Cryogenics最新文献

{"title":"Numerical investigation on evaluation of leakage and explosion overpressure at liquid hydrogen receiving terminal","authors":"Jianbin Peng,&nbsp;Ming Li,&nbsp;Xuan Huang,&nbsp;Junlong Xie,&nbsp;Jianye Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquid hydrogen receiving terminal (LHRT) is exposed to great hydrogen-leakage threat due to the frequent operation and complex components. The evaluation of the consequences resulting from a potential liquid hydrogen (LH2) leakage is therefore essential. Numerical simulation of LH2 leakage based on a pseudo-source model was conducted at the operational Kobe LHRT in Japan. The consequences of leakage duration and rate under the current station structure were assessed in terms of both dispersion and explosive overpressure hazards. The results show that considering the prevailing northerly winds in the city of Kobe, leakage from a downwind jet was expected to produce the most serious hazard, with the hazard of leakage and the risk of explosion overpressure increasing sharply in the first 100 s after leakage and stabilising thereafter. It is also discovered that leakage rate has a bigger influence on accidents than leakage duration. Furthermore, the global maximum explosion pressure exceeds 0.3447 bar. The administrative buildings will be substantially affected if the leaking diameter exceeds 15 mm and the duration exceeds 100 s.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144099393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intermittent operation of flux pump to maintain persistent current mode in high-temperature superconducting magnets","authors":"Chenghuai Wu,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;Mengchao Zhang,&nbsp;Haoyan Liu,&nbsp;Li Zhou,&nbsp;Peng Liu,&nbsp;Lin He,&nbsp;Yan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high-temperature superconducting (HTS) travelling-wave flux pump is a groundbreaking power source designed for wirelessly supply power to HTS magnets. The physical origin of its DC voltage is the macroscopic magnetic coupling effect. It can entirely replace traditional contact-type power supplies and their current leads which add thermal load. Currently, when HTS travelling-wave flux pumps sustain the Persistent Current Mode (PCM) in HTS magnets, it is unavoidable to have AC losses within the HTS magnets. These losses increase the demand on the cooling system and compromise the precision of the controlled current. This paper achieves the intermittent operation of the flux pump by simultaneously switching on-off the AC travelling magnetic wave and DC bias magnetic field of the linear-motor type flux pump through closed-loop feedback control. This control method stabilizes the flux pump’s output current within a specific range, thereby maintaining the PCM in the HTS magnet. The benefit of this control strategy is enhanced current control precision and reduced system operational energy consumption. In the experiments conducted in this study, for an HTS magnet with an inductance of 1.31 mH operating at a temperature of 77 K, maintaining the load current at 77 %I_c (i.e. 60 A), the reduction in the current ripple factor is to 3.3 ‰, a 34 % improvement over the 5 ‰ ripple factor when only the DC bias magnetic field was controlled for feedback. Additionally, the flux pump’s operation duty cycle is 12.5 %, representing an 89 % decrease in energy consumption compared to the previous setup where only the DC bias coil was controlled.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Helium isotope separation technology: A comprehensive review and perspective","authors":"Kun Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Liao ,&nbsp;Weijie Guo ,&nbsp;Xuming Liu ,&nbsp;Changzhao Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Helium is a light, rare gas element whose isotopes have very important applications in the fields of defense and security, energy technology, and frontier technology. Helium has two stable isotopes, helium-3 (³He) and helium-4 (⁴He), with the natural abundance of ⁴He being much higher than that of ³He. ⁴He is widely used in cryogenic refrigeration, Aerospace wind tunnel testing and Industrial leak detection, whereas ³He plays a key role in neutron detectors, deuterium-³He fusion, and cryogenic refrigeration. Currently, the only industrial source of ³He is the radioactive decay of tritium in nuclear reactors. However, the increasing demand for ³He in recent years has led to the exploration of a number of other potential avenues of obtaining it. In this paper, we summarize the various techniques for helium isotope separations to date, including cryogenic superleak, heat flush, cryogenic distillation, cryogenic adsorption, and a number of other less commonly used separations. We provide a detailed discussion and comparison of these methods. Finally, the paper summarizes and analyzes the methods used for measuring helium isotope concentrations to date.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermomechanics of a Kevlar cord suspension for cryogenic spacecraft instruments","authors":"René Wanders ,&nbsp;Henk van Weers ,&nbsp;Johannes Dercksen ,&nbsp;Peter Paul Kooijman ,&nbsp;Sander Kwast ,&nbsp;Arno Gotink","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Kevlar cord suspensions in cryogenic instruments are used to suspend cold temperature stages to warmer temperature stages. The heating of Kevlar in these suspensions and the effect on its mechanical properties like stiffness and failure load are scarcely described in the literature. For instruments such as the X-IFU instrument of the Athena mission it is necessary to characterize the mechanical and thermal properties of these suspensions when subjected to sinusoidal and random vibrations transmitted to the instrument by the launch vehicle.</div><div>A compact isostatic Kevlar cord suspension was designed, built and tested on an electrodynamic shaker. Significant heating, presumably caused by friction, was demonstrated with an infrared camera. A dynamic model of the suspension was validated for small loads. At large loads the stiffness of the cords decreased with temperature. A thermal model was experimentally validated, thermal properties of the system were determined. Failure occurred at the highest load levels, when the maximum recommended temperature for Kevlar in air was reached.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144099392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiment performance study of a single-stage coaxial pulse tube cryocooler pre-cooled by liquid nitrogen operating at 56 Hz: Achieving 0.5 [email protected] K cooling capacity","authors":"Chenglong Liu ,&nbsp;Enchun Xing ,&nbsp;Bo Tian ,&nbsp;Bin Yang ,&nbsp;Yuefeng Niu ,&nbsp;Tianshi Feng ,&nbsp;Qingjun Tang ,&nbsp;Yuexue Ma ,&nbsp;Nailiang Wang ,&nbsp;Jinghui Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for lightweight, high efficiency cooling systems in space cryogenic detection necessitates advancements in pulse tube cryocooler (PTC) design. Traditional two-stage PTCs precool the second-stage hot end to 80 K using the first stage, but the second-stage compressor operates at ambient temperature, inducing significant thermal losses in the transition regenerator due to temperature gradients. This inefficiency, coupled with low operating frequencies and high mass/volume limitations, impedes performance. This study proposes a new single-stage high frequency PTC system to replace traditional second-stage units, addressing compactness and efficiency challenges. The system employs liquid nitrogen precooling (total mass: 2.6 kg) and integrates an inertance tube-gas reservoir phase shifter with a stainless steel screen regenerator. A multi-physics coupling model optimizes phase modulation, enabling direct cooling in the 80 K range. At 1 MPa and 56 Hz with 10 W input power, the system achieves a no-load temperature of 15.8 K after precooling. Operational testing demonstrates 0.5 W effective cooling capacity at 25.5 K and a specific mass cooling power of 192 mW/kg. Frequency optimization reveals enhanced performance near 60 Hz, achieving a record low no-load temperature of 13.5 K at 62 Hz and effective cooling within the 20 K range. Further integration with a micro compressor (300 g, 30 W) is proposed, leveraging first-stage PTC precooling to minimize system volume and mass. This design advances high frequency PTC technology for space applications, offering superior cooling density and operational flexibility compared to traditional architectures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical and experimental study on the phase-shifting characteristics of inertance tube of pulse tube cryocoolers working at super high frequencies","authors":"Tianshi Feng ,&nbsp;Geyang Li ,&nbsp;Menglin Liang ,&nbsp;Min Gao ,&nbsp;Qingjun Tang ,&nbsp;Jia Quan ,&nbsp;Houlei Chen ,&nbsp;Jingtao Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increasing the operating frequency and enhancing the energy density per unit volume constitute a pivotal development direction for pulse tube cryocoolers. The phase angle between the pressure wave and mass flow rate is a crucial parameter for maintaining a high efficiency in pulse tube cryocoolers, and is typically adjusted using a combination of an inertance tube and a reservoir. This paper analyzes the working mechanism of the phase shift in the inertance tube, and explains the effects of parameter changes on the phase shifting through simulations and experiments, focusing on the frequency range of 150 Hz to 250 Hz. This analysis verifies the feasibility of utilizing the combination of inertance tube and reservoir in pulse tube cryocoolers operating at super high frequencies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A historical review of cryogenic mechanical testing on Type 304 stainless steels – state of the art and current outlooks","authors":"Nicholas Derimow,&nbsp;Jake T. Benzing,&nbsp;Timothy S. Weeks","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Of the austenitic stainless steels, Type 304 has become ubiquitous throughout industry. While our inclinations as a metallurgical community may be to assume that Type 304 and its variants (L, H, N, HN, LN, LHN) have been exhaustively investigated, the resources containing the cryogenic mechanical properties are scattered. This review seeks to partially remedy this scatter by consolidating as much of the available literature on the cryogenic mechanical behavior into a modern resource. Technological advances may require alloys with properties exceeding that of our current tried and true systems, however, the metallurgical community has not fully exhausted the parameter space that legacy alloys can have for new applications. Rather than reinventing the wheel as it pertains to alloy design, industry tends to leverage existing alloys that have qualified and reliable product streams for when new applications arise. This is not to say that alloy development is unwarranted, rather, engineers first choose to incorporate the plethora of information/data that already exists for these legacy alloys into their process design and optimization. Along with this, there are still ongoing efforts to optimize Type 304 even further by leveraging novel post-processing treatments and manufacturing techniques. This review summarizes the historical cryogenic experiments on the mechanical properties of Type 304, and provides a description of both thermally-induced and deformation-induced martensite transformations that are responsible for its cryogenic strength. The effects of test temperature and strain-rate are focused on, as well as brief descriptions of Split-Hopkinson pressure bar testing, Charpy impact testing, and multiaxial testing. In short, there exists a well-studied effect of martensite formation, particularly as it pertains to the amount of transformation for a given test and temperature. At quasi-static strain-rates, martensite formation is the dominant strengthening mechanism by means of transformation induced plasticity (TRIP). At higher strain-rates, localized adiabatic heating suppresses the degree of transformation. However, while this trend appears to be consistent at low temperatures and low strain-rates, there still exists a need for understanding of the level of martensitic transformation for both cryogenic and high strain-rate tests, as it pertains to the axiality and stress state of the mechanical test.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repetitive excitation and demagnetization for magnetic refrigeration using static superconducting coils with trapezoidal wave current generated by resonance and switch operation","authors":"Koichiro Waki ,&nbsp;Taiki Onji ,&nbsp;Keigo Ukita ,&nbsp;Yasuaki Sakamoto ,&nbsp;Masaru Tomita ,&nbsp;Naoki Hirano ,&nbsp;Yuta Onodera","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen has emerged as a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to its key advantage of producing no carbon dioxide during consumption. Liquefaction of hydrogen is recognized as a preferable method for storing substantial quantities. Achieving efficient cooling technology is particularly crucial in the temperature range near 20 K, which aligns with the boiling point of hydrogen. Magnetic refrigeration represents a viable approach to this achievement. Repetitive changes in the magnetic field in magnetocaloric materials are required for magnetic refrigeration and can be obtained using static superconducting coils with trapezoidal wave current.</div><div>To efficiently reduce electric power consumption, it was conceived that the trapezoidal wave current could be generated approximately through resonance as alternating current if static superconducting coils were combined with capacitors charged by a power supply. However, the alternating current will inevitably attenuate over time due to circuit resistance.</div><div>This study reports a method for modifying the alternating current into the trapezoidal wave current and recovering it to the initial value against attenuation. The method will be beneficial if the residual ratio against the attenuation is accepted to a certain amount. This method consists of a circuit incorporating three switches into a combination of a static superconducting coil and a capacitor with a power supply. By toggling these switches when the alternating current due to resonance reaches its maximum or zero, the alternating current is converted into a trapezoidal wave current and restored to its initial value against attenuation.</div><div>A practical case of the method was simulated using analytic software “LTspice.” A small-scale case of the method was experimented and subsidiarily simulated using a palm-sized REBCO coil in liquid nitrogen and an electric double-layer capacitor in the atmosphere. Consequently, the trapezoidal wave current by the resonance method was fundamentally confirmed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143936426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cryogenic cooling and fuel cell hybrid system for HTS maglev trains Employing liquid hydrogen","authors":"Jeongmin Mun ,&nbsp;Changyoung Lee ,&nbsp;Seokho Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-Temperature Superconducting (HTS) maglev trains hold great promise for transforming transportation, achieving speeds beyond 1000 km/h with superior energy efficiency. However, maintaining the superconducting state requires cryogenic cooling, which presents challenges under constrained space, weight, and power conditions. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a hybrid system combining a liquid hydrogen (LH₂) thermal battery and a fuel cell. LH₂, with its low boiling point and high latent heat, serves as an effective coolant for HTS magnets, while the evaporated hydrogen is utilized in a fuel cell to produce onboard power, enhancing the system’s overall efficiency. To validate the proposed concept, a thermal network model was developed incorporating sections for HTS magnets, an LH₂ thermal battery, and a fuel cell. The HTS magnet section models the thermal resistance variation due to LH₂ level reduction and considers heat influx from conduction, radiation, and AC losses. The LH₂ thermal battery simulates hydrogen evaporation caused by heat transfer, with the vaporized hydrogen directed to the fuel cell for power generation. Simulations using MATLAB Simscape analyzed the dynamic thermal behavior of the system under operational scenarios. The study demonstrates the capability of the LH₂ thermal battery to maintain thermal stability for HTS magnets while leveraging evaporated hydrogen for onboard power generation. This integrated approach offers a foundation for optimizing cryogenic cooling and energy management, providing key insights for the development of next-generation HTS maglev train systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143936424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glass-forming ability, magnetic and cryogenic magnetocaloric properties of Gd30Ho30Cu20Al20 amorphous ribbon","authors":"Liyao Zhu,&nbsp;Yang Xie,&nbsp;Xinyu Zhao,&nbsp;Yikun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, we provide an experimental investigation of the melt-spun Gd₃₀Ho₃₀Cu₂₀Al₂₀ ribbon regarding its glass-forming ability (GFA), magnetic, and cryogenic magnetocaloric (MC) properties. Our studies indicate that the Gd₃₀Ho₃₀Cu₂₀Al₂₀ amorphous ribbon possesses prominent GFA and undergoes a second order type magnetic phase transition around 51.4 K. Moreover, considerable cryogenic MC responses were realized in present Gd₃₀Ho₃₀Cu₂₀Al₂₀ amorphous ribbon. The MC parameters of maximum magnetic entropy change, temperature-averaged entropy change (5 K-lift) and relative cooling power under a magnetic field change of 0–5 T are deduced to be 7.14 J/kgK, 7.06 J/kgK and 540.6 J/kg, respectively, which are comparable to most realized <em>RE</em>-dominated amorphous materials with prominent cryogenic MC responses, making the present Gd₃₀Ho₃₀Cu₂₀Al₂₀ of interest for magnetic refrigeration application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143923210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}