emulate the operating environment of a cryocooler. The soundness of the developed system was confirmed by measuring the thermal conductivity of SUS304. We also measured the thermal conductivities of stacked lead alloy spheres and zinc spheres, and the voids of the stacks were filled with helium gas, which is a typical regenerator for cryocoolers. Measurements were performed in the temperature range of 5–50 K and the pressure range of 0.5–2.5 MPa. A regression analysis revealed that effective thermal conductivity of regenerator was only dependent on the thermal conductivity of the helium gas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104114"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144099394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}