Cryogenics最新文献

{"title":"Phase-field simulation of vortex dynamics in superconducting thin films under sinusoidal stress modulation","authors":"Xianjie Lei,&nbsp;Yufeng Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the dynamic behavior of magnetic flux lines in superconducting thin films under sinusoidal stress modulation via a phase-field model that couples the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) equations with elasticity theory. The effects of strain amplitude, loading frequency, and pinning configurations on vortex dynamics, critical current efficiency, and critical temperature are systematically analyzed. Simulations show that low-frequency stress modulation enhances vortex trapping efficiency and critical current through strong vortex-pinning interactions, whereas high-frequency stress modulation induces phase lag and reduces efficiency. Moderate strain amplifies pinning gradients and increases vortex density, while excessive strain disrupts lattice uniformity. Periodic pinning arrangements achieve the highest trapping efficiency compared to random or graded distributions, attributed to uniform potential fields. The synergy between stress modulation and pinning density is quantified, identifying an optimal frequency and pinning parameters to maximize efficiency. The study further reveals the synergistic effects of dynamic stress and pinning density, and proposes an optimal combination of frequency and pinning parameters, offering a new perspective for enhancing the stability of superconducting thin films under dynamic stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104186"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crystal structure, magnetic phase transition and magnetocaloric effect in Fe2Hf1-xTax (x = 0.20–0.24) alloys","authors":"Zeyu Zhang,&nbsp;Xinyu Ma,&nbsp;Yongfei Wang,&nbsp;Qi Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fe₂(Hf,Ta) Laves phase alloys have attracted significant attention as promising magnetocaloric materials due to their rare-earth-free composition, tunable magnetoelastic transition temperatures in the cryogenic range, and low thermal hysteresis. This study investigates the magnetoelastic transition and magnetocaloric effect in high-Ta-content Fe<em>₂</em>Hf_1-<em>_x</em>Ta<em>_x</em> alloys (<em>x</em> = 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.235, and 0.24). With increasing Ta content (0.20 ≤ <em>x</em> ≤ 0.23), the lattice parameters systematically decrease while the magnetic transition temperature shifts correspondingly from 170 K to approximately 70 K, covering the liquefaction temperature zones of natural gas. Distinct first-order magnetic phase transitions are observed at <em>x</em>  = 0.20 and 0.22, terminating at the critical composition of <em>x</em>  = 0.23. Notably, the <em>x</em>  = 0.22 alloy exhibits a high magnetic entropy change of 2.44 J/(kg·K) at 84 K under a magnetic field change of 2 T.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104188"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence mechanism of temperature-induced zero drift on cryogenic Coriolis flow meters","authors":"Zhengnan Xu,&nbsp;Jianzhen Li,&nbsp;Xiangxiang Pei,&nbsp;Zidong Zhao,&nbsp;Xiaobin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coriolis flow meters are increasingly utilized in cryogenic liquid applications for precise mass flow rate measurement. However, zero drift, induced by significant temperature variations, compromises measurement stability and accuracy. Our work aims to establish a theoretical framework considering temperature variations to understand and mitigate zero drift in cryogenic conditions. The effects of driver offset, sensor offset, and asymmetry in mass, damping, and stiffness matrices at pipe nodes are analyzed across various structural models to assess the zero point. A computational method using finite element modeling is developed to correct thermal stresses and strains. Zero-drift values, reflecting zero-point responses to temperature changes, are calculated in the liquid nitrogen applications. Results reveal the impact of asymmetric structures on temperature-induced zero drift and identify variations in zero drift across different structural models. A correction method utilizing mean response values at multiple positions as coefficients is established, enabling quantitative correction and evaluation to mitigate zero drift.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexible ZrNxOy thin-film cryogenic temperature sensor with low magnetoresistance for high-field applications","authors":"Zhen Geng ,&nbsp;Zhicong Miao ,&nbsp;Liancheng Xie ,&nbsp;Hongwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Di Jiang ,&nbsp;Yemao Han ,&nbsp;Rongjin Huang ,&nbsp;Laifeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate and rapid temperature measurement in cryogenic, high-magnetic-field environments is critical for superconducting magnet applications where transient thermal events can jeopardize operational stability. Conventional rigid sensors struggle to conform to complex geometries, leading to measurement inaccuracies, which presents a significant challenge. This work introduces a flexible cryogenic temperature sensor based on ZrN<em>_x</em>O<em>_y</em> thin films deposited via sputtering on polyimide substrates with interdigitated gold electrodes. The sensor operates over a wide temperature range (2 − 300 K), achieving a maximum dimensionless sensitivity of 1.65 and a rapid thermal response time of 0.035 s under liquid nitrogen shock. Notably, within a 9 T magnetic field at cryogenic temperatures, the maximum temperature deviation was −0.92%, demonstrating significant potential for reducing strong magnetic field interference in monitoring transient temperature changes inside superconducting magnets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104189"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on a 40 K high-frequency lightweight pulse tube cryocooler for space applications","authors":"Mingtao Pan ,&nbsp;Nailiang Wang ,&nbsp;Bin Yang ,&nbsp;Yanen Li ,&nbsp;Bo Tian ,&nbsp;Geyang li ,&nbsp;Jia Quan ,&nbsp;Miguang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>40 K pulse tube cryocoolers hold significant potential for cooling quantum-well infrared photodetectors. In this work, key parameters for achieving weight reduction of pulse tube cryocoolers were analyzed theoretically. Numerical simulation and experimental verification were conducted on key parameters for achieving weight reduction and on the regenerator filling method that affects cooling performance. A lightweight pulse tube cryocooler utilizing only inertance tubes and gas reservoir as phase shifter achieved a cooling capacity of 2.9 W at 40 K with 200 W compressor input power, achieving a record-high relative Carnot efficiency of 9.5 % among reported 40 K pulse tube cryocoolers. The pulse tube cryocooler weighs 4.4 kg with a record specific mass of 0.66 W/kg—78 % higher than that of conventional 40 K pulse tube cryocoolers. This study validates a high-reliability, lightweight pulse tube cryocooler design for space quantum-well infrared photodetectors, achieving a balance between weight reduction and cooling performance through the synergistic effects of frequency, pressure, and regenerator optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104187"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modular nitrogen boiling thermosyphons for multi-kiloampere current lead cooling","authors":"Jurrie Bruggeman ,&nbsp;Jasper van der Werf ,&nbsp;Benoit Curé ,&nbsp;Alexey Dudarev ,&nbsp;Weronika Gluchowska ,&nbsp;Matthias Mentink","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A high cooling power, low-complexity and passive system for pre-cooling of multi-kiloampere current leads for cryogenic applications with boiling nitrogen is presented. The system consists of a modular heat interceptor part with passively induced flow based on the thermosyphon effect, where evaporated nitrogen is vented into the atmosphere. This heat interceptor module may be placed between a normal conducting and superconducting cable, to substantially reduce the thermal load on a cryogenic setup. Two prototype heat interceptors with similar cross-sectional areas and boiling surface but different coolant channel geometries were designed, manufactured, and characterized. Both prototypes displayed a cold-end temperature below 79.3 K up to heat loads of 0.90 ± 0.09 kW for the wide flow-channel design and 1.25 ± 0.05 kW for the thin flow-channel design. The designed heat interceptors offer cooling capacities sufficient for intercepting heat loads from multi-kiloampere current leads without active pumping or flow regulation while being economical and relatively compact. This system can be useful when combined with cryocoolers, substantially reducing the load on the cold mass.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"152 ","pages":"Article 104184"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress on low temperature, vibration-free cryocoolers for space instruments☆","authors":"Daniel M. Moore,&nbsp;Kenneth J. Cragin,&nbsp;Mark V. Zagarola","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Future astrophysics missions equipped with infrared detectors are likely to require mechanical cooling at temperatures as low as 4 K. Candidate mechanical coolers for these missions need to deliver nearly constant cooling at a high thermal efficiency without disrupting the detector through vibration emissions. Very few 4 K mechanical cryocoolers are available for spaceflight. Available coolers demonstrate low efficiency and often require additional vibration reduction systems. This paper describes progress on low temperature cooling technology for Reverse Brayton Cryocoolers and lower stage expanders. Recent advancements include the lowest known operation of a gas bearing turbomachine at 4.9 <!--> <!-->K. Additionally, a case study reviews the performance of two cryocooler designs including Reverse Brayton Cycle and a hybrid model that uses a Joule Thomson expander at the lower stage. Each cryocooler provides 3 <!--> <!-->W at 75 <!--> <!-->K, 1 <!--> <!-->W at 15 <!--> <!-->K, and 100<!--> <!-->mW at 4.5 <!--> <!-->K. Both coolers are much more efficient than any available 4 <!--> <!-->K coolers, and the hybrid design has the additional advantage of extremely low vibration emission, near 0.01<!--> <!-->mN–rms at the cold end of the cryocooler.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104185"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The performance of GGG salt pill with heat transfer via 3He","authors":"Peng Zhao ,&nbsp;Ke Li ,&nbsp;Yanan Li ,&nbsp;Wei Dai ,&nbsp;Jun Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For the GGG salt pill in an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator, its role is to absorb load heat in a single-stage ADR or magnetization heat from subsequent stages in a multi-stage ADR. Conventional GGG salt pill designs relying solely on pure thermal conduction cannot accommodate high heat flux. This paper presents a GGG salt pill utilizing ³He as the heat transfer medium, designed to enhance heat flux capacity and minimize eddy current heating. The design incorporates simulations of eddy current heating and calculations of ³He filling pressure. An ADR simulation model and experimental setup based on this salt pill are developed. The adiabatic demagnetization experiments achieve a minimum temperature of 693 mK under initial conditions of 4 T and 4.2 K. Simulation results reveal a non-uniform magnetic field distribution, where the magnetic flux density at the edge of the GGG axis is only 57 % of that at the centre. This renders approximately 10 % of the available entropy change unusable. Cooling capacity under two distinct heat load ranges (400–1000 μW and 60–120 μW) is evaluated through experiments, numerical simulations, and formula calculations using the GGG entropy. Furthermore, simulated temperature distributions during isothermal demagnetization demonstrate slight temperature gradients, confirming the superior heat transfer effect of ³He. This work provides theoretical and experimental foundations for the design and optimization of high-performance salt pills in ADR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104182"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144919680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D modelling of the R&W TF coil design for EU-DEMO including the winding pack and frictional effects","authors":"Rafal Ortwein ,&nbsp;Xabier Sarasola ,&nbsp;Federica Damattè","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The SPC team has proposed a design for the Toroidal Field (TF) coil of the DEMO tokamak based on the use of react &amp; wind (R&amp;W) Nb₃Sn superconductor. Thanks to the grading of both the superconductor and the steel in the jackets the size of the TF coil was considerably reduced and hence the overall cost. The mechanical analysis in the recent works was focused on using 2D models and consideration of the equatorial plane only. In this work a full 3D model was built accounting for the casing, detailed geometry of the winding pack (WP) as well as the forces from the PF (poloidal field) coils and the vertical force from the central solenoid (CS). The WP was meshed including the superconductor, the jackets and the electrical insulation modeled with orthotropic material and the ground insulation. The cable details were neglected and modeled with an artificially soft isotropic material E = 0.1 GPa. Two non-linear contacts were included in the model, between the external surface of the WP and the casing, and between the casing and the insulation between neighboring TF coils in the toroidal direction. Thanks to the symmetry, only one TF coil was analyzed assuming periodic boundary conditions. The Lorentz forces were computed based on a global electromagnetic (EM) model of the DEMO tokamak and mapped on the mechanical mesh. Two load conditions were considered in the study: cool-down and EOF (end-of-flat top), being the worst case electromagnetic condition. Due to the uncertainty of the friction coefficient between the winding pack and the inner surface of the steel casing a parametric study was performed to understand the re-distribution of the electromagnetic load between the winding pack and the casing. The friction coefficient µ_WP was changed from 0 (frictionless contact), through frictional contact with µ_WP={0.1, 0.2}, up to a fully bonded interface µ_WP=∞. A probabilistic approach was also proposed to compute an expected value of the stress state and its standard deviation in the whole domain as a results of a given probability density of the friction coefficient. The computational cost of the model was analyzed with the Ansys Mechanical APDL 2024R1 solver, reveling that the iterative solver is 3x faster than the direct solver (DS). Furthermore the change of the convergence tolerance of the iterative solver from 1e-8 to 1e-4 revealed an additional speed-up of 2.6× without the loss of the results accuracy. The total simulation time of the developed detailed 3D model was below 2 h on a 8 CPU workstation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104180"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of cavitation dynamics and energy composition in cryogenic hydrofoil flow","authors":"Yi Fu ,&nbsp;Bo Gao ,&nbsp;Dan Ni ,&nbsp;Sheng Lu ,&nbsp;Yu Zhuang Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs the DDES turbulence model and the modified Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model to investigate the cavitation flow characteristics of liquid nitrogen around NACA0015 hydrofoil under cryogenic conditions. Combined with the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method, the study explores the effects of temperature on cavitation characteristics and the energy distribution within the flow field. Research shows that thermal effects can significantly suppress bubble evolution, affecting the adverse pressure gradient, re-entrant jet intensity, and the stability of the main cavitation region, resulting in three evolution modes: cloud cavitation, transitional mode, and stable attached cavitation. Time–frequency analysis reveals that the evolution cycle of the main cavity ranges from 14.3 <em>ms</em> to 50 <em>ms,</em> while the shedding cycle of the trailing-edge cavity is approximately 1.22 <em>ms</em> to 1.54 <em>ms.</em> POD analysis indicates that as temperature increases, energy in the flow field shifts toward the trailing vortex region, with a marked rise in energy proportion between 74 <em>K</em> and 80 <em>K</em>. Frequency-domain analysis of temporal coefficients further confirms the variation in vortex shedding frequency with temperature. This work provides insights into the thermodynamic effects on cryogenic cavitation evolution and energy dynamics, offering theoretical support and methodological guidance for future studies and numerical modeling of cryogenic cavitating flows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104181"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}