Cryogenics最新文献_第2页

Molecular force field optimization and molecular simulation of vapor–liquid phase equilibrium for oxygen

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-04-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104077

Huilun Jia , Siqi Liu , Haiyang Zhang , Bo Gao

{"title":"Molecular force field optimization and molecular simulation of vapor–liquid phase equilibrium for oxygen","authors":"Huilun Jia , Siqi Liu , Haiyang Zhang , Bo Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As one of the low-temperature fixed-points defined by the International Temperature Scale, the vapor–liquid phase equilibrium properties of oxygen is essential in the field of low temperature measurement. In order to better explore its microscopic vapor–liquid phase equilibrium mechanisms, a high-precision force field model is required. Therefore, this paper focuses on the development and optimization of a molecular force field for oxygen. Firstly, the all-atomic force field for oxygen was constructed based on first principles. On this basis, Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo molecular simulations were conducted from the triple point to the critical point region. The simulation results of saturated liquid density, saturated vapor density, saturated vapor pressure, and evaporation enthalpy exhibited average absolute relative deviations of 0.56%, 3.48%, 4.97%, and 1.56% compared to the calculations by the REFPROP software, which are better than those obtained using other force fields previously reported. Secondly, a molecular force field coupling optimization method was proposed. By qualitatively analyzing the impact of each term in the different potential function of oxygen, the optimal terms were coupled to obtain the most accurate force field. The average absolute relative deviations of the corresponding simulation results were optimized to 0.52%, 2.92%, 3.87%, and 1.37%, which can serve as a reference for optimizing other force fields. Finally, vapor–liquid phase equilibrium simulations were conducted for the binary mixture of oxygen and argon. The results closely matched REFPROP software calculations, laying foundation for further investigating the influence of impurities on the three-phase equilibrium of fixed points.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104077"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cryo-deformation investigation of the HIAF prototype of cryostat (β = 0.15) with bottom-supported based on continuous monitoring

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104076

Jiandong Yuan, Junxia Wu, Jiancheng Yang, Yuan He, Bin Zhang, Zhijun Wang, Wenjun Chen, Fengfeng Wang, Feng Bai, Juihui Zhang, Jiale Chen, Huan Guo, Xudong Zhang, Xiaodong Zhang, Xiaoqiang Gong, Shaoming Wang, Zhiguo Cui, Guozhen Sun

{"title":"Cryo-deformation investigation of the HIAF prototype of cryostat (β = 0.15) with bottom-supported based on continuous monitoring","authors":"Jiandong Yuan, Junxia Wu, Jiancheng Yang, Yuan He, Bin Zhang, Zhijun Wang, Wenjun Chen, Fengfeng Wang, Feng Bai, Juihui Zhang, Jiale Chen, Huan Guo, Xudong Zhang, Xiaodong Zhang, Xiaoqiang Gong, Shaoming Wang, Zhiguo Cui, Guozhen Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The stability and dependability of the cryostat will be impacted by its thermal expansion and contraction. We first examined the heat transfer, alignment, and monitoring technique in a cryo-environment from a theoretical perspective to supply the appropriate quantity of pre-compensation and guarantee alignment of the cryostat with bottom-supported at 2 K in the HighIntensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF). The continuous monitoring of cryo-deformation based on a Wire Position Monitor (WPM) and Micro-Alignment Telescope (MAT) was taken out respectively. We have shown by comparing the results that both WPM and MAT monitoring are accurate. At 2 K, the bottom-supported cryostat exhibited less vertical low-temperature deformation than the top-suspended one. The pre-compensation of cryo-deformation under operating conditions, such as mechanical and thermal loads on the cryostat, will benefit from the analytical results. An optimization for the design of future cryostats will also benefit from the data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104076"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A 600mW@20 K thermally-coupled two-stage pulse tube precooler for space 4 K JT cryocooler reaches high efficiency with double-inlet phase shifter

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104075

Bin Yang , Ziyao Liu , Mingtao Pan , Bo Tian , Jia Quan , Yuexue Ma , Yanjie Liu , Houlei Chen , Miguang Zhao , Jingtao Liang

{"title":"A 600mW@20 K thermally-coupled two-stage pulse tube precooler for space 4 K JT cryocooler reaches high efficiency with double-inlet phase shifter","authors":"Bin Yang , Ziyao Liu , Mingtao Pan , Bo Tian , Jia Quan , Yuexue Ma , Yanjie Liu , Houlei Chen , Miguang Zhao , Jingtao Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The suitable cryogenic environment is a necessary condition for ensuring the high precision and high sensitivity operation of space exploration equipment. The two-stage pulse tube cryocooler (PTC) is the basis for the normal operation of space exploration equipment working in the liquid hydrogen temperature range and cryogenic systems such as the Joule-Thomson cryocooler (JTC) that requires pre-cooling in the liquid hydrogen temperature range. Based on the pre-cooling requirements of <sup>4</sup>He JTC developed by our laboratory, a high efficiency thermally-coupled two-stage PTC utilizing double-inlet phase shifter and pure SS screen filling is designed, manufactured, and tested with an eye toward space applications. Under a total electric power of 185 W, a cooling capacity of 647 mW@20 K was obtained, resulting in a maximum relative Carnot efficiency (rCOP) of 4.90 %, which met the design target. In addition, the cooling characteristics and temperature stability of the PTC were tested.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104075"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance evaluation of the magnetothermal properties of GGG and ErAl2 packed beds at cryogenic temperatures

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-04-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104074

Carlos Hernando , Javier Munilla , Luis García-Tabarés

引用次数: 0

Numerical simulation in quasi-isotropic strand by the H formulation with contact resistivity

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-04-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104072

Wei Liu , Wentao Zhang , Weiwei Zhang , Yongbin Wang , Haowei Wu , Xiaohui Liu , Chao Zhang , Donghui Liu

{"title":"Numerical simulation in quasi-isotropic strand by the H formulation with contact resistivity","authors":"Wei Liu , Wentao Zhang , Weiwei Zhang , Yongbin Wang , Haowei Wu , Xiaohui Liu , Chao Zhang , Donghui Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The quasi-isotropic strand (Q-IS) is a type of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cables, which has the excellent electromagnetic and mechanical properties. In this paper, the <strong>H</strong> formulation with contact resistivity is employed to simulate the electromagnetic behavior of Q-IS. To validate the reliability of the model, a comparison between the numerical results from our model and experimental data from the literature is presented, which are in qualitative agreement. When the Q-IS is subjected to either a transport current or an alternating external magnetic field alone, the distribution of both current and magnetic field is symmetric. Particularly, when the Q-IS is exposed to the alternating external magnetic field, the magnetization losses of Q-IS show a log-linear increase. However, when both the transport current and external magnetic field are applied simultaneously, the losses of Q-IS no longer increase log-linearly with changes in the external field amplitudes. Additionally, the distribution maps of current and magnetic field exhibit a noticeable asymmetry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104072"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143806983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of Cryogenic gas cooling model for thermal design of Superconducting magnet

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104073

Norikazu Takagi , Masahiko Takahashi , Toru Kuriyama , Takahiro Tsuchihashi , Hiroyuki Takewa , Kohki Takahashi , Satoshi Awaji

{"title":"Development of Cryogenic gas cooling model for thermal design of Superconducting magnet","authors":"Norikazu Takagi , Masahiko Takahashi , Toru Kuriyama , Takahiro Tsuchihashi , Hiroyuki Takewa , Kohki Takahashi , Satoshi Awaji","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gas circulation cooling system is suitable for HTS applications with large heat loads and long heat transfer distance compared to the conduction cooling. Since the steady-state and transient thermal analysis is necessary to design the cooling systems, the one-dimensional thermal model for the gas cooling has been developed using the modeling language Modelica. The model includes the modules such as cooling capacity at cryocooler, thermal resistance and heat exchanger so that the modules cover the components used in the wide range of superconductive applications. Our originality lies in applying the models with the experimental data of the components used in the products.</div><div>As a case study, the thermal model was applied to the 25 T Cryogen-Free Superconducting Magnet at Tohoku University that consists of the HTS and LTS coils. Optimization and sensitivity analyses were performed by the simulations. To confirm the accuracy of the model, the cooldown time by the simulation was compared with the measurement resulting an error of 3 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104073"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Nitrogen adsorption characteristics and specific heat capacities of two activated carbons for sorption-based compression

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104069

Biqiang Liu , Lingxiao Qin , Haishan Cao

{"title":"Nitrogen adsorption characteristics and specific heat capacities of two activated carbons for sorption-based compression","authors":"Biqiang Liu , Lingxiao Qin , Haishan Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Joule-Thomson (JT) sorption cryocoolers are highly suitable for vibration-sensitive instruments due to their advantages of no vibration, no electromagnetic interference and high reliability. However, limited research has been conducted on the nitrogen adsorption capacity and specific heat capacities of activated carbons under extreme conditions of high temperature and pressure, which is essential to the design of sorption compressors. In this study, the adsorption isotherms of nitrogen on two activated carbons, Norit RB4 and Chemviron AP4-60, were measured over a wide temperature range between 223 K and 723 K, and pressures up to 10 MPa using a volumetric adsorption analyzer. Based on the measured data, three adsorption isotherm models (dual-site Langmuir, Sips, and Toth) were employed to fit the total adsorption amount. The results show that the dual-site Langmuir model is the most suitable for describing the total adsorption amount. The isosteric heat of absolute adsorption was also derived based on this model. Additionally, the specific heat capacities of RB4 and AP4-60 were determined over the range from 253 K to 713 K. Based on the adsorption isotherms and specific heat capacities, the efficiencies of sorption compressors using RB4 and AP4-60 as sorbents were predicted and compared using a thermodynamic model. These data provide valuable foundations for the design and development of high-efficiency sorption compressors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104069"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of cryogenic treatment at different temperatures on microstructure, thermal, mechanical and corrosion response of pure zinc

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104071

Michael Johanes, Xavier Foo, Manoj Gupta

{"title":"Effect of cryogenic treatment at different temperatures on microstructure, thermal, mechanical and corrosion response of pure zinc","authors":"Michael Johanes, Xavier Foo, Manoj Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The potential for cryogenic treatment (CT) to enhance properties and performance of metals was first realized with steels, followed more recently with non-ferrous examples such as aluminium and magnesium. A wealth of knowledge on the optimum processing parameters and mechanisms behind the property enhancements has been discovered, and this presents a notable research gap for zinc (Zn) as it has never been explored with CT in the past.</div><div>To this end, pure Zn was successfully synthesized using the Disintegrated Melt Deposition (DMD) method, followed by hot extrusion and, for the first time, CT with exposure to varying temperatures (−20 °C, −50 °C, −80 °C, and −196 °C). Densification occurred for all materials (with 39.5 % porosity reduction after exposure to −50 °C being most significant), alongside a further 86.5 % increase in damping capacity after exposure to the same temperature. Microstructurally, CT induced significant grain growth across all exposure temperatures, − 80 °C conferring the largest grains (224 % increase over as-extruded equivalent). Compression response was also improved slightly after exposure to −80 °C, with improvements of 2.7 %, 2.3 %, and 1.0 % to compressive yield strength, ultimate compressive strength, and work of fracture. Exposure to −196 °C also notably lowered corrosion rates (32.4 % reduction). This highlights the ability of CT to not just alter, but tailor individual properties for Zn-based materials and opens up a new research area for this Hexagonal Closed Pack (HCP) metal and its derivatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104071"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on a solid Nitrogen-Cooled cryogenic system for MgB2 superconducting magnets used in gyrotrons

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104070

Tao Zhang , Meng Li , Chi Zhang , Tong Wei , Chuan Chen , Wei Liu , Chao Li , Jun Wang , Guo Yan , Pingxiang Zhang

{"title":"Research on a solid Nitrogen-Cooled cryogenic system for MgB2 superconducting magnets used in gyrotrons","authors":"Tao Zhang , Meng Li , Chi Zhang , Tong Wei , Chuan Chen , Wei Liu , Chao Li , Jun Wang , Guo Yan , Pingxiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A cryogenic cooling system for a superconducting magnet used in gyrotrons has been studied. The superconducting magnet was fabricated using MgB<sub>2</sub> wire and was designed to achieve a maximum magnetic flux density of ∼1.3 T. Firstly, the electromagnetic design was carried out, based on which the mechanical design and manufacturing were completed. In preliminary tests, the MgB<sub>2</sub> superconducting magnet was cooled by direct conduction cooling using four cryocoolers, and magnetization and demagnetization tests were performed at several different temperatures between 12 K and 20 K. Subsequently, the magnet was integrated into a carefully designed cryostat. Detailed heat transfer analyses and calculations were conducted during the design of the cryogenic system. The superconducting magnet is welded into a sealed reservoir and cooled through contact with nitrogen coolant (including both convection and conduction). The large heat capacity of solid nitrogen at low temperatures is utilized to maintain the temperature of the magnet over extended periods of time. The solid nitrogen reservoir is cooled by the second stage of a two-stage GM cryocooler and is enclosed within a cold shield cooled by the first stage. Specifically, to extend the holding time of solid nitrogen at low temperatures, a cryocooler chamber device is employed, which enables the detachment and repositioning of the cryocooler’s cold head while the magnet is in normal operation. Experimental results show that the cryogenic cooling system can cool the MgB<sub>2</sub> superconducting magnet to nearly 4.5 K. With the cold head detached, the magnet operates stably at a working current of 84 A for over 4 h, during which the magnet’s temperature increased from approximately 5 K to around 14 K. The maximum magnetic field strength achieved is 1.295 ± 0.01 T, meeting the design requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104070"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electromagnetic-thermal finite element model coupled to reduced electrical circuit for simulating inductive HTS coils in overcurrent regimes

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104068

Gabriel Hajiri , Kévin Berger , Frederic Trillaud , Jean Lévêque

{"title":"Electromagnetic-thermal finite element model coupled to reduced electrical circuit for simulating inductive HTS coils in overcurrent regimes","authors":"Gabriel Hajiri , Kévin Berger , Frederic Trillaud , Jean Lévêque","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To improve the understanding of the behaviour of High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) devices in electrical systems, it is relevant to couple Finite Element (FE) Models (FEM) and Electrical Circuits (EC). This coupling should include enough physics to look justly at the impact of the devices on the electrical system. Since some devices require the full or partial transition of the superconductor to its normal-resistive state, such as fault-current limiters, for instance, their modelling must address the dynamic change that the superconductor experiences moving both ways between its superconducting state and its normal-resistive state. To tackle this challenge, a multiphysics FEM coupled to an EC has been built targeting overcurrent operations of 2G HTS coils, used in such devices. Here, the basis of the approach is the electromotive force to compute the magnetic induction in the coil. The FEM is composed of two coupled submodels, an Electromagnetic one (EFEM) implementing the <strong>T</strong>-<strong>A</strong> formulation and a Thermal one (TFEM). The resulting TEFEM is coupled to an Electrical Circuit Model (ECM) in the same FE solver yielding the TEFEM − ECM. To further improve the computation time, a reduction method is employed to skim the ECM, without sacrificing accuracy. The simulation results for the most reduced version of the model are compared with experimental data obtained in liquid nitrogen at 77 K for a current pulse discharge system connected to a 2G HTS coil, showing good agreement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104068"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0