Cryogenics最新文献

{"title":"Liquid nitrogen spray injection for direct-contact freeze concentration applications","authors":"Zhuo Zhang ,&nbsp;Midhun Joy ,&nbsp;Srinivas Vanapalli","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freeze concentration processes, which remove water molecules as ice crystals to yield a product with increased solute concentration, typically avoid direct contact between the coolant and the solution. However, the non-toxic and inert nature of liquid nitrogen makes it suitable to act as a coolant in direct contact with the processed solution. This study investigated the feasibility of utilizing liquid nitrogen as the coolant to perform direct-contact freeze concentration. A proof-of-concept laboratory direct-contact freezer was developed, and experimental trials were conducted for various concentrations of the solute solution with 1 kg initial total solution weight. At the start of the process, cold nitrogen vapor, generated from liquid nitrogen due to the initially warm system, was introduced to pre-cool the cryogenic piping, contactor column, and liquid solution. Once the cryogenic injection system was sufficiently cooled down, liquid nitrogen was directly injected into the contactor column to cool the liquid solution and facilitate solidification. The experimental trials successfully demonstrated the formation of ice particles where the average size of ice particles decreased with an increase in the solute concentration of the solution. An ice growth rate of around 4 g/s was observed in the trials, along with an average partition coefficient of approximately 0.6. This study demonstrated the potential of using liquid nitrogen as a direct-contact coolant in freeze concentration, identifying the challenges and providing valuable insights to improve the design and operation of the system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104048"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differentiated fracture behaviors of a spray-formed Al-Cu-Li alloy under various heat treatments at liquid nitrogen temperature","authors":"Shiyi Wen ,&nbsp;Wangjun Cheng ,&nbsp;Yue Zhao ,&nbsp;Yaoning Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An experimental study was conducted on the tensile and fracture behaviors of a spray-formed Al-Cu-Li alloy at liquid nitrogen (LN₂) temperature. The mechanical properties and fracture morphology of the spray-formed, solution-treated and aged Al-Cu-Li alloy sheets at ambient temperature (AT) and −196 °C were discussed in detail. The tensile fracture behaviors at low temperature were revealed. It is illustrated that the stress gradient and limit strain at −196 °C are relatively larger due to a significant strengthening and plasticizing effect. The solution-treated and aged alloys present a large resistance to the plastic deformation and fracture at LN₂ temperature. The ductility of the aged alloy is insensitive to the LN₂ temperature. Compared to the aged alloy, the solution-treated alloy is more favorable for the forming and manufacture of complex-shaped Al-Cu-Li alloy components at low temperature of LN₂.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104049"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conceptual mechanical design of a rotating alpha-type stirling cryocooler for superconducting motor cooling","authors":"Bruce Fischer ,&nbsp;Michael Gschwendtner ,&nbsp;Alan Caughley","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Superconducting electric motors are an enabling technology for the goal to electrify aircraft propulsion. A major challenge in achieving this goal is the cooling of superconducting rotor coils. Previous rotor cooling systems have used cryogenic thermosyphons or gaseous helium circuits connecting the rotor to a refrigeration plant, commonly using Gifford McMahon cryocoolers. To enable the transfer of fluid from the stationary to the rotating side, sometimes ferrofluidic seals are used, which are best suited to slow shaft speeds. For higher speeds, axisymmetric Stirling and pulse tube cryocoolers mounted on the rotor have been proposed for direct conductive cooling of the rotor. However, the suitability of pulse tube cryocoolers for commercial aircraft propulsion is questionable, as their efficiency depends on orientation during operation. In contrast, Stirling cryocoolers provide higher efficiency than pulse tube cryocoolers with orientation independence, particularly at low temperatures. They therefore seem to be a promising option for superconducting rotor cooling. However, commercially available Stirling cryocoolers have not been designed for high-speed rotation. This paper presents a new alpha-type Stirling cryocooler that is specifically designed for high-speed rotation and superconducting rotor cooling. An overall axisymmetric design is proposed in which both pistons are supported by non-contact gas bearings and driven by stationary linear motors which are outside the rotating gas circuit, using the magnetic field to bridge the stationary-rotating interface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104047"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of high-capacity GM cryocoolers and circulating cooling systems for HTS applications","authors":"Santhosh Kumar Gandla ,&nbsp;Stephen Dunn ,&nbsp;Ralph C. Longsworth ,&nbsp;Mingyao Xu ,&nbsp;Eric Seitz","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sumitomo (SHI) cryogenics has been a pioneer and industry leader in developing cryocoolers for all major cryogenic applications including healthcare, semiconductor manufacturing, laboratory research, and quantum computing, for customers globally. With the rising demand for high temperature superconducting (HTS) applications like high field magnets, fusion and power devices, (superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), and fault current limiters (FCLs)), we have increased our efforts in the last decade to develop and offer cryogenic cooling solutions like single stage Gifford-McMahon (GM) cryocoolers and cryogenic circulating cooling systems to address the needs of our global customers.</div><div>In this paper, we will discuss the design challenges, integration concerns, test findings and application examples for the high-capacity GM cryocoolers and cryogenic circulating systems developed by Sumitomo (SHI) Cryogenics of America Inc. We will also delve into comparing legacy systems to potential new systems identifying benefits and limitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104046"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical and electromagnetic properties of CORC cables under combined loads of axial tension and transverse compression","authors":"Jiangtao Yan ,&nbsp;Yuanwen Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conductors on round core (CORC) superconducting cables have a special construction that provides them with excellent mechanical performance and symmetrical electromagnetic properties, making them a promising option for high magnetic field magnets and accelerator magnets. In these applications, the combination of high engineering current density and high magnetic fields results in large electromagnetic forces or thermal loads acting on the CORC cable, which may lead to irreversible degradation of its properties. These loads typically appear in two perpendicular directions: axial tension by hoop stresses and transverse compression by radial stresses. Therefore, enhancing the irreversible strain limit in axial tensile and transverse compression deformation is imperative while minimizing magnetization losses during the design of CORC cables. This paper develops a finite element (FE) model that can be used to predict the mechanical and electromagnetic behaviors of CORC cables when subjected to axial tensile and transverse compressive loads. The irreversible strain limit for various combined axial tensile-transverse compression deformation modes is investigated from the critical current density reduction perspective. The distribution of axial strain in the ReBCO layer is analyzed. On this basis, a discussion of the effect of strain on electromagnetic properties is presented. In general, it can be observed that the irreversible strain limit of CORC cables exhibits greater sensitivity to axial tensile strain as compared to transverse compressive strain. Smaller winding angles are still the optimal choice regarding resistance to deformation and critical current degradation. The conclusions drawn in this paper will guide the design of future CORC cables.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104045"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on thermal performance of a long-distance helium two-phase closed thermosyphon","authors":"Rongjian Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Cui ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Jiang ,&nbsp;Chen Liu ,&nbsp;Zhe Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-distance helium two-phase closed thermosyphons (TPCT) have significant potential for cooling superconducting magnets due to their simple structure and low thermal resistance. In this work, a helium TPCT is designed and fabricated with a vertical heat transfer distance of 860 mm. Experiments on helium TPCT are conducted with variations in heat power (0 – 1.3 W) and filling ratios (9.1% – 72.8%). Results demonstrate that the filling of helium can accelerate the cooling rate of thermosyphon. The heat transfer limit of the helium TPCT initially increases and then decreases as the filling ratio is increased. Two different heat transfer limit modes can be recognized: the dry-out limit, which emerges in the low to medium filling ratio (9.1% – 41.1%), and the boiling limit, which emerges in the high filling ratio (50.4% – 72.8%). The temperature and pressure characteristics exhibit significant differences<!--> <!-->between these two heat transfer limit modes. As the heat power increases, the total thermal resistance of the helium TPCT shows a downward trend. However, once the heat power exceeds the heat transfer limit, the thermal resistance increases sharply. The designed helium TPCT exhibits optimal thermal performance at a filling ratio of 50.4%, with a heat transfer limit of 1.15 W, a thermal resistance is approximately 0.18 K∙W⁻¹, and an effective thermal conductivity is approximately 23,800 W∙m⁻¹∙K⁻¹, demonstrating the superiority of TPCT for cooling superconducting magnets. The heat transport mechanisms revealed in the present study are expected to contribute to the design of high-efficiency helium heat pipes and facilitate their engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104044"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cryogenic helium flow in adiabatic capillary tubes: Numerical insights into choked flow and superfluid behavior in Joule-Thomson cryocoolers","authors":"Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Longyu Yang ,&nbsp;Yixin Wang ,&nbsp;Xueshuo Shang ,&nbsp;Wendi Bao ,&nbsp;Ziyi Li ,&nbsp;Cheng Shao ,&nbsp;Zheng Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Joule-Thomson (J-T) effect, utilizing helium as the working fluid, is widely employed for refrigeration in the 1–4 K temperature range. The capillary tube, acting as a throttling element, plays a crucial role in providing flow resistance and regulating flow rates. However, critical information regarding helium flow in the capillary tube—such as the onset of choked flow, the existence of superfluid transition, and the dependence of flow rates and the cooling power on the geometric factors of the capillary tube and operating conditions—remains inadequately understood. This paper presents a numerical analysis investigating the flow dynamics and refrigeration characteristics of helium through adiabatic straight capillary tubes. The findings establish criteria for identifying the onset of choked flow and superfluid transition. Results indicate that helium flow within the capillary tube typically operates in the choked flow regime in practical applications. Should a superfluid transition occur, it takes place in the free expansion region outside the capillary tube, exerting minimal influence on the internal flow dynamics. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis identifies the inner diameter as a crucial parameter dictating the mass flow rate. Design guidelines are also provided for the optimal selection of capillary tubes in cryogenic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104043"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High temperature superconducting magnet system with a high pressure chamber at a cryogenic temperatures for neutron scattering investigations","authors":"Aleksandr Chernikov ,&nbsp;Ion Dobrin ,&nbsp;George Dumitru ,&nbsp;Sergey Kulikov ,&nbsp;Otilia Ana Culicov ,&nbsp;Dan Enache","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For the DN-12 neutron diffractometer at the IBR-2 reactor of the Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, JINR, a cryomagnetic system with horizontal arrangement based on a high temperature superconducting magnet generating a magnetic field of 4.6 T at a current of 290 A was designed, developed and tested. The unique cryomagnetic system is designed to study phases of condensed matter systems with neutron as a function of P,T,H. The configuration of the Helmholtz coil of a high-temperature superconducting magnet made it possible not only to achieve high uniformity of the magnetic field on the sample &gt; 99.68 % in the central zone of the magnet ± 20 mm around its center, but also to provide 360° access to the central region of the magnetic field in a perpendicular plane on the sample with the exception of four sectors of 12 degrees each due to the spacer design pillars. The magnetic axis is passing through its center. This configuration allows to simultaneously detect the neutron scattered on the sample using two neutron detectors positioned at angles of 45° and 90° to the axis of the neutron beam, respectively.</div><div>The HTS coils are double pancakes cooled via heat conduction using a Gifford-McMahon (G-M) cryocooler. The dimensions of the magnet, inner diameter 80 mm, outer diameter 200 mm, distance between the coils 40 mm, allow the installation of an inner cryostat with high pressure chamber that is cooled using the second G-M closed-cycle cryocooler and can create a pressure on the sample 10 GPa. The temperature of the magnet windings can vary in the range of 16–40 K depending on the temperature of the high pressure chamber with the sample that is regulated in the range of 3.6–150 K. The developed cryomagnetic system has reached all design parameters and is ready for testing on a neutron beam.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104035"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic properties of Ni-Cu-Zn ferrite nanoparticles at cryogenic temperature probed under Mössbauer and VSM studies","authors":"K.S. Ramakrishna ,&nbsp;Ch. Srinivas ,&nbsp;E. Ranjith Kumar ,&nbsp;T. Pushpagiri ,&nbsp;Sher Singh Meena ,&nbsp;Pramod Bhatt ,&nbsp;D.L. Sastry","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article presents a comprehensive analysis of magnetic properties of Ni<em>_x</em>Cu_0.1Zn_0.9−<em>_x</em>Fe₂O₄ (<em>x</em> = 0.5, 0.6, 0.7). Typical variation of bond angles supported the <em>A</em>-<em>B</em> superexchange interaction. The unsaturated magnetization even at higher applied field shows the core–shell interactions of present ferrite nanoparticles. Neel’s sublattice and core–shell models have been adopted to analyze the magnetic behaviour. The saturation magnetization is unevenly varying in both sintered ferrite samples. It was found to be in the range of 15.29–28.04 emu/g. The highest of saturation magnetization (28.04 emu/g) was reported for the ferrite composition Ni_0.7Cu_0.1Zn_0.4Fe₂O₄ sintered at 500 °C. The coercivity seems to be dependent on magnetic anisotropy. The cusp between the field cooled and zero field cooled curves revealed the large distribution of ferrite nanoparticles in different sizes. The blocking temperature increases in both sintered ferrite samples with the substitution of Ni²⁺. The blocking temperature depends on the variation of crystallite size. The appearance of quadruple and hyperfine spectral lines in Mössbauer spectra represent the distribution of ferrite nanoparticles in different sizes. The range of isomer shift (0.194 – 0.463 mm/s) is less than 0.5 mm/s that represents the presence of only high spin Fe³⁺ ions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104040"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and simulation study of LN2 active-pressurization in onboard LH2 storage and supply systems","authors":"Hao Qiu,&nbsp;Bifeng Yin,&nbsp;Fei Dong,&nbsp;Xuan Xie,&nbsp;Sheng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To prevent insufficient pressure within the onboard LH₂ storage tank during supply, which could lead to significant residual LH₂ that cannot be supplied, the design of the onboard LH₂ storage and supply system needs to consider the active-pressurization method of the LH₂ tank. To investigate whether the active-pressurization method can meet the active-pressurization performance requirements for low-temperature fluids in onboard LH₂ storage tanks, this study uses LN₂ as the working fluid. Experiments on active-pressurization and supply in the onboard LH₂ storage system were conducted, exploring the impact of different LN₂ fill levels on the active-pressurization rate and the pressure stability during the active-pressurization supply process. Based on the parameters of the LH₂ tank, a system simulation model was established. The maximum active-pressurization flow rate of the simulation model was calibrated according to the active-pressurization experimental data, further exploring the active-pressurization storage and supply characteristics of the onboard LH₂ tank. The results indicate that the active-pressurization supply simulation results, calibrated with the active-pressurization flow rate, show good consistency with the experimental data. As the supply flow rate increases, the active-pressurization maintaining pressure slightly decreases. When the liquid level drops too low and transitions to gaseous supply, the pressure inside the tank rapidly declines. At an ambient temperature of −10 °C, the active-pressurization can still offset the pressure drop caused by the supply. However, higher ambient temperatures increase the temperature difference during, leading to a higher evaporation rate inside the tank. The active-pressurization flow rate was corrected by the ratio of the densities and viscosities of LN₂ and LH₂ to investigate the situation of active-pressurization to exceed the critical pressure. When the LH₂ tank is actively pressurized to the critical pressure, there is still a return gas temperature difference close to 170 K, which is much higher than the 0 K of LN₂, thereby promoting the active-pressurization rate. This study explored the active-pressurization capability and influencing factors of onboard LH₂ storage tanks through LN₂ experiments and system simulation methods, providing a foundation for precise control of the active-pressurization supply in onboard LH₂ systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104042"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}