Cryogenics最新文献

{"title":"Progress in measuring techniques and thermal radiative properties of metals at cryogenic temperatures: A review","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the development in measurement techniques of thermal radiative properties has attracted much attention to cryogenic applications, including space exploration, cryogenic research, medical applications, instrument design, planetary exploration and remote sensing, cryogenic storage and transportation. This paper discusses the importance of emissivity / absorptivity measurement, the factors they depend on, and the respective measurement methods, including calorimetric and radiometric. This paper also summarizes the published data on emissivity and absorptivity related to aluminum and stainless steel. It highlights the importance of surface treatment of materials, providing valuable insight into the significance of emissivity in cryogenic applications, which can serve as a reference for future research in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142311108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of temperature and heat input on helium isotope separation driven by an entropy filter","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To understand the effect of temperature and heat input on helium isotope separation driven by an entropy filter, the thermomechanical flow of superfluid helium through an entropy filter for obtaining high purity ⁴He is experimentally investigated. For this method, there are two important indicators: separation flow (flow rate) and separation effect (³He concentration). The separation flow rate is examined at various temperatures ranging from 1.6 K to 1.9 K of feed helium. Different heat inputs (Q) are applied to the entropy filter outlet to drive superfluid ⁴He flowing through the porous element. The results demonstrate that the flow rate increases as the feed helium temperature decreases and heat input increases. Simultaneously, ³He diffusion is detected as the superfluid helium passes through the entropy filter. The concentration of ³He, filtered at different temperature ranging from 1.6 K to 1.9 K, are analyzed using HELIX SFT Static Vacuum Mass Spectrometer. The findings reveal that the ³He concentration decreases with an increase in the temperature of the feed helium bath. ³He concentration of feed helium is around <span><math><mrow><mn>3.3</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>8</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. Specifically, the ³He concentration in the filtered helium at 1.6 K is approximately <span><math><mrow><mn>3.2</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, while at 1.9 K, it reduced to <span><math><mrow><mn>2.2</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. This suggests that ³He diffusion in He II is inversely proportional to the He II temperature from 1.6 K to 1.9 K, resulting in a lower ³He concentration at higher temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142327273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cryogenic thermosiphon used for indirect cooling of superconducting magnets","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A thermosiphon is a thermodynamic phenomenon that facilitates the circulation of cryogen within a cooling system, relying solely on gravitational forces and phase change. This mechanism leverages the variations in the density of the cryogenic fluid throughout the entire cooling loop, creating a pressure gradient. This gradient serves as the primary driving force for the circulation of the cryogen. To negate the necessity of a circulation pump, it is crucial to determine the geometry of the cooling loop, the configuration of the thermosiphon, its height, and the vertical placement of the cryogen phase separator. This paper introduces a simplified computational model and the geometric calculations of the cryogenic thermosiphon for two distinct configurations of the indirect cooling loop for superconducting magnets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011227524001711/pdfft?md5=1815c15c0724607e310fc5f4e9825e85&pid=1-s2.0-S0011227524001711-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142311107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delamination analysis of the epoxy impregnated REBCO racetrack coil under thermal stress based on a 3D model","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Superconducting coils made of Rare-Earth-Barium-Copper-Oxide (REBCO) coated conductor (CC) exhibit superior electromagnetic performance. Employing epoxy impregnation can improve the structural integrity of the superconducting coils. However, the delamination behavior is observed in the epoxy impregnated REBCO coil when the environment temperature cool from the room temperature to 77 K. In previous studies, there is a few researches on the delamination and mechanical behavior of the epoxy impregnated racetrack coil. Therefore, this study proposes a three-dimensional (3D) mechanical-thermal model which incorporates the cohesive zone material (CZM) to investigate the delamination mechanisms in epoxy impregnated REBCO racetrack coils during cooling. We found that the coil experienced a higher tensile radial stress at the semicircular part than the straight part during the cooling process. This leads to that the delamination area tends to appear initially in the semicircular part with large tensile radial stress. And the stress concentration generated at the edge of the delamination area in the semicircular part can cause the extension of the edge of the delamination area to the straight part. In addition, the influences of the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the mandrel and overband on the coil delamination behavior are studied in this paper. It is found that the radial stress, the initial position of the delamination, and the degree of delamination are affected by the CTE of the mandrel and overband. And the delamination of the coil can be avoided by reducing the tensile radial stress of the coil through reducing the CTE of the mandrel or increasing the CTE of the overband. And the prevention of the delamination in the semicircular part can obviously avoid the occurrence of the delamination in the straight part of the racetrack coil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142311106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing dynamic stability of HTS maglev systems with preloading method","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High temperature superconducting (HTS) bulks have strong flux pinning capabilities and are widely used in various fields. Their self-stabilizing characteristics also provide new ideas for ultra-high-speed rail transit. For HTS maglev systems, operational stability, curve negotiation and safety when subjected to external forces are very important. Due to the hysteresis effect of superconducting bulks, they do not always return to their initial positions after deviating from the levitated position in an alternative external magnetic field. In some cases, the levitation system can be destroyed. Studies have shown that preloading can enhance quasi-static levitation performance. Therefore, this paper conducts a detailed analysis of the quasi-static levitation and guidance forces of HTS bulks above a Halbach permanent magnet guideway (PMG) under conditions with and without preloading. Additionally, the dynamic responses of the HTS bulks under lateral or vertical pulsed excitations are studied, with a particular focus on the final equilibrium position offset after disturbance. The results indicate that preloading can suppress the attenuation of the levitation force, enhance the guidance performance, and raise stiffness in both lateral and vertical directions. It also effectively suppresses position deviation from disturbance and increases the maximum excitation force threshold for system instability. This study provides practical insights for HTS maglev applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142228964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diffusive solubility of nitrogen in Propane: Measurement from 96 K to 227 K at 0.1 MPa","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The burgeoning demand for large-scale energy storage has catalyzed the advancement of Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) technology. However, the liquid-phase propane cold storage process in LAES systems encounters a significant challenge: the dissolution of nitrogen protection gas in propane poses a substantial risk to both operational safety and performance. Given the dearth of data on the diffusive solubility of nitrogen in propane under constant atmospheric pressure and low-temperature conditions, this study constructed a testbench and conducted experiments within a temperature range of 96–227 K at a pressure of 0.1 MPa. The molar diffusive solubilities at 227 K, 176 K, 139 K, and 96 K are 0.030 %, 0.177 %, 0.297 %, and 0.962 %, respectively. Besides, this study also fits a calculation equation for the diffusive solubility of nitrogen in propane, which applies to the propane cold storage process in LAES systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142164737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis on dynamic evolution characteristics of cryogenic cavitation through a Venturi tube","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Venturi tube can be used to measure the flow rate of stable single-phase fluid, which plays an important role in chemical industry, energy, aerospace and other fields. Due to the complex physical properties of cryogenic fluids, it is of great significance to study the cavitation characteristics of cryogenic fluids for practical engineering. In this paper, the modified Zwart cavitation model is used to study the evolution characteristics of cryogenic cavitation in Venturi tube and its relationship with turbulent kinetic energy under different pressure ratios by using dimensionless number <em>P</em>_r instead of cavitation number. The <em>P</em>_r value affects the development of cavitation to a large extent. When <em>P</em>_r = 1.3, cavitation is in a stable development mode. When <em>P</em>_r = 2.3, the development mode of cavitation changes from steady state to dynamic state. The temporal and spatial correlation between cavitation and vortex structure is studied by <em>Q</em>-criterion, and the geometric similarity between cavitation cloud and vortex structure in the development process is analyzed. The entropy production caused by velocity gradient change, turbulent dissipation and wall shear stress is further analyzed by entropy diagnosis method. The results show that the change of <em>P</em>_r value plays a leading role in the distribution of entropy production, and the generation and collapse of cavitation in the evolution process also have a great influence on the distribution of entropy production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142158035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-coated thick superconducting films for metal–organic deposition using trifluoroacetates","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Metal-organic deposition using trifluoroacetates (TFA-MOD) is known to yield uniform superconducting wires by a liquid growth mode. However, it has been difficult to prepare thick films because of drying stress during the calcining process. To avoid the drying stress, conventional crack-preventing chemicals such as H(CH₂)₈COOH are applied in conventional metal–organic deposition. However, large amounts of hydrogen atoms react with fluorine atoms during calcining process in TFA-MOD, and the consequent increased harmful carbon residue decreases superconductivity of the resulting films. To avoid the chemical reaction, new crack-preventing chemicals such as H(CF₂)₈COOH were applied to prepare single-coated thick films. A low ratio of hydrogen atoms decreases the chemical reaction and generates hydrogen fluorine gas, consequently suppressing the carbon residue. Above the calcining temperature, the crack-preventing chemical is decomposed into low-boiling-point chemicals such as CF₂CF₂ or CF₃CF₃. Consequently, single-coated thick film having low carbon residue and sufficient superconducting current per width was realized. For a long time, the authors have studied other possible candidate crack-preventing chemicals. Newly introduced fluorine ion measurement of decomposed materials during the calcining process revealed the nature of the crack-preventing chemicals. Based on the accumulated results, we have concluded that among over one million chemicals there are only two groups suitable for preparing single-coated thick superconducting films by TFA-MOD. One group is hydrogenated perfluoro-carboxylic acids such as H(CF₂)₈COOH and the other group is perfluoro di-carboxylic acids. With H(CF₂)₈COOH, using a single-coating process we were able to achieve a 560 nm-thick YBa₂Cu₃O_6.93 film having <em>J</em>_c of 4.70 MA/cm² (77 K,0T). Compared with a standard 150 nm-thick YBa₂Cu₃O_6.93 film having <em>J</em>_c of 7.70 MA/cm² (77 K,0T), the critical current per width is improved to about 227 %.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Absorption of liquid nitrogen into porous materials used in the cryogenic cold chain","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A dry-shipper is a dewar used to transport frozen biomedical samples at cryogenic temperature. The inside of the dewar is lined with a porous material that absorbs and prevents the spillage of liquid nitrogen during transportation. In these porous materials vapor might be trapped during filling of the dry-shipper leading to a lower transport and storage time. The conditions under which the vapor is formed and the relationship with the porous material properties is not well understood. We studied the impact of the pore size distribution on the vapor retention in the porous materials by comparing liquid nitrogen absorption in aluminosilicate material with relatively large pores (1-100 μm) and calciumsilicate with small pores (∼0.45 μm). Both samples were immersed into saturated liquid nitrogen and a comparison of the absorbed liquid volume fraction with the porosity showed the calciumsilicate sample was completely filled with liquid, whereas the aluminosilicate contained a vapor fraction of about twenty percent. As a further investigation, we studied the absorption characteristics in subcooled liquid nitrogen. In this case, both materials absorbed liquid equivalent to their respective void fraction indicating no vapor pockets in the material. From these results, we propose a design property window for potential new porous materials for use in the dry-shippers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011227524001565/pdfft?md5=1c1c0a6012f2e48af878f071f86c3a7f&pid=1-s2.0-S0011227524001565-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142136202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquefaction and filling of liquid methane and oxygen bipropellant in a common bulkhead tank equipped with a zero boil-off system","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An experimental setup incorporating a tank with a non-insulated common bulkhead inside and a zero-boil-off system outside was designed and established to investigate the transient thermodynamic characteristics of bipropellant liquid oxygen and methane during liquefaction, filling, and zero-boil-off storage processes. The results demonstrate the advantage of the non-insulated common bulkhead tank in storing liquid oxygen and liquid methane. The non-insulated common bulkhead provided an additional heat transfer pathway, allowing the cold energy released by liquid oxygen to be used to improve the cooling rate of methane and stabilize its storage state during the liquefaction and filling processes. Furthermore, the influence of the operational modes of the zero-boil-off system on the storage states of the fluids was examined. The cooling power delivered by the zero-boil-off system was identified as the most critical factor affecting the storage state of the fluids in the common bulkhead tank. In the absence of cooling power, the temperature rising rates in the liquid oxygen and liquid methane compartments were 4.3 K/h and 4.4 K/h, respectively. Compared with the results during the helium circulator standby stage, the pressure difference between the two compartments increased by 62.73 % in the absence of cooling power. The findings indicate the necessity of maintaining adequate cooling power to achieve stable zero boil-off storage, providing guidelines for the design and operation of practical liquid oxygen-liquid methane common bulkhead storage tanks with zero boil-off requirements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}