Cryogenics最新文献_第4页

Engineering the cryogenic magnetocaloric effect of Tm2O3 by oxygen vacancies

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104056

Shengshi Zheng , Naikun Sun , Quanhui Zhang , Kang Zhao , Qin Dai , Xinguo Zhao , Juan Cheng , Jiaohong Huang

{"title":"Engineering the cryogenic magnetocaloric effect of Tm2O3 by oxygen vacancies","authors":"Shengshi Zheng , Naikun Sun , Quanhui Zhang , Kang Zhao , Qin Dai , Xinguo Zhao , Juan Cheng , Jiaohong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Defect engineering is an effective means to improve the electronic structure and physicochemical properties of materials. In this work, the cryogenic magnetocaloric effect (MCE) of commercial Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was significantly improved by the introduction of oxygen vacancy (OV) defects. A series of monocrystalline Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> powders (cubic structure, <em>Ia</em> <span><math><mover><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>¯</mo></mrow></mover></math></span> space group) with high-level OV content was obtained by ball-milling (BM) the commercial counterpart for 3–12 h. Of these samples, the 9 h-ball milled Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> sample (Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-9) has the highest ratio value of oxygen atoms near OV (O<sub>near OV</sub>) of 15.79 % and largest effective magnetic moment (<em>μ</em><sub>eff</sub>) of Tm<sup>3+</sup> ion of 6.8 μ<sub>B</sub> compared with the corresponding values of 8.06 % and 6.32 μ<sub>B</sub> for the commercial Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. Consistently, Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-9 has the best MCE performance with the maximal magnetic-entropy change (Δ<em>S</em><sub>M</sub>) and the refrigerant capacity (<em>RC</em>) of 7.0 J⋅kg<sup>−1</sup>⋅K<sup>−1</sup> and 96.8 J⋅kg<sup>−1</sup> in 0–5 T, respectively as compared to 4.2J⋅kg<sup>−1</sup>⋅K<sup>−1</sup> and 66.9 J⋅kg<sup>−1</sup> for the commercial Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. Further increasing the BM time to 12h, the OV content almost remains unchanged, accompanied by a minor reduction of Δ<em>S</em><sub>M</sub> and <em>RC</em> due to the decrease of grain size. This work provides a novel approach for enhancing the MCE of rare earth-based oxides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104056"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study of extrinsic magnetic properties of Mn-Mg-Zn ferrite nanoparticles at liquid nitrogen temperature

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104055

S.A.V. Prasad , Ch. Srinivas , R. Jeevan Kumar , E. Ranjith Kumar , Sher Singh Meena , Pramod Bhatt , Debashish Sarkar , D.L. Sastry

{"title":"Study of extrinsic magnetic properties of Mn-Mg-Zn ferrite nanoparticles at liquid nitrogen temperature","authors":"S.A.V. Prasad , Ch. Srinivas , R. Jeevan Kumar , E. Ranjith Kumar , Sher Singh Meena , Pramod Bhatt , Debashish Sarkar , D.L. Sastry","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic behaviour of Mn<em><sub>x</sub></em>Mg<sub>0.8–</sub><em><sub>x</sub></em>Zn<sub>0.2</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (0 ≤ <em>x</em> ≤ 0.7 at a step of 0.1) nano ferrites has been explored. From the XRD patterns, the secondary phase of <em>α</em>-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is clearly evident in the ferrite compositions for <em>x</em> ≥ 0.4. The oxygen positional parameter (<em>U</em>) is in the range 0.387 – 0.389 and it is greater than the ideal value of 0.375. The bond angles provided an overview about the insight of magnetic behaviour of present series of ferrite samples. The M-H loops indicate the soft magnetic behaviour of present ferrite systems. For the ferrite composition <em>x</em> = 0.5, the highest value for saturation magnetization (<em>M<sub>s</sub></em>) of 35 and 42 emu/g has been reported at 300 and 80 K. The smaller values of remnant magnetization (<em>M<sub>r</sub></em>) and coercivity (<em>H<sub>c</sub></em>) indicate that the ferrite nanoparticles are single domain structure possessing core–shell morphology. For all values of <em>M<sub>s</sub></em> and <em>M<sub>r</sub></em> at 300 K and 80 K, the ratio of <em>M<sub>r</sub></em>/<em>M<sub>s</sub></em> is less than 0.5 indicating that the ferrite nanoparticles are under strong inter particle interactions. The magnetization-temperature (M-T) graphs revealed that blocking temperature (<em>T<sub>B</sub></em>) is above and nearer to 300 K. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy is a probable factor for the changes in the blocking temperature. The results are interpreted in terms of Y-K interactions, core–shell interactions, secondary phases and magnetocrystalline anisotropy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104055"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143631695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical and experimental study of transport AC losses in Bi-2223 stacked conductors

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104054

Jiwei Liu , Yunpeng Zhu , Jing Jiang , Xinsheng Yang , Rui Shen , Lijun Cai , Fanggong Cai , Yong Zhao

{"title":"Numerical and experimental study of transport AC losses in Bi-2223 stacked conductors","authors":"Jiwei Liu , Yunpeng Zhu , Jing Jiang , Xinsheng Yang , Rui Shen , Lijun Cai , Fanggong Cai , Yong Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a 2D multi-physics electromagnetic-thermal coupling model of Bi-2223 stacked conductors was developed, which combined the <strong><em>H</em></strong>-formulation and heat-conduction module. Using the finite element method (FEM), the transport alternating current (AC) losses in Bi-2223 stacked conductors with five different stacking cases were simulated and analyzed to optimize the stacking structure of the conductors, while ensuring a fixed number of Bi-2223 tapes and copper tapes in the stacked conductors. According to the optimized simulation results, three stacked structures with lower transport AC losses were selected and fabricated into three samples of 500 mm in length. The AC losses with transport current were experimentally measured in three different intervals over the length direction of each sample and at three AC frequencies (30 Hz, 45 Hz, and 60 Hz) by electrical measurement method. By comparing numerical simulation results, experimental measurement data and the AC losses computed with Norris analytical formulation, the 2D multi-physics electromagnetic-thermal coupling model developed in this paper was verified for calculating the transport AC losses of Bi-2223 stacked conductors and optimizing the arrangement of the stacked conductors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104054"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of cryogenic temperatures on DC surface flashover characteristics of BNNS-based epoxy nanocomposites 低温对基于 BNNS 的环氧纳米复合材料直流表面闪蒸特性的影响

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104051

Di Jiang , Zhen Geng , Zhicong Miao , Rongjin Huang , Laifeng Li , Yuan Zhou

{"title":"Influence of cryogenic temperatures on DC surface flashover characteristics of BNNS-based epoxy nanocomposites","authors":"Di Jiang , Zhen Geng , Zhicong Miao , Rongjin Huang , Laifeng Li , Yuan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epoxy resin (EP) is widely used in cryogenic and high-temperature superconductivity related fields for its excellent low-temperature mechanical properties. However, the strong electric field can cause flashing along the surface of EP, which further leads to the destruction of the construction. Herein, to improve the reliability of the insulation structure at cryogenic temperatures, the Boron Nitride Nanosheets (BNNS) Based Epoxy Nanocomposites with improved electrical insulation properties have been prepared. The changes in surface flashover characteristics at 10 temperatures from 10 K to 299 K were detailed studied. Meanwhile, the trap distribution characteristics of composite materials were studied, and the mechanism of BNNS on the surface flashover of composites was analyzed. The results show that the addition of BNNS has a negative effect on improving surface flashover strength at 10 K, and the BNNS content of 1 wt% to 3 wt% BNNS can achieve higher flashover strength of composites at other temperatures. Moreover, unlike pure epoxy resin, the flashover strength of the composites increases first and then decreases with the temperature decrease, which has a maximum point.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104051"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143528782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An improved thermal analysis method for vapor-cooled current leads considering convective heat transfer efficiency

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104052

Yingjie Tong, Ying Xu, Wenze Si, Dazhi Li, Yunshu Zhou, Li Ren, Jin Shi

{"title":"An improved thermal analysis method for vapor-cooled current leads considering convective heat transfer efficiency","authors":"Yingjie Tong, Ying Xu, Wenze Si, Dazhi Li, Yunshu Zhou, Li Ren, Jin Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As an important part of superconducting devices, the heat leakage of current leads directly affects the overall heat load of the cryogenic system. Therefore, the design of low heat leakage current leads is one of the most important issues in system design of superconducting devices. Vapor-cooled current leads (VCCL) are widely used in various superconducting devices because they have lower heat leakage compared with conduction-cooled current leads, and smaller consumption of cooling gas and higher economy compared with gas-cooled current leads. In this paper, an improved thermal analysis method for solving the heat leakage, temperature distribution and heat transfer efficiency of VCCL is proposed, which has a great advantage in terms of time-consumption and convergence while guaranteeing accuracy in comparison to conventional finite element method. Firstly, based on the heat balance equation of VCCL, the relationship of the heat transfer efficiency and convective heat transfer coefficient between VCCL and cooling gas is clarified. Subsequently, the formula to calculate the heat transfer efficiency of VCCL is derived according to heat transfer and fluid dynamics. Then, a thermal analysis method for VCCL based on iterative algorithm is put forward. Finally, the feasibility of the thermal analysis method is verified by finite element model based on COMSOL, which has been proved to be correct by experimental results in existing literature. The results indicate that for several VCCLs with typical structures, the calculation differences of heat leakage between the thermal analysis method proposed in this paper and COMSOL are all within 5 % and the calculation differences of temperature distribution are all within 10 K. However, in terms of time-consumption and convergence, the thermal analysis method proposed in this paper has a significant advantage, especially for VCCLs with complex structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104052"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modelling the thermal buffer behavior of JT-60SA in case of pulsed heat loads

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104050

M. Parody-Guzmán , F. Bonne , N. Richermoz , L. Zani

{"title":"Modelling the thermal buffer behavior of JT-60SA in case of pulsed heat loads","authors":"M. Parody-Guzmán , F. Bonne , N. Richermoz , L. Zani","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>JT-60SA is a joint international fusion experiment built and operated by Japan and Europe in the framework of the Broader Approach agreement. Integrated commissioning held in 2021 and 2023 provided valuable experimental data, particularly a data set depicting the reaction of the cryogenic system to a Toroidal Field (TF) coil fast safety discharge (FSD). When a TF FSD occurs, the actual protocol imposes at high currents a disconnection of the TFC hydraulic circuit from the cryoplant and releases the heated and pressurized helium in a quench tank to avoid overpressure in the refrigerator and the magnet system. To shorten the time for cryoplant recovery, disconnection should be avoided in the absence of tripping risk for the whole cryoplant. In this regard, Simcryogenics modelling tool was used to represent the cryodistribution and simulate TF FSD and explore the possibility to avoid disconnecting the cryoplant after any TF FSD. One of the driving factors in the decision is the pressure rise observed in the buffer bath of the refrigerator during a FSD, preventing the Warm Compression Station (WCS) from being overloaded, otherwise inducing a severe tripping of the cryogenic system. In this paper, we present a model that reproduces the experimental signals of the buffer bath during and after controlled FSDs from 15, 18 and 20 kA and it also extrapolates for the nominal current of 25.7 kA. We conducted several parametric studies to explore the impact of some drivers of bath pressure rise: the increasing rate of the pressure setpoint and a mitigation of contributors to the total WCS mass flowrate. We show here some analysis and interpretations of the resulting trends obtained in the study and further conclude with a proposal path to manage the cryomagnet system during a nominal TF FSD avoiding disconnection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104050"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Liquid nitrogen spray injection for direct-contact freeze concentration applications

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104048

Zhuo Zhang , Midhun Joy , Srinivas Vanapalli

{"title":"Liquid nitrogen spray injection for direct-contact freeze concentration applications","authors":"Zhuo Zhang , Midhun Joy , Srinivas Vanapalli","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freeze concentration processes, which remove water molecules as ice crystals to yield a product with increased solute concentration, typically avoid direct contact between the coolant and the solution. However, the non-toxic and inert nature of liquid nitrogen makes it suitable to act as a coolant in direct contact with the processed solution. This study investigated the feasibility of utilizing liquid nitrogen as the coolant to perform direct-contact freeze concentration. A proof-of-concept laboratory direct-contact freezer was developed, and experimental trials were conducted for various concentrations of the solute solution with 1 kg initial total solution weight. At the start of the process, cold nitrogen vapor, generated from liquid nitrogen due to the initially warm system, was introduced to pre-cool the cryogenic piping, contactor column, and liquid solution. Once the cryogenic injection system was sufficiently cooled down, liquid nitrogen was directly injected into the contactor column to cool the liquid solution and facilitate solidification. The experimental trials successfully demonstrated the formation of ice particles where the average size of ice particles decreased with an increase in the solute concentration of the solution. An ice growth rate of around 4 g/s was observed in the trials, along with an average partition coefficient of approximately 0.6. This study demonstrated the potential of using liquid nitrogen as a direct-contact coolant in freeze concentration, identifying the challenges and providing valuable insights to improve the design and operation of the system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104048"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Differentiated fracture behaviors of a spray-formed Al-Cu-Li alloy under various heat treatments at liquid nitrogen temperature

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-02-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104049

Shiyi Wen , Wangjun Cheng , Yue Zhao , Yaoning Sun

引用次数: 0

Conceptual mechanical design of a rotating alpha-type stirling cryocooler for superconducting motor cooling

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104047

Bruce Fischer , Michael Gschwendtner , Alan Caughley

{"title":"Conceptual mechanical design of a rotating alpha-type stirling cryocooler for superconducting motor cooling","authors":"Bruce Fischer , Michael Gschwendtner , Alan Caughley","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Superconducting electric motors are an enabling technology for the goal to electrify aircraft propulsion. A major challenge in achieving this goal is the cooling of superconducting rotor coils. Previous rotor cooling systems have used cryogenic thermosyphons or gaseous helium circuits connecting the rotor to a refrigeration plant, commonly using Gifford McMahon cryocoolers. To enable the transfer of fluid from the stationary to the rotating side, sometimes ferrofluidic seals are used, which are best suited to slow shaft speeds. For higher speeds, axisymmetric Stirling and pulse tube cryocoolers mounted on the rotor have been proposed for direct conductive cooling of the rotor. However, the suitability of pulse tube cryocoolers for commercial aircraft propulsion is questionable, as their efficiency depends on orientation during operation. In contrast, Stirling cryocoolers provide higher efficiency than pulse tube cryocoolers with orientation independence, particularly at low temperatures. They therefore seem to be a promising option for superconducting rotor cooling. However, commercially available Stirling cryocoolers have not been designed for high-speed rotation. This paper presents a new alpha-type Stirling cryocooler that is specifically designed for high-speed rotation and superconducting rotor cooling. An overall axisymmetric design is proposed in which both pistons are supported by non-contact gas bearings and driven by stationary linear motors which are outside the rotating gas circuit, using the magnetic field to bridge the stationary-rotating interface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104047"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of high-capacity GM cryocoolers and circulating cooling systems for HTS applications

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104046

Santhosh Kumar Gandla , Stephen Dunn , Ralph C. Longsworth , Mingyao Xu , Eric Seitz

{"title":"Development of high-capacity GM cryocoolers and circulating cooling systems for HTS applications","authors":"Santhosh Kumar Gandla , Stephen Dunn , Ralph C. Longsworth , Mingyao Xu , Eric Seitz","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sumitomo (SHI) cryogenics has been a pioneer and industry leader in developing cryocoolers for all major cryogenic applications including healthcare, semiconductor manufacturing, laboratory research, and quantum computing, for customers globally. With the rising demand for high temperature superconducting (HTS) applications like high field magnets, fusion and power devices, (superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), and fault current limiters (FCLs)), we have increased our efforts in the last decade to develop and offer cryogenic cooling solutions like single stage Gifford-McMahon (GM) cryocoolers and cryogenic circulating cooling systems to address the needs of our global customers.</div><div>In this paper, we will discuss the design challenges, integration concerns, test findings and application examples for the high-capacity GM cryocoolers and cryogenic circulating systems developed by Sumitomo (SHI) Cryogenics of America Inc. We will also delve into comparing legacy systems to potential new systems identifying benefits and limitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104046"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0