Cryogenics最新文献

{"title":"Influencing mechanism of the non-isothermal behavior of an isolated vapor bubble in liquid oxygen","authors":"Mingkun Xiao,&nbsp;Yonghua Huang,&nbsp;Guang Yang,&nbsp;Chunyu Li,&nbsp;Aifeng Cai,&nbsp;Jingyi Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2026.104292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2026.104292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The investigation of the evolution of the cryogenic gas–liquid interface is crucial for the storage and management of cryogenic propellants in on-orbit tanks. Studying the non-isothermal growth of isolated bubbles under normal gravity provides a foundation for understanding the distribution of the cryogenic gas–liquid interface. However, a low boiling point, low surface tension coefficient, and low viscosity lead to bubble behaviors that differ from those of room-temperature liquids, increasing the difficulties in investigating cryogenic behaviors, and the related studies are limited. In this work, a visualization experimental platform for liquid oxygen single bubble pool boiling was established. Liquid oxygen was produced by cooling oxygen with liquid nitrogen, and an optical visualization system was designed to observe bubble behavior. The effects of wall superheat, liquid subcooling, and pressure on bubble growth rate and detachment parameters were investigated. Results indicate that higher wall superheat reduces the waiting time for bubble growth, shortens the bubble growth cycle, and increases the bubble diameter. During the initial growth stage, the bubble diameter follows a <span><math><mi>D</mi><mrow><mo>∼</mo></mrow><msup><mi>t</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mrow><mo>/</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> trend, transitioning to <span><math><mi>D</mi><mrow><mo>∼</mo></mrow><msup><mi>t</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mrow><mo>/</mo></mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> in the later stage. Bubble growth slows with increasing liquid subcooling, while higher pressure leads to smaller detachment diameters and higher detachment frequencies. The findings compensate for the scarcity of data on the growth of isolated bubbles in cryogenic liquids, and provide important guidance for the development of on-orbit storage and transport technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104292"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constructing 3D boron nitride nanoribbons and nanosheets networks for enhanced cryogenic thermal management in epoxy composites","authors":"Yue Xiang ,&nbsp;Zhicong Miao ,&nbsp;Zhixiong Wu ,&nbsp;Tao Wang ,&nbsp;Yuqiang Zhao ,&nbsp;Yemao Han ,&nbsp;Chuanjun Huang ,&nbsp;Rongjin Huang ,&nbsp;Laifeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2026.104289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2026.104289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the quenching issues caused by the low thermal conductivity of epoxy resin (EP) in superconducting applications, this study enhances the comprehensive performance of epoxy-based composites by constructing a three-dimensional boron nitride thermal network. A self-supporting framework integrating boron nitride nanoribbons (BNNR) and boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) was developed and incorporated into the epoxy matrix. The influence of filler content on the thermal conductivity, electrical insulation, and thermal expansion behavior of the composite was systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that the fabricated composites exhibit excellent thermal performance across the temperature range from 70 K to room temperature. With an 18.96 wt% incorporation of the three-dimensional thermal network, the composite achieves a thermal conductivity of 0.63 W/(m·K) at 70 K, representing a 575% enhancement compared to pure epoxy resin. Simultaneously, the material maintains outstanding electrical insulation characteristics, with volume resistivity consistently exceeding 10¹⁴ Ω·cm. Moreover, the composites’ linear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) decreases significantly with increasing filler content, effectively mitigating thermal stress in superconducting devices. This study provides novel insights and experimental foundations for developing high-thermal-conductivity epoxy-based insulating materials suitable for superconducting applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Permeation through thin polymer films at cryogenic temperatures","authors":"Kjell Westra,&nbsp;Jacob Leachman","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2026.104279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2026.104279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cryogenic propellant bladders could substantially improve propellant storage and slosh characteristics, especially in microgravity conditions. However, an experimental effort in the 1970s showed unacceptably high permeation rates of hydrogen and helium through thin polymer films (candidate materials for bladders) at cryogenic temperatures. A qualitative hypothesis for the increase is the relatively large thermal de Broglie wavelength of hydrogen and helium molecules at cryogenic temperatures could increase the hopping rate of the molecules and resulting bulk permeation. This hypothesis was tested by measuring the leak rate of helium through thin films (on the order of 25 µ m thick) of polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyetherimide (PEI), ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), and biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate (BoPET) from 190 – 30 K. Hydrogen permeation was also tested through PEEK specimens from 210 – 30 K. A calibrated variable mass-spectrometer and custom sample test-cell and apparatus were utilized. The measurements indicate that permeation follows an Arrhenius relation with decreasing temperature until the limit of the sensor resolution was achieved below ∼90 K for He, and below ∼150 K for H₂. The anomalous increase in permeability with reducing temperature observed in the historical 1970′s study was only reproduced with samples known to have developed leaks in the sealing. Thus, polymer films could be viable permeation barriers for liquid cryogens in aerospace applications, including bladders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"155 ","pages":"Article 104279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-temperature sintering of ex situ processed MgB2 tapes under various hydrogen partial pressures","authors":"Hiroki Fujii","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ex situ processed Fe-sheathed tapes using a mixture of MgB₂ and Sn powders milled for 30 and 100 h were sintered at 410<!--> <!-->–<!--> <!-->710 ℃ under hydrogen partial pressures of 0, 5, 20, 50 and 100 kPa in a gas mixture of Ar and H₂. The filling powders were pure MgB₂ and the mixture with the addition of 3.7 wt% Sn. Without addition of Sn, tapes sintered under a pure H₂ atmosphere show well-connected structure of grains in the core or improved grain connectivity in microstructure compared to tapes sintered under a pure Ar atmosphere. The undoped tapes sintered at 680<!--> <!-->℃ under pure Ar or 530<!--> <!-->℃ under pure H₂ exhibit transport critical current density (<em>J</em>_c) values of approximately 150 A/mm² at 4.2 K and 10 T. Therefore, sintering under pure H₂ is effective in reducing the sintering temperature. The sintering temperature of 530<!--> <!-->℃ is lower than the melting point of lightweight Al, which is one of the candidates for sheath materials for MgB₂ conductors, which is 660<!--> <!-->℃. Regarding the control of hydrogen partial pressure, the critical temperature (<em>T</em>_c) of the tapes increases by up to 2 K as the hydrogen partial pressure increases. However, the transport <em>J</em>_c values at 4.2 K and 10 T of these tapes sintered in a flow of mixed gas of Ar and H₂ do not improve compared to those sintered under pure H₂. Thus, sintering under pure H₂ is the most effective in the improvement in <em>T</em>_c and transport <em>J</em>_c. Whereas Sn addition is effective in shifting the transport <em>J</em>_c versus sintering temperature curves to a lower sintering temperature under pure Ar, the addition brings about neither such a shift nor transport <em>J</em>_c enhancement under pure H₂. These results lead to the fabrication of lightweight Al-sheathed conductors for applications such as maglev trains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 104259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"β’-Gd2(MoO4)3: A promising candidate in the sub-Kelvin temperature region","authors":"Zuhua Chen ,&nbsp;Jiahao Gao ,&nbsp;Xinqi Zheng ,&nbsp;Guochun Zhang ,&nbsp;Lei Xi ,&nbsp;Zhenxing Li ,&nbsp;Shilin Yu ,&nbsp;Heng Tu ,&nbsp;Jun Shen ,&nbsp;Shouguo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic refrigeration technology is one of the important technologies to realize sub-Kelvin temperature environment, in which magnetocaloric materials are of great importance. Polycrystalline powder of β’-Gd₂(MoO₄)₃ was prepared by solid-phase synthesis, and the structure as well as magnetic properties were further investigated. The thermomagnetic curves show that the magnetic ordering temperature is about 0.6 K for β’-Gd₂(MoO₄)₃. The maximum magnetic entropy change of β’-Gd₂(MoO₄)₃ was calculated to be 20.7 and 34.1J kg⁻¹·K⁻¹ under the magnetic field changes from 0 to 1 T and 2 T, respectively. Moreover, the magnetic entropy change curves of β’-Gd₂(MoO₄)₃ at low field have obvious platform-like characteristic, which allows it to act as a refrigerant for wide refrigeration temperature range, thereby improving the overall heat transfer efficiency of the system. These properties make β’-Gd₂(MoO₄)₃ a powerful candidate of magnetic refrigeration materials in the sub-Kelvin temperature cooling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 104269"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and characterization of an alumina coated helium gas gap heat switch with adjustable gap width","authors":"Kun Wang ,&nbsp;Shuai Ma ,&nbsp;Kuifan Zha ,&nbsp;Liming Han ,&nbsp;Yi Liao ,&nbsp;Changzhao Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gas gap heat switches, with the advantages of simple operation, no moving parts, and large switching ratios, are widely applied in helium evaporation refrigerator, adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator, and dilution refrigerator. In this study, a sintered alumina (Al₂O₃) coated helium gas gap heat switch (GGHS) was successfully developed, adopting a concentric copper block structure, where the gap width was precisely controlled by adjusting the thickness of the sintered alumina coating. In the constructed 4 K test system, the thermal conductance, switching temperature, and switching time of the switch were systematically tested, and the results show that when the average temperature of the switch is 30 K, the peak thermal conductance reaches 255 mW/K; at a cold end temperature of 3 K, the OFF and ON state thermal conductance are 0.27 mW/K and 35 mW/K, respectively. Further verification of the switching temperature shows that the theoretical prediction agrees well with the experimental data, confirming the reliability of the theoretical model. In addition, the switch exhibits good dynamic response characteristics, with a switching time of 70 s from OFF state to ON state, and only 17 min required for the adsorption pump to cool during the ON to OFF transition. Finally, to evaluate its practical performance, the heat switch was implemented in a custom-built dilution refrigerator, where the system successfully cooled to 10 mK within 32.5 h. The above study confirms that the sintered alumina coating helium gas gap heat switch provides reliable performance, offering an effective solution for thermal management in cryogenic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 104275"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145881970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic properties and low-temperature magnetocaloric performances in fluorite-type Tb2Zr2O7 compound","authors":"Jiameng Xu,&nbsp;Fuyu Yang,&nbsp;Yikun Zhang,&nbsp;Xinyu Zhao,&nbsp;Zhe Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The low-temperature magnetocaloric (MC) performances in rare-earth (<em>RE</em>)-based magnetic materials have been determined intensively which are aimed to explore suitable materials for magnetic refrigeration (MR) application. In this work, we synthesized the Tb₂Zr₂O₇ compound using solid-state reaction method and characterized its crystal structure, elemental valence states, magnetism, and low-temperature MC properties. The Tb₂Zr₂O₇ compound crystallizes in a fluorite-type cubic structure and orders magnetically around the temperature of 2.2 K. The consistent elements are all distributed uniformly and presented as Tb³⁺, Zr⁴⁺, and O^2– valence states, respectively. Prominent low-temperature MC performances have been realized in Tb₂Zr₂O₇ compound which were related to its second order type magnetic phase transition. The MC parameters of maximum magnetic entropy change and refrigerant capacity for Tb₂Zr₂O₇ compound under magnetic field variation of 0–7 T reach 11.8 J/kg·K and 192.2 J/kg, respectively. These MC parameters are comparable with some recently reported <em>RE</em>-based high-performing MC materials, making the Tb₂Zr₂O₇ compound may also considerable for low-temperature MR applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 104266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145881972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of the thermal conductivity of high-purity aluminum and OFHC copper for the CUPID pulse tube cryocoolers thermal links","authors":"F. Agresti ,&nbsp;A. Benato ,&nbsp;C. Bucci ,&nbsp;I. Calliari ,&nbsp;A. D’Addabbo ,&nbsp;S. D’Eramo ,&nbsp;S. Di Lorenzo ,&nbsp;S. Fu ,&nbsp;P. Gorla ,&nbsp;L. Marini ,&nbsp;M. Olmi ,&nbsp;L. Pezzato ,&nbsp;M. Pigato ,&nbsp;A. Puiu ,&nbsp;S. Quitadamo ,&nbsp;A. Zambon","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a campaign of thermal conductivity measurements of Oxygen Free High Conductivity (OFHC) copper (<span><math><mo>&gt;</mo></math></span>99.9% purity) and high-purity 5N and 6N aluminum. High-purity aluminum is devoted to replace the current OFHC copper thermal links of the Pulse Tube Cryocoolers (PTC) installed in the <span><math><msup><mspace></mspace><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mtext>He</mtext></math></span>-<span><math><msup><mspace></mspace><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><mtext>He</mtext></math></span> dilution cryostat of the CUORE (Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events) experiment, in view of the future commissioning of the CUPID (CUORE Upgrade with Particle IDentification) experiment, both dedicated to the search of neutrinoless double beta decay. We perform thermal conductivity measurements on high-purity aluminum (<span><math><mtext>Al</mtext></math></span>-5N and <span><math><mtext>Al</mtext></math></span>-6N) and OFHC copper samples across the temperature range from 12 K to 45 K, and then extrapolate them down to 3.5 K, namely the minimum temperature achieved by the second stage of the CUORE PTC. We estimated that the thermal conductivity of high-purity aluminum at 3.5 K is up to <span><math><mo>≃</mo></math></span>17 times higher than that of OFHC copper. However, the measured thermal conductivity of high-purity aluminum has been found to be limited by the boundary thermal resistance ascribed to the oxidation of the aluminum surface. By quantifying and accounting for such contribution, we estimated the actual thermal conductivity of <span><math><mtext>Al</mtext></math></span>-6N to be <span><math><mo>≃</mo></math></span>61 times higher value than that of OFHC copper. These findings suggest that high-purity aluminum thermal links offer a promising solution to meet the stringent requirements of the successor of CUORE, the CUPID experiment, in terms of cooling power enhancement and vibration suppression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 104276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145881971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A gravity independent hydrogen heat pipe","authors":"Ziyang Hang,&nbsp;John Pfotenhauer,&nbsp;Franklin Miller","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A new type of heat pipe called Hybrid Conventional Pulsating Heat Pipe (HCPHP), which works similarly to a conventional heat pipe but retains the advantageous geometry of a pulsating heat pipe, is experimentally verified within the saturated hydrogen temperature range and under horizontal working orientation. The Hydrogen HCPHP shows up to 1.625 W of heat transfer with thermal conductance up to 6.15 W/K and effective thermal conductivity up to 54,621 W/m-K over a 250 mm heat transfer distance. Experimental investigations of the hydrogen HCPHP focus on the condenser temperature, fluid fill ratio, and applied heat load. Thermohydraulic behavior of the Hydrogen HCPHP is analyzed, providing insights into its performance and behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 104270"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the effect of electrode configuration on sensitivity and linearity of capacitance-based void fraction sensors for cryogenic nitrogen two-phase flow","authors":"Tony John ,&nbsp;Rijo Jacob Thomas ,&nbsp;K.A. Shafi","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Capacitance-based sensors, which are favored for the measurement of void fraction in two-phase cryogenic flow, suffer from low sensitivity and linearity due to the low relative permittivity of cryogens and the non-uniform electric field inside the flow area, respectively. This paper compares the sensitivity and linearity of concave, parallel plate and concentric electrodes for use in capacitance-based void fraction sensors. The simulation model was validated using a concave electrode sensor with stratified flow. The simulation results show that of the three electrode shapes considered, concentric electrodes exhibit excellent sensitivity for both stratified and annular flow regimes and good linearity for stratified flow. Even though they have low sensitivity, the parallel plate electrodes give the best linear behavior between void fraction and capacitance for both flow regimes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 104268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}