Cryogenics最新文献_第3页

Local area cooling versus broad area cooling for boil-off reduction in large-scale liquid hydrogen storage tanks 减少大型液氢储罐沸腾的局部冷却与大面积冷却的比较

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104065

Sindre Stenen Blakseth , Ailo Aasen , André Massing , Petter Nekså

{"title":"Local area cooling versus broad area cooling for boil-off reduction in large-scale liquid hydrogen storage tanks","authors":"Sindre Stenen Blakseth , Ailo Aasen , André Massing , Petter Nekså","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Future use of liquid hydrogen (<figure><img></figure> ) as an effective energy carrier will require elimination or minimization of hydrogen boil-off that is not utilized by demands in the value chain. The present work promotes local area cooling (LAC) as a promising boil-off reduction technology. In contrast to the more conventional broad area cooling (BAC), LAC targets local, concentrated heat flows e.g. through tank support structures. This yields important practical benefits, especially for large-scale tanks, due to the order-of-magnitude reduction in the size of the cooling system. Such benefits include lower capital costs and simpler installation, maintenance and coolant management. LAC applied outside the outer tank wall is particularly attractive for tanks with evacuated insulation.</div><div>In a series of numerical studies, we use the finite element method to evaluate the thermal performance of LAC and BAC in the context of ship-borne <figure><img></figure> transport. The studies concern 40000 m<sup>3</sup>-capacity, skirt-supported tanks insulated using evacuated perlite or helium-filled polyurethane (HePUR) foam. For the perlite-insulated tank, LAC and BAC with liquid nitrogen coolant can reduce the daily boil-off rate from 0.04%/day to, respectively, 0.011%/day and 0.004%/day. The corresponding numbers for CO<sub>2</sub>-based refrigeration are 0.031%/day and 0.028%/day. For the HePUR-insulated tank, which has a higher baseline boil-off rate of 0.24%/day, reduced boil-off rates down to 0.17%/day and 0.04%/day are achievable using LAC and BAC, respectively. LAC and BAC both offer increased power efficiency in comparison to reliquefaction only.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104065"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

DC surface flashover characteristics of epoxy resin in high vacuum from 10 K to 299 K

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104067

Di Jiang , Yu Feng , Hongwei Zhang , Zhixiong Wu , Zhicong Miao , Rongjin Huang , Laifeng Li , Yuan Zhou

{"title":"DC surface flashover characteristics of epoxy resin in high vacuum from 10 K to 299 K","authors":"Di Jiang , Yu Feng , Hongwei Zhang , Zhixiong Wu , Zhicong Miao , Rongjin Huang , Laifeng Li , Yuan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the low-temperature electrical properties of epoxy resin is crucial for the design of safe and reliable insulation structures of superconducting magnet systems. Actually, superconducting magnets are used in a wide range of temperatures for different applications, but the current electrical property testing of the epoxy resin is mainly single temperature. Herein, an efficient integrated electrical testing system in the cryogenic to room temperature range has been built by using a G-M cryocooler (Gifford-McMahon) as the cold source. The DC surface flashover characteristics of the epoxy resin were tested at 10, 20, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, and 299 K in high vacuum helium, and Weibull distribution was obtained. The results show that the flashover strength of epoxy resin does not increase monotonically with the temperature decrease. This work fills the gap in the electrical performance of epoxy resin at multiple temperatures between 10 K to 299 K and helps to more fully comprehend the insulation properties of epoxy resins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104067"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical evaluation of heat transfer characteristics and effectiveness of miniature Stirling cryocooler’s regenerator: A multi-part computational study

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104066

Shad Muhammad, Xiaoqing Zhang

{"title":"Numerical evaluation of heat transfer characteristics and effectiveness of miniature Stirling cryocooler’s regenerator: A multi-part computational study","authors":"Shad Muhammad, Xiaoqing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Miniature Stirling cryocoolers with refrigeration capacities from 0.25 W to 2 W and cooling temperatures between 50 K and 150 K have made their way to the defense, aerospace, and medical industries. The regenerator is an essential part and its performance has significant effects on the miniature cryocooler. In this study, firstly, the non-ideal effects of matrix material longitudinal heat conduction and temperature-dependent properties of both the matrix material and working fluid on regenerator performance are numerically analyzed using the parallel flow model. The findings show that non-ideal longitudinal conduction relatively increases in-efficiency by 137 % maximum, If combining the effects of the matrix material and the working fluid thermophysical properties, the in-efficiency will further increase by 30 % and 5 %, respectively. The regenerator’s performance is primarily affected by longitudinal conduction and matrix material properties. Secondly, the 2D porous structure of regenerator simulation under cyclic flow is performed using CFD-assisted methodology, and the studies show that compared to constant material properties, the in-efficiency and temperature swings of the regenerator for temperature-dependent properties are 298 % and 185 % higher, respectively. Additionally, the effect of matrix material temperature swing is found non-negligible with the mass flow rate increasing. Finally, the effect of the cold tip heat load is investigated and found that it has instantaneous effects on the regenerator temperature profile and its efficiency, thus influencing the regenerator’s capability to transfer heat efficiently. This multi-part computational study can offer useful analyses and guides to improve the regenerator design for high-performance micro Stirling cryocoolers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104066"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design optimization study of cryogenic counter-flow plate fin heat exchangers

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104063

Prabhat Kumar Gupta , Rishi Kant Sharma , S. Raghavendra

引用次数: 0

Modeling of cryogenic pulsating heat pipe using CFD techniques

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104061

Marcin Opalski , Tisha Dixit , Bertrand Baudouy , Przemysław Błasiak , Jun Ishimoto , Sławomir Pietrowicz

{"title":"Modeling of cryogenic pulsating heat pipe using CFD techniques","authors":"Marcin Opalski , Tisha Dixit , Bertrand Baudouy , Przemysław Błasiak , Jun Ishimoto , Sławomir Pietrowicz","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents new numerical procedures for simulating cryogenic pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) developed in OpenFOAM. Using a multiphase flow approach, the numerical model incorporates a combination of Lee and Min phase change models and also features conjugate heat transfer between the solid wall and fluid. Turbulence effects are modeled using the k-<em>ε</em> turbulence model, with wall functions implemented to capture heat transfer dynamics more accurately. The model was validated against experimental data reported in literature on a nitrogen single-loop configuration. Our code captures the overall experimental thermal performance and pressure evolution within less than 3% difference. In addition, this study demonstrates that turbulence enhances heat transfer, with turbulent diffusion contributing substantially to the overall effective thermal conductivity and thus should not be neglected. The findings also indicate that cryogenic PHP simulations must consider pressure- and temperature-dependent properties to achieve reliable predictions for different operating scenarios. This work provides a promising basis for advancing the numerical modeling of cryogenic PHPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104061"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation of step piston type series pulse tube refrigerator

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104062

Sheng Xu, Yuanjian Li, Shaowei Zhu

引用次数: 0

Cryogenic mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of AISI stainless 316L steel cooled by liquid nitrogen

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104058

Jimin Xu , Longgui He , Shuo Cheng , Xiaoliang Fang

{"title":"Cryogenic mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of AISI stainless 316L steel cooled by liquid nitrogen","authors":"Jimin Xu , Longgui He , Shuo Cheng , Xiaoliang Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of stainless steel instead of traditional aerospace-grade aluminum alloys and carbon fiber-reinforced polymers is promising to further reduce the launch cost of reusable rockets. In this study, the mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of AISI 316L stainless steel under cryogenic conditions were comprehensively investigated through experiments. Liquid nitrogen was employed to cool the samples and simulate the cryogenic fluid environment inside rockets for safety considerations. Tests of Rockwell hardness, tensile strength, dynamic toughness, falling-ball impact fatigue behaviors, and tribological behaviors under both room-temperature and cryogenic conditions were performed using commercial and self-developed devices. Compared with the test results at room temperature, 316L samples cooled by liquid nitrogen reveled higher hardness, greater tensile strength, enhanced impact fatigue resistance, and improved wear resistance. The improved performance of 316L under cryogenic conditions is beneficial for the application in liquid rocket. However, cryogenic dynamic toughness and impact fatigue tests demonstrates a reduction in the plasticity of 316L cooled by liquid nitrogen, which should be taken into consideration in engineering to avoid sudden failure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104058"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quasi-3D thermal–hydraulic analysis of the cool-down for CFETR CSMC

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104060

Xiaohui Guan , Jinggang Qin , Huajun Liu , Fang Liu , Qiangwang Hao , Shuai Gao , Tiange Chen , Libiao Hu , Liang Guo

{"title":"Quasi-3D thermal–hydraulic analysis of the cool-down for CFETR CSMC","authors":"Xiaohui Guan , Jinggang Qin , Huajun Liu , Fang Liu , Qiangwang Hao , Shuai Gao , Tiange Chen , Libiao Hu , Liang Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cool-down of large Cable-in-Conduit Conductor (CICC) superconducting magnets presents significant complexity, necessitating careful management to ensure operational safety. This study proposes a quasi-three-dimensional thermal–hydraulic analysis model, developed using COMSOL Multiphysics, specifically designed for large CICC superconducting magnets. The model facilitates an in-depth analysis of the 300 K-80 K cool-down for the Central Solenoid Model Coil (CSMC) of China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR). The proposed numerical model is capable of successfully constraining the maximum temperature difference among the various components of the magnet while providing an accurate depiction of the temperature distribution throughout the cool-down. Furthermore, it incorporates the inter-turn heat transfer within the coils. This article discusses improvement suggestions for the cool-down of the CSMC and presents the results after these enhancements. This study also investigates the effects of varying inlet pressures and maximum temperature differences on the cool-down of the magnet. The results offer valuable theoretical insights for future cool-down experiments, thereby helping to mitigate the risk of damage to the magnet due to inappropriate cool-down parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104060"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cryogenic radiative cooling of a large payload for gravitational wave detector: Design and results of the E-TEST project

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104057

Lionel Jacques , Morgane Zeoli , Anthony Amorosi , Alessandro Bertolini , Christophe Collette , Robin Cornelissen , Chiara Di Fronzo , Serge Habraken , Joris V. van Heijningen , Gino Hoft , Robert Joppe , Tim J. Kuhlbusch , Mouhamad Haidar Lakkis , Bao Long Levan , Cédric Lenaerts , Jérôme Loicq , Benoit Marquet , Enrico Porcelli , Ameer Sider , Matteo Tacca

{"title":"Cryogenic radiative cooling of a large payload for gravitational wave detector: Design and results of the E-TEST project","authors":"Lionel Jacques , Morgane Zeoli , Anthony Amorosi , Alessandro Bertolini , Christophe Collette , Robin Cornelissen , Chiara Di Fronzo , Serge Habraken , Joris V. van Heijningen , Gino Hoft , Robert Joppe , Tim J. Kuhlbusch , Mouhamad Haidar Lakkis , Bao Long Levan , Cédric Lenaerts , Jérôme Loicq , Benoit Marquet , Enrico Porcelli , Ameer Sider , Matteo Tacca","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Third-generation gravitational wave detectors will use large mirrors isolated from seismic motion at low frequency, and also cooled down to cryogenic temperatures. To fulfil these two specifications, the E-TEST project explores the possibility of using a purely non-contact radiative cooling strategy. Based on cooling predictions, the paper includes a detailed design of the cryostat and the assembly procedure. A test campaign demonstrated that the proposed strategy succeeded in bringing the temperature of a <figure><img></figure> dummy mirror down to <figure><img></figure> in 19 days. These encouraging results are paving the way toward a fully radiative approach for cooling the mirrors of the future Einstein Telescope.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104057"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A reverse design method for cryocooler regenerator based on artificial neural network

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104053

Shanshan Li, Xiantong Chen, Hao Chen, Ziyang Wang

{"title":"A reverse design method for cryocooler regenerator based on artificial neural network","authors":"Shanshan Li, Xiantong Chen, Hao Chen, Ziyang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In conventional cryocooler regenerator design, researchers typically employ specialized software to traverse numerous parameter combinations to assess performance, comparing the results against predetermined requirements to determine the optimal structural dimensions and operating parameters. However, this approach suffers from low research and development efficiency, and the optimal solution may not be included in the tested cases. To address these issues, this study proposes a novel reverse design methodology that directly calculates the regenerator structural dimensions and operating parameters based on predefined target performance. The method centers around the deep learning artificial neural network (ANN) model as its core, effectively addressing the challenge of setting input and output parameters during the model’s learning process using the performance dataset obtained through forward calculation of the regenerator. Additionally, a wide-range and multi-step input parameter adjustment mechanism is incorporated, thereby ensuring the method’s adaptability and practical applicability. The optimized ANN model demonstrates promising results, with an average relative error of 2.36% for regenerator length prediction, 4.79% for cold end mass flow prediction, and 4.73% for coefficient of performance (COP) prediction. Extensive model accuracy assessments confirm the model’s predictive capabilities across various intervals of the predicted variables. By utilizing the rapid computational speed of deep learning models and their proficiency in parallel processing, the method proposed in this study dramatically shortens the regenerator design time to mere seconds, thereby introducing a pioneering approach for rapid and precise regenerator design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104053"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0