Cryogenics最新文献

{"title":"Qualification of a 90 K high-capacity cryocooler for cryo fluid management","authors":"Kenneth J. Cragin,&nbsp;Adam L. Niblick,&nbsp;Mark V. Zagarola","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Creare recently completed integration, qualification testing, and delivery of a high-capacity turbo-Brayton cooler designed to meet NASA’s needs for long-duration storage of liquid oxygen and methane in space. High capacity is defined as providing over 100 W of refrigeration at 90 K for the purposes of this paper. Zero-boil-off storage of these propellants is a key enabling technology for several NASA missions. Due to the size of the propellant tanks, an active refrigerator is required to intercept the heat loads, maintaining the cryogen temperature and eliminating boil-off. This cryocooler is a scaled-up version of the 20 W, 90 K cryocooler that Creare delivered to NASA in 2012 which was used in NASA’s initial ground demonstrations of reduced boil-off hydrogen storage and zero-boil-off oxygen storage. The cryocooler was integrated in a flight prototypical arrangement suitable for thermal performance and launch vibration testing and to support planned ground-based zero-boil-off demonstrations at NASA. The demonstrated refrigeration capacity is over 120 W of refrigeration at 90 K and over 200 W at 118 K, supporting a broad range of storage pressures for both liquid oxygen and liquid methane respectively. Launch vibration testing was also successfully completed on the integrated unit. This paper reviews the qualification test results for the cryocooler and presents specific power and specific mass estimates for a flight version of the cooler.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104156"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of boiling heat transfer by T-shaped fins during rapid cooling in liquid nitrogen","authors":"Kohei Yuki,&nbsp;Fumiaki Matsuo,&nbsp;Kazuhisa Yuki","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid cooling via boiling in liquid nitrogen is widely used in high-temperature superconducting (HTS) applications, such as resistive-type superconducting fault current limiters. However, the cooling performance is degraded by film boiling, which results in a low heat transfer coefficient. This study proposes a T-shaped fin with low thermal conductivity to retain the coolant under film-boiling conditions and enhance boiling heat transfer. We examined the effect of the height of T-shaped fins (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm) on cooling performance. The results show that the optimal height depends on the temperature of the heated surface. In the relatively low-temperature regime, the fin height had minimal effect on the cooling performance. However, at higher temperatures a 1.0-mm-height fin yielded the highest cooling performance. The 1.5-mm-height fin enabled the generated vapor to seamlessly penetrate the liquid retention space, reducing heat transfer efficiency. With the 0.5-mm-height fin, which is the smallest height, the cooling performance significantly decreased after a particular temperature of the heated surface, as vapor covers the entire surface of the fin, indicating that film boiling occurs even on the fin surface. On the other hand, in the case of resin fin having quite low thermal conductivity, the cooling performance is higher than that of metal fin under high temperature conditions. This indicates that boiling on the fin surface is suppressed and liquid retention effect can be maintained even in the high temperature regime. To improve both the fin effect and liquid retention effect, we also propose a two-stage T-shaped fin design. This approach aims to maintain coolant retention and suppress the steep decline in cooling performance under high-temperature conditions. The study’s findings offer practical guidance for optimizing T-shaped fin designs to enhance cooling performance in HTS applications, reduce liquid nitrogen consumption, and ensure reliable thermal management under varying temperature conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144721277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of martensitic transformation on cryogenic thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of S30408 austenitic stainless steel","authors":"Yi Gao ,&nbsp;Dahai Zheng ,&nbsp;Keming Li ,&nbsp;Bo Chang ,&nbsp;Jiachen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Austenitic stainless steel S30408 is widely used in cryogenic equipment manufacturing due to its excellent cryogenic mechanical properties. However, the influence of martensitic transformation induced by plastic deformation and cryogenic environments during processing or service on its thermophysical properties remains unclear. In this study, room-temperature tensile deformation (0 %, 5 %, 12 %, 20 %, and 30 % plastic strains) and liquid nitrogen aging treatments were employed to induce varying martensite phase contents (0 %–36.6 %). The mechanisms of martensitic transformation on the cryogenic thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of S30408 were systematically investigated. Using steady-state axial heat flow and relaxation calorimetry methods, the variations in thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity within the 20 K–300 K temperature range were measured. Results indicate that increased martensite content leads to a significant rise in lattice defects (slip bands, twins), enhanced electron–phonon scattering, and consequently, a marked reduction in both thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity. Within the 20 K–300 K temperature range, the thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of samples with 30 % plastic deformation (36.6 % martensite content) decreased by an average of 27 % and 20 %, respectively, compared to undeformed samples. Further analysis revealed a linear negative correlation between thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity) and martensite content at specific temperatures (20 K, 77 K, 110 K, 300 K), with phase transformation exerting a more pronounced influence on thermophysical properties at the relatively higher temperature range within the low-temperature zone. This study elucidates the regulatory mechanism of martensitic transformation on the cryogenic thermophysical properties of austenitic stainless steel, providing critical data support for thermal performance design and service safety evaluation of cryogenic equipment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144703978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of HTS tape resistive layers cross-sectional area on the inrush current waveform of a 13.8 kVA transformer","authors":"Grzegorz Komarzyniec,&nbsp;Oleksandr Boiko","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under certain circumstances, when inrushing a superconducting transformer into the power grid, a current many times the rated current of the device may flow. This current can interfere with the operation of the power grid and the equipment connected to it including transformers. The value of the inrush current and its duration is strongly influenced by the resistance of the windings of the transformer being switched on. In normal operation, the superconducting windings of the transformer have zero resistance. As a result, the inrush currents of superconducting transformers reach higher values and longer durations compared to transformers with copper windings. It is possible to build a superconducting transformer that exhibits the ability to dampen the inrush current. This requires designing the windings to be capable of losing and recovering the superconducting state without the risk of damage due to dynamic forces and temperature rise. The resistance of superconducting tapes in the resistive state is crucial. This resistance largely depends on the structure of the superconducting tape used in their construction. The type and cross-sectional area of the resistive layers of the tape have a large influence on this resistance. This paper analyses how changing the thickness of these layers affects the suppression of inrush current.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recognition of fracture stages of CHN01 austenitic stainless steel by acoustic emission at cryogenic temperature","authors":"Botao Zhang ,&nbsp;Rong Bao ,&nbsp;Jingjing Dai ,&nbsp;Wentao Sun ,&nbsp;Chuanjun Huang ,&nbsp;Li Shi ,&nbsp;Yuchen Zhao ,&nbsp;Hongyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Wenyue Zheng ,&nbsp;Laifeng Li ,&nbsp;Yuan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the fracture behavior of CHN01 austenitic stainless steel at cryogenic temperature (77 K) was systematically investigated using an integrated approach combining mechanical testing and acoustic emission (AE) analysis. Tensile and fracture toughness tests were performed on solid solution heat-treated CHN01 specimens, revealing exceptional mechanical performance with a yield strength (<em>Rp_0.2</em>) of 1057 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength (<em>R_m</em>) of 1602 MPa, and a provisional fracture toughness (<em>K_Q</em>) of 201 MPa·m^1/2. Concurrently, AE signals recorded during fracture testing were analyzed using an optimized unsupervised k-means clustering algorithm. Two distinct AE signal clusters were identified, i.e. cluster 1, characterized by high-frequency, low-energy, and continuous features, which are associated with elastic microcracking; and cluster 2, exhibiting low-frequency, high-energy, and burst characteristics, indicative of plastic energy dissipation. Analysis of the AE data revealed that during the linear elastic deformation phase, 91.6 % of the recorded signals originated from cluster 1, while in the nonlinear phase, almost all AE signals were from cluster 1—suggesting that the energy released during crack propagation was predominantly absorbed by the evolving plastic zone. These findings underscore the potential of integrating AE monitoring with mechanical testing to provide robust, real-time insights into fracture processes at cryogenic temperatures, thereby offering valuable guidance for material selection, crack monitoring, and early warning in cryogenic applications such as high field superconducting magnets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144703979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison study of three displacer type phase shifters in a two-stage Stirling type pulse tube refrigerator working around liquid hydrogen temperature","authors":"Xiaomin Pang ,&nbsp;Haitao Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaotao Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Dai ,&nbsp;Suxia Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With growing demand of high efficiency and compact cooling systems for the applications of space detectors, superconductivity and infrared detectors, pulse tube refrigerator (PTR) shows great promise. Ambient displacer phase shifter (AM-D) has gained popularity due to its compactness and recovering acoustic power. While achieving satisfied phase relationship and cooling efficiency remains challenging in multi-stage PTR operating below 20 K. Thus, cold displacer (CO-D) and thermal gradient displacer (TR-D) are proposed in this paper, which relocates the lower-stage displacer from ambient temperature to the upper-stage cold end. This could improve the phase shift ability and reduce the exergy losses in lower stage pulse tube. Theoretical analyses are first performed on phase shifting mechanism of three type displacer phase shifters. Following that, simulations are carried out to investigate the influence of displacer parameters, including compliance volumes, moving mass, spring stiffness and mechanical damper. Results indicate that PTR using CO-D or TR-D can achieve a cooling capacity of around 2.3 W, representing a 35 % increase over AM-D. Axial variations of phase relationship and acoustic power are compared, exergy losses and dual-temperature cooling capacities are then investigated. CO-D and TR-D phase shifters demonstrate the potential of attaining higher efficiency at liquid hydrogen temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104149"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Horizontal 1 K refrigerator with novel loading mechanism for polarized solid targets","authors":"J. Brock ,&nbsp;C. Carlin ,&nbsp;D. Griffith ,&nbsp;M. Hoegerl ,&nbsp;P. Hood ,&nbsp;C. Flanagan ,&nbsp;T. Kageya ,&nbsp;C.D. Keith ,&nbsp;V. Lagerquist ,&nbsp;J.D. Maxwell ,&nbsp;D.M. Meekins ,&nbsp;P. Pandey ,&nbsp;S. Witherspoon","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We describe a helium evaporation refrigerator used to cool dynamically polarized proton and deuteron targets for electron-scattering experiments using the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer CLAS12 at Jefferson Lab. The geometry of the CLAS12 detector systems places severe design and construction constraints on the refrigerator and its ancillary equipment, resulting in a horizontal cryostat with a length of 4 m. The 16 cm³ target samples, consisting of frozen ammonia (NH₃ or ND₃), are loaded at the upstream end of the cryostat and moved to the beam-interaction region using a novel transport mechanism. At this location they are cooled with superfluid helium and polarized via dynamic nuclear polarization at 1 K and 5 T. In this manner samples can be replaced and cooled to 1 K in about 30 minutes without disturbing any elements of the electron beam line or particle detection system. We estimate that this method saved 18 days of valuable beam time over the course of a recent, 88-day long experiment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104146"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fuzzy logic-based control of superconducting closed-loop current with a linear-motor type flux pump","authors":"Yong Lei,&nbsp;Haoyan Liu,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;Chenghuai Wu,&nbsp;Mengchao Zhang,&nbsp;Lin He,&nbsp;Peng Liu,&nbsp;Li Zhou,&nbsp;Yan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High temperature superconducting (HTS) flux pumps inject superconducting current directly into the HTS closed-loop, eliminating the need for thermally inefficient current leads. To achieve highly accurate closed-loop current, the current control based on flux pump is a topic requires in-depth study. This paper investigates a fuzzy logic control to achieve fast and precise current control with linear-motor type flux pump. The control strategy is originated from the discovered macroscopic magnetic coupling effect (MMCE) . With this method, we optimize and control the DC bias magnetic field to achieve fast and accurate closed-loop current control. In this experiment, we define five degrees of magnetic DC bias field, by which we stabilize the pumping current within 0.6 ‰ accuracy. The precise control of superconducting currents has been achieved, and the influence of the DC background magnetic field on magnetic coupling effects has been verified. This control algorithm is important for HTS applications requiring high current precision, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), etc.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104148"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of initial frost surface coverage characteristics on cryogenic cold surfaces under natural convection","authors":"Fengjiao Yu ,&nbsp;Hongbing Chen ,&nbsp;Yanxia Li ,&nbsp;Zhenqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Li ,&nbsp;Zhongliang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experimental investigations of frost formation initial stage on vertical cold plate surface under the conditions of natural convection reveal distinct growth patterns of initial frost crystals across temperatures ranging from −50 ℃ to −190 ℃. Frosting mechanism is significantly influenced by the cold plate temperature, which changes from the cold surface condensation/desublimation to the boundary layer condensation/desublimation as cold plate temperatures decrease. Correspondingly, frost crystal growth characteristics under different frost mechanisms are also different, which are first reflected in the frost formation initial stage. The effects of cold plate temperatures especially lower than −100 ℃ as well as the environmental parameters on the frost crystal coverage was focused. It has been discovered that frost crystal coverage increases as cold plate temperature drops from −50 ℃ to −100 ℃. Similarly, the rate of frost crystal coverage increases significantly first with air temperature and relative humidity, after that their influence weakens with higher air values. However, at lower temperatures from −100 ℃ to −170 ℃, frost crystal coverage decreases with further cooling, while air temperature and relative humidity exhibit negligible influence on early frost formation, with their effects weakening progressively at colder conditions. Changes in the frost formation mechanism are the primary reason for this phenomenon. This paper can enhance the comprehension of the frost formation initial stage and provide a reference for defrosting and frost suppression on cryogenic surfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144634007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation and loss analysis on a two-stage GM cryocooler working at liquid helium temperatures","authors":"Tian Gao,&nbsp;Chongtian Wu,&nbsp;Xin Chen,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Zhi,&nbsp;Limin Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-stage Gifford-McMahon Cryocoolers (GMC) working in liquid helium temperature range are widely utilized in various fields such as low-temperature superconductors, cryogenic medical instruments, and quantum computing. However, even though they have achieved mature commercialization, their current cooling capacity and efficiency remain low for a long time in the scientific and industrial applications. An in-depth analysis of the loss distribution characteristics of GM cryocooler is crucial for guiding further performance optimization. This study establishes a comprehensive numerical simulation model for a domestically produced GM cryocooler working at liquid helium temperatures. The coupling between compressor, rotary valve, and cold head is considered. Detailed investigation on the loss characteristics in different components at different cooling temperatures are carried out. Results indicate that as the cooling temperature decreases, the proportion of the loss in the compressor and rotary valve decreases, while that of the cold head increases due to the real gas effect. At cooling temperature of 4.2 K, the loss proportions of these three components are 2689.0 W (46.2 %), 1138.9 W (19.6 %), and 1879.6 W (32.3 %), respectively. In the rotary valve, more than 70 % of its total loss is caused by friction (e.g. 793.8 W at 4.2 K). To compare the effects of different loss on the 2^nd-stage cooling capacity, gross cooling capacity <span><math><mrow><msub><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mi>g</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> is used. When lower than 8 K, the <span><math><mrow><msub><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mi>g</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> of loss in the cold head is mainly due to the real gas effect (e.g. 17.53 W at 4.2 K). When higher than 8 K, the <span><math><mrow><msub><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mi>g</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> of 1^st-stage irreversible heat transfer loss dominates (e.g. 15.95 W at 12 K), followed by the pressure drop loss. Therefore, to improve the performance of the cold head, best to reduce the real gas loss when lower than 8 K, and adjusting the porosity and specific heat of the fillers in the regenerator should be considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}