Cryogenics最新文献

{"title":"Cooling system for DIXE mission from 300 K to 4 K","authors":"Shubao Zhao ,&nbsp;Jia Quan ,&nbsp;Bin Yang ,&nbsp;Yuexue Ma ,&nbsp;Ziyao Liu ,&nbsp;Yuhong Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianguo Li ,&nbsp;Hai Jin ,&nbsp;Chunyang Jiang ,&nbsp;Wei Cui ,&nbsp;Lingjiao Wei ,&nbsp;Miguang Zhao ,&nbsp;Jingtao Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Diffuse X-ray Explorer (DIXE) is a high-resolution X-ray spectroscopic surveyor, planned to be mounted on the China Space Station. Its primary goal is to study the origin and evolution of hot baryons in the Milky Way. The Transition Edge Sensors (TES) detectors require an operating temperature below 100 mK to ensure excellent energy resolution. A two-stage Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (ADR) is incorporated into the system to achieve this ultra-low temperature. The two-stage thermally coupled pulse tube cryocooler (PTC) and the ⁴He Joule-Thomson cryocooler (JTC) provide the 4 K heat sink for the ADR. This paper describes the design of the DIXE cryogenic experimental system and the operational results of cooling from 300 K to 4 K. The total input electrical power for the PTC and JTC is 604.88 W. The evaporator temperature of the JTC operates stably at 4.33 K, ensuring the proper functioning of a two-stage ADR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and simulation study on transient heat transfer behaviour of multi-layer insulation for cryogenic vessels","authors":"Zhangliang Xu,&nbsp;Hongbo Tan,&nbsp;Hao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal protection systems of cryogenic vessels require adaptability under diverse conditions to maintain thermodynamic stability. Given that the transient heat transfer behaviour of Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI) critically determines the thermodynamic performance and operation safety of cryogenic vessels, an experiment study was conducted at liquid nitrogen temperature on the transient heat transfer of a 90-layer MLI material after liquid nitrogen filling. A modified transient-state simulation model incorporating the unsteady heat transfer of spacers was developed and validated to investigate the transient heat transfer characteristics of the material. The variations of the inter-layer temperatures and heat leakage with time were simulated and compared with the experiment. The study shows that the 30th, 60th layer temperatures and heat leakage all decrease first rapidly and then slowly, where the heat leakage decreases from 0.42 W∙m⁻² to 0.18 W∙m⁻². The maximum deviations of the 30th, 60th layer temperatures and heat leakage between the simulation and experiment are 5.13 %, 4.78 % and 15.15 %, respectively. The heat leakage prediction accuracy of the revised model reaches ± 0.0182 W∙m⁻², which is improved by 23.21 % compared to that of the latest referenced models. The heat leakage is hardly affected by ambient temperature fluctuations, keeping below 0.3 W∙m⁻² for a long period after liquid nitrogen filling. The study reveals the MLI transient heat transfer characteristics during cryogenic vessel precooling operations, and provides important references for optimizing thermal protection system design and enhancing computational accuracy in cryogenic engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104136"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D effervescence Modeling of a Titan submarine","authors":"Jason Hartwig ,&nbsp;Peter Meyerhofer ,&nbsp;R. Balasubramaniam ,&nbsp;Ralph Lorenz ,&nbsp;Anthony Colozza ,&nbsp;Geoffrey Landis ,&nbsp;Steve Oleson","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An extraterrestrial submarine was studied to explore Saturn’s moon Titan, under a Phase II NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) study. One of the primary design concerns for the submarine is the effect of effervescence on submarine operation. Nitrogen gas is highly soluble in Titan’s methane-rich sea, Ligeia Mare. Waste heat from the submarine power system may cause this dissolved nitrogen gas to come out of solution; in a quiescent case, bubbles that form may interfere with science instruments, and in a moving case, bubbles that form along the submarine may coalesce at the aft end and cause cavitation in the propellers. This paper introduces the Phase II orbiter-supported submarine, updated mission profile, critical subsystems, as well as relevant models needed to quantify effervescence as a function of the location and operation within Ligeia Mare. Phase I and Phase II submersible designs are also compared and contrasted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104130"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-field measurements of a REBCO Rutherford-type cable","authors":"T. Obana ,&nbsp;M. Takayasu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Self-field measurements of a Rutherford-type cable immersed in liquid nitrogen have been performed. A 1-meter straight Rutherford-type cable composed of 60 REBCO tapes (12 sub-cables) was tested. The measurement results indicated that the self-field was unaffected by the cable energization ramp-rate. Based on the measurement results, a current center position within the cable cross-section was investigated during cable energization. The current center position remained unchanged during the charging. Consequently, the current distribution of the Rutherford-type cable was stable.</div><div>In addition, the 1-meter straight Rutherford-type cable was compared to other cable samples composed of stacked REBCO tapes. Under the same sample shape and cooling condition, the Rutherford-type cable and the stacked assembled in rigid structure (STARS) cable have similar characteristics with respect to the current center position during cable excitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144222589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cryogenic tank thermodynamic process model for marine applications","authors":"George Dimopoulos ,&nbsp;Dimitrios Sykas ,&nbsp;George Kontaras ,&nbsp;Chara Georgopoulou","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The maritime industry’s accelerated transition to low- and zero-carbon energy is driving the adoption of marine fuels such as LNG, ammonia, hydrogen, and CO₂ seaborne transport from carbon capture. These substances require cryogenic storage and handling, with complex onboard systems of tanks, piping, and process equipment. At the core is the cryogenic tank, where complex vapour-liquid equilibrium due to external heat ingress determine boil-off and pressure dynamics during ship operations. This work introduces a generic thermodynamic model for cryogenic tanks that accommodates various fuel and CO₂ mixtures and integrates with marine cryogenic gas handling system models. The model accounts for multicomponent vapour-liquid equilibrium, vapour superheating, environmental and interphase heat transfer, flash evaporation during loading, and spray cooling via droplet evaporation. These capabilities enable the simulation of pressure accumulation, loading/unloading, boil-off management, internal transfers, and spray cooling processes. Developed through a process modelling framework, the tank model is able to interface with models of valves, pipes, pumps, and be used in multi-tank configurations. A comprehensive set of validation and verification studies is presented and discussed using both published experimental data and measurements from an actual LNG-fuelled vessel, confirming its predictive accuracy. Finally, simulations across different tank geometries, ship operations and cryogenic substances demonstrate the model’s ability in providing insight and supporting complex ship operations and design challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104133"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operation of helium sub-atmospheric multistage cryogenic centrifugal compressor trains: Part 1 – Steady state modeling and speed ratio selection","authors":"Jonathon Howard ,&nbsp;Venkatarao Ganni ,&nbsp;Peter Knudsen ,&nbsp;Nusair Hasan ,&nbsp;Abraham Engeda","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Helium cryogenic systems which can provide cooling below the normal boiling point of helium (approximately 4.2 K) are often required by superconducting radio-frequency niobium resonators utilized in modern high-energy particle accelerators. Achieving temperatures below 4.2 K generally involves operating a cryogenic vessel with liquid helium under sub-atmospheric conditions, thereby lowering the saturation pressure and corresponding saturation temperature. Over the last several decades, multi-stage cryogenic centrifugal compressor trains (CC’s) have been operated efficiently and reliably within large-scale cryogenic systems to continuously evacuate helium vapor generated by a device within the vessel, maintaining sub-atmospheric conditions in the vessel while pressurizing the return vapor to above atmospheric conditions. Traditionally, these CC systems have been operated using empirically derived control philosophies and insight gathered from previous operational experience. Recent efforts at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) have been aimed at the development of a theoretical basis to characterize the operation of multi-stage cryogenic centrifugal compressor train and utilizing predictive model results to generate control parameters. The objective of this research was identifying operational points which adequately balance cryogenic system efficiency, stability, and overall ease of operation. This manuscript provides an overview of the predictive model development, characterization of the FRIB cryogenic centrifugal compressors and implementation of the predicted performance results during steady-state system operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104132"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of cavitation on the control performance of a cryogenic valve","authors":"Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Miao Yu ,&nbsp;Abhilash Suryan ,&nbsp;Ikhyun Kim ,&nbsp;Guang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cryogenic valves have been widely used in the transmission systems of cryogenic fluid mediums such as LNG, LN₂, LO₂ and other liquefied gas, which plays important roles in the stability and reliability of the system operation. Cavitation makes serious erosion and damage on the valve core and pipeline surface, which leads to the leakage and noise problems in cryogenic valves. Cryogenic cavitation phenomenon usually produces vibration and noise hazards, which significantly affect the stable operation of the system. In this study, Based on the original ZGB cavitation model, combined with the thermodynamic effect of cryogenic fluid, the cavitation model is modified, and a cavitation model suitable for cryogenic fluid is obtained. The accuracy and applicability of the modified cavitation model are verified by the combination of experiment and numerical simulation. Taking different openings as the research variables, the cryogenic cavitation under different openings was obtained, and the influence of cavitation on the control performance of the cryogenic ball valve was analyzed. The results show that when the spool is in a large opening, cavitation has a great influence on the control performance of the ball valve. The volume and flow instability of the cavity change with the opening. And the spatial and temporal distribution of the vortex structure in the cavitation flow field is highly consistent with the evolution of the cavitation. The energy loss in the cavitation flow field is quantified by the entropy characterization method, and the evolution process of cavitation is characterized by different types of entropy production distribution. The results show that the outlet of the spool is the concentrated area of entropy production distribution, and in the cavitation flow field, the entropy production caused by direct dissipation (EPDD) and the entropy production caused by turbulent dissipation (EPTD) account for the main part of the total entropy production in the cavitation flow field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Ba substitution on phase formation, RBS analysis, critical current density and flux pinning dynamics in Y-BSCCO superconducting materials","authors":"M.S. Shalaby ,&nbsp;Manale Noun ,&nbsp;Nashwa M. Yousifv ,&nbsp;M.I.A. Abdel Maksoud ,&nbsp;Soraya Abdelhaleem","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The structural, morphological and magnetic for Bi_1.8Y_0.2Sr_2-xBa_xCa₂Cu₃O₁₀, (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15), superconductors were investigated. SEM and elemental mapping showed a layered morphology with interconnected grains, with no detected unknown elements which confirmed throughout Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) spectra. The structural parameters and volume fractions were calculated from XRD.<!--> <!-->Magnetic measurements reveal the formation of the Bi-2212 phase instead of the intended Bi-2223, with transition temperatures (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) around 89–90 K. BiYBa0.15 shows the highest critical current density <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>J</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>, reaching approximately 800 A/m² at 10 K and 9.2 A/ m² at 40 K, while BiYBa0 and BiYBa0.05 show <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>J</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> <!-->≈1.45 A/m² at 60 K. Temperature-dependent magnetization measurements performed at 10 K, 40 K, and 60 K under applied fields up to 60 kOe demonstrate complex pinning force dynamics. Notably, the pure and x = 0.15 samples exhibit enhanced pinning forces at low temperatures, while intermediate Ba concentrations show modified flux pinning landscapes. The achieved high <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>J</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> make these materials are promising candidates for wires, tapes, and superconducting fault current limiters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on chill-down process of horizontal exit-contracted pipe with smooth inner wall","authors":"Quanqi Wang ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenjing Qin ,&nbsp;Siyang Feng ,&nbsp;Qiyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Lanwei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Different from cases of transfer pipes, when cryogenic fluid flows into an exit-contracted pipe, boiling pattern does not develop in a spatially non-sequential manner. This experimental study investigates the LOX chill-down process through a horizontal exit-contracted pipe with smooth inner wall with a wide condition of steady pressure ranging from 0.52 to 3.52 MPa and steady mass flow rate from 0.126 to 0.766 kg/s. The development of physical parameters and transition of the boiling patterns during the chill-down process are discussed respectively. The entire process of chill-down process is reconstructed through the inversed parameters, vapor film thickness and flow pattern diagrams comprehensively. The conclusion indicates that three QF modes are summarized and analysis is presented on the effect of pressure and mass flow rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a cold helium circulation system for HTS application","authors":"Qi Huang,&nbsp;Xinglong Guo,&nbsp;Zhanli Yao,&nbsp;Hongming Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces a cold helium circulation system for high-temperature superconducting (HTS) applications, designed to maintain HTS coils below 30 K during operation. The cold helium circulation system includes HTS coils, two self-developed Gifford-McMahon (G-M) refrigerators (BMC215, BAMA Inc.) with respective cooling capacities of 62 W@60 K for the first stage and 20 [email protected] K for the second stage, a circulating helium compressor (HC-603, BAMA Inc.), two cold head heat exchangers, and two double-pipe heat exchangers. Following the quantification of system heat loads, the cooling system is assigned a design target of 10 W@30 K. Through systematic design and optimization of heat exchanger structures, optimal dimensions and configurations for each stage are determined. Experimental results reveal that the HTS coils achieve a minimum temperature ranging from 24 K to 26 K, successfully fulfilling the design target. This study validates the efficacy and reliability of the proposed cold helium circulation system, positioning it as a viable solution for HTS applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}