Cryogenics最新文献

{"title":"Experimental study on catalytic conversion and flow characteristics of ortho-para hydrogen in tubular packed-bed converters at liquid nitrogen temperature","authors":"Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Sheng Xu ,&nbsp;Jinming Zheng ,&nbsp;Shaolong Zhu ,&nbsp;Song Fang ,&nbsp;Hongmei Xiao ,&nbsp;Na Li ,&nbsp;Limin Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ortho-para hydrogen conversion is a critical process in hydrogen liquefaction. However, comprehensive data and correlations on the ortho-para hydrogen conversion and pressure drop within catalyst packed beds across the typical range of Reynolds numbers encountered in converters/heat exchangers are still lacking. This study established an experimental setup to measure the catalytic conversion of ortho-para hydrogen and the associated pressure drop in tubular packed-bed converters in the liquid nitrogen temperature range. The effects of the particle size of iron oxide catalysts (20–80 mesh), space velocity (1.5–22 kg/(m³·s)), and packed-bed porosity (0.27–0.46) on the catalytic conversion of ortho-para hydrogen, along with the pressure drop characteristics, were examined at around 77 K and 2 MPa. A correlation was further developed for estimating the outlet concentration of para hydrogen with given space velocity, which would be useful for determining the catalyst dosage based on the targeted conversation rate in the product. Furthermore, by modifying the coefficients for viscous and inertial resistance on the basis of the Ergun equation, pressure drop correlations for packed-bed catalytic converters with different particle sizes were proposed, with remarkably improved predictive accuracy. This work offers critical prediction correlations for the design of ortho-para hydrogen catalytic converters/heat exchangers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104041"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of the thermal expansion of bulk metallic glass in cryogenic temperature with a laser displacement method","authors":"Takashi Hirayama,&nbsp;Sojiro Uemura,&nbsp;Takaaki Morie","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal expansion of structural components is a very important factor when designing cryogenic equipment such as cryocooler or superconducting equipment. However, conventional thermal expansion measurement systems require calibration of the sensor of the measurement system at cryogenic temperature, making measurement difficult. Therefore, in this study, we developed a new thermal expansion measurement system that can measure thermal expansion more conveniently than conventional measurement systems. Thermal expansion was measured using laser displacement units installed outside the vacuum vessel. Moreover, a conduction cooling system using a 4K-GM cryocooler was adopted for cooling. To confirm the effectiveness of the developed system, the thermal expansion of copper, a well-known material, was measured using this system, and the results were consistent with that of a previous study. The thermal expansion of bulk metallic glass, which is expected to be used in cryogenic environments, was measured using the developed system, and it was found to be -0.23% at cryogenic temperatures, smaller than that of other typical materials such as copper and aluminum.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104037"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal conductivity and contraction of single and fifty-stacked 2G HTS tapes for the design of a superconducting fusion magnet","authors":"Tomoyuki Naito ,&nbsp;Tetsuhiro Obana ,&nbsp;Makoto Takayasu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We measured the thermal conductivity, <span><math><mi>κ</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span>, of the single GdBa₂Cu₃O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>7</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>δ</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> coated conductor (GdBCO-CC) tape and a bundled sample prepared by soldering fifty GdBCO-CC tapes, to design the thermal stability of a next high-temperature superconducting fusion magnet. A low-temperature peak for <span><math><mi>κ</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span> was observed for the single GdBCO-CC tape at 28.6 K. A simple heat-flow model for the layered sample demonstrated that the applied heat flowed mainly through the high purity metal such as the Cu and Ag-stabilizing layers. The <span><math><mi>κ</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span> of the bundled sample was similar to that of the single tape, suggesting that the contribution of the soldering layers to the heat flow was negligible and the <span><math><mi>κ</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span> of fifty or more bundled samples can be estimated using the <span><math><mi>κ</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span> of the single tape. We also measured the thermal contraction of the single tape along the length and of the fifty-stacked tape along the stacking direction, and then found that the stacking structure caused the large shrinkage along the stacking direction, which should be useful to optimize the structure of magnet at the operating low-temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104038"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigations on control strategies for multi-stage cold compressors in superfluid helium system","authors":"Huaiyu Chen ,&nbsp;Jin Shang ,&nbsp;Lei Yi ,&nbsp;Baohua Chao ,&nbsp;Sihao Liu ,&nbsp;Jinzhen Wang ,&nbsp;Cui Lv ,&nbsp;Jihao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As particle accelerator technology has advanced, there has been a growing demand for enhanced cooling capabilities, particularly within the superfluid helium temperature range. The integration of cold compressors has played a key role in minimizing the size of heat exchangers and optimizing cold exergy utilization. This paper presents a dynamic model of the superfluid helium system and its components, with validation achieved through a comparison between the model’s calculated results and experimental data obtained from a cold compressor test platform. To further reduce the costs associated with manual control, the study introduces and evaluates two novel control system designs. Additionally, it details the process of optimizing the performance of multi-stage serial centrifugal cold compressors, ensuring improved efficiency and reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104039"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of a precise measuring probe based on tunnel diode oscillator","authors":"Zhihao Chen ,&nbsp;Haoran Wei ,&nbsp;Zhi Gang Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metrology utilizing resonance techniques is a cornerstone for precise measurement of small signals. Resonances in mechanical oscillation, electric circuit, electromagnetic circuit, and optical cavity have been proven as powerful tools across a wide spectral range. In this study, we present the construction and characterization of a tunnel diode oscillator (TDO) circuit optimized for operating at cryogenic temperatures down to <span><math><mn>1.5</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>K</mi></math></span>. By taking advantage of the negative differential resistance (NDR) of a tunneling diode (TD), the TDO circuit is able to sustain a continuous oscillation. A quality factor of <span><math><mi>Q</mi><mo>≈</mo><mn>3.5</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> is achieved by careful optimization of the circuit's operating point, thus realizing sensitive detection of variations in inductance and capacitance. The TDO circuit is integrated to a cryostat insert and converted as a measuring probe for magnetic properties. We tested the probe by characterizing the superconducting transition of niobium. The evolution of magnetic penetration depth (<em>λ</em>) was measured with an uncertainty of around 0.2% across the transition in various magnetic field. Our results demonstrate the significant potential of TDO technique for cryogenic studies in physical sciences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104036"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143376654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiments and simulations related to the sudden application of a heat pulse onto a supercritical helium flow","authors":"S. Shoala ,&nbsp;E. Ercolani ,&nbsp;F. Ayela ,&nbsp;J.M. Poncet","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vacuum loss is a major accidental scenario in cryogenic facilities that use vacuum for thermal insulation from the surrounding environment. An experimental facility, called HELIOS, has been set up to study vacuum loss around a cryoline in which supercritical helium is flowing. Before carrying out real vacuum loss experiments, a preliminary test campaign was performed using an electrical test section inserted into a cryogenic loop within the HELIOS facility, at the exact location of the future vacuum loss test section. The electrical section is equipped with an electrical heater that was used to simulate the heat pulse that would be experienced by the supercritical helium flow in the event of a real vacuum loss accident. The consequences of the abruptly applied heat pulse have been studied, both in real and simulated conditions. The main objectives of this first experimental campaign are multiple: to assess the design of the HELIOS facility, verify the accuracy of the heat flux measurement methods, and use the results of the experimental test campaigns to improve the qualification of the thermal hydraulic code employed to size the experimental setup. The simulation was based on the thermal–hydraulic code CATHARE 3 and includes two-phases cryogenic flows. Thermal-hydraulic parameters of the supercritical helium flow as pressure, temperature and mass flow rate, have been recorded for several heat loads running from 0.45 kW to 2.5 kW, with durations of up to 2 min. Heat transfer in the supercritical loop and the liquid helium bath, as well as corresponding energy balances, have been calculated. The resulting estimations of the heat applied to the test section correspond with an excellent accuracy to the real thermal loads. For a heat flux of 1.35 kW, the data were also simulated with the CATHARE 3 code. The results of the simulation match the measured and calculated data with high accuracy. This preliminary work and its associated conclusions provide a firm basis for forthcoming experiments, which will be devoted to the study of heat transfer following a real breakdown of the insulating vacuum in the supercritical helium loop.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104029"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-pressure growth effect on the properties of high-Tc iron-based superconductors: A short review","authors":"Priya Singh,&nbsp;Manasa Manasa,&nbsp;Mohammad Azam,&nbsp;Shiv J. Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high-pressure growth technique is a vital approach that facilitates the stabilization of new phases and allows for meticulous control of structural parameters, which significantly impact electronic and magnetic properties. We present a short review of our ongoing investigations into various families of iron-based superconductors (IBS), employing the high-gas pressure and high-temperature synthesis (HP-HTS) method. This technique is capable of producing the gas pressures up to 1.8 GPa and a heating temperature of up to 1700 °C through a three-zone furnace within a cylindrical chamber. Different kinds of IBS samples are prepared using HP-HTS and characterized through various measurements to reach the final conclusions. The results demonstrate that the high-pressure growth technique significantly enhances the properties of IBS, including the transition temperature, critical current density, and pinning force. In addition, the quality of the samples and their density are improved through the intergrain connections. Furthermore, the comprehensive evaluations and investigations prove that a growth pressure of 0.5 GPa is sufficient for producing high-quality IBS bulks under the optimized synthesis conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104028"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143198157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of two-phase heat transfer coefficients of cryogenic nitrogen in 160-μm and 65-μm microchannels","authors":"Seungwhan Baek ,&nbsp;Ray Radebaugh ,&nbsp;Peter E Bradley","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the two-phase microheat transfer characteristics of cryogenic two-phase nitrogen were investigated. This basic information is required for the sequential design of mixed-refrigerant microcryocoolers. The effective heat exchanger must be designed with a hydraulic diameter (<em>D_h</em>) of less than 100 µm. The experimental setup was developed using microchannels with <em>D_h</em> values of 160 µm and 65 µm. The two-phase heat transfer coefficient was evaluated under different qualities (<em>x</em>), mass fluxes (<em>G</em> = 50–150 kg/m²s), and heat fluxes (<em>q’’=</em>5–15 kW/m²). The two-phase heat transfer coefficient values ranged from 5000 to 20000 W/m²K. The measured heat transfer coefficient values were compared with the predicted values from existing heat transfer correlations derived by Liu and Winterton. The mean percentage error (MPE) was as low as 25.6 %. Moreover, the correlation derived by Karayiannis and Mahmoud, which was derived for ambient-temperature applications, was found suitable for predicting previous cryogenic microchannel literature data (<em>D_h</em>: 300–10000 µm). When applying these findings to mixed refrigerants in microchannels, it is crucial to account for the reduced influence of mass flux on nucleate boiling and the dominance of thin-film evaporation under varying heat flux conditions in confined microscale geometries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104026"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143198158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the eddy current losses and thermal characteristic of a conduction-cooled HTS energy storage magnet","authors":"Yunshu Zhou ,&nbsp;Li Li ,&nbsp;Mingzhen Yang ,&nbsp;Yifeng Qiu ,&nbsp;Li Ren ,&nbsp;Ying Xu ,&nbsp;Jing Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the dynamic response of conduction-cooled high temperature superconductor (HTS) energy storage magnet, the AC loss of the magnet and the eddy current losses of the cold-conducting plates are generated. These two losses seriously threaten the thermal stability of the magnet, especially eddy current losses when the cold-conducting plates are not slit. Therefore, it is important to find a simple and effective way to model and reduce eddy current losses of cold-conducting plates for the sake of thermal stability. In this paper, both an effective 3D model to evaluate eddy current losses of cold-conducting plates and an efficient reduction scheme are proposed. The results prove that the eddy current loss of single cold-conducting plate is reduced by 99.9%, but the existence of longitudinal slit greatly affects its heat transfer efficiency. The epoxy impregnation method is further proposed to alleviate this influence availably, and the validity of homogenization method in the thermal analysis of magnets is verified.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104027"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nusselt number correction for stacked wire mesh considering finite heat capacity below 50 K","authors":"Zhengkun Li ,&nbsp;Xupeng Ding ,&nbsp;Yanyan Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaotao Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In regenerative cooling systems, the heat transfer characteristics of regenerators employing stacked wire mesh are critically important. Numerous experimental and numerical investigations have been conducted to characterize the Nusselt number of regenerators, focusing on room temperature conditions where the solid heat capacity is sufficiently large compared to that of the gas . In this study, the #400 stainless steel mesh is simulated in three dimensions at pore scale to investigate the Nusselt number across various flow conditions, considering both unidirectional and oscillating flow. Under unidirectional flow, the heat transfer characteristics below 77 K are studied. Considering the influence of finite heat capacity of stainless steel, a modified Nusselt number formula applicable to the 50 K to 20 K range is generalized. Subsequently, the heat transfer characteristics under oscillating flow, including different frequencies and pressure ratios, are investigated. The results provide further evidence supporting the similarity of Nusselt numbers between oscillating and unidirectional flow. This study provides a deeper insight into the heat transfer characteristics of wire mesh regenerators at low temperatures. Meanwhile, the forementioned modified coefficient can be used for better regenerator simulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104025"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}