Cryogenics最新文献

{"title":"Effect of regeneration temperatures on conversion efficiency of an ortho-to-parahydrogen catalyst","authors":"Hideki Tatsumoto ,&nbsp;Makoto Teshigawara ,&nbsp;Takumi Hasegawa ,&nbsp;Satoru Dohshi ,&nbsp;Gen Ariyoshi ,&nbsp;Yuki Shiro ,&nbsp;Yuka Horikawa","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>At the European Spallation Source (ESS), two cold hydrogen moderator vessels were designed to enhance neutronic performance, particularly for generating high-brightness pulsed neutron beams used in neutron scattering experiments. This was achieved by optimizing the neutron scattering characteristics of parahydrogen, ensuring a fraction exceeding 99.5 %. Under intense neutron irradiation, para-to-orthohydrogen back conversion occurs due to energy transfer from neutron collisions. To meet the hydrogen moderator requirements, hydrous ferric oxide, commercially known as IONEX® Type OP, was selected as the ortho-to-parahydrogen catalyst. In this study, water was first identified as the primary adsorbate on the catalyst through qualitative analysis. A subsequent quantitative assessment of the adsorbed water content revealed that at each activation temperature (<em>T_R</em>), there was a distinct limit to the amount of water that could be removed. Heating the catalyst to 250 °C enabled the removal of the vast majority of the adsorbed water. To investigate the influence of the residual water on the catalyst conversion performance, the ortho-to-parahydrogen fractions of hydrogen passing through the activated catalyst immersed in saturated liquid nitrogen were measured using Raman spectroscopy. The catalyst’s conversion performance improved as <em>T_R</em> increased to 160 °C, attributed to the removal of water. However, at a higher <em>T_R</em> of 230 °C, catalyst performance deteriorated to a level comparable to that observed at <em>T_R</em> = 130 °C. Once catalyst degradation occurred due to overheating, performance could not be recovered. When the residual water content (<em>W_R</em>) after activation exceeded 1.4 wt%, corresponding to <em>T_R</em> = 160 °C, a linear relationship was identified between <em>W_R</em> and both the efficiency degradation and the rate constant, with both improving as <em>W_R</em> decreased. These findings suggested the catalyst conversion performances could be indirectly inferred from <em>W_R</em>, thereby eliminating the need for cryogenic temperature measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Numerical evaluation of heat transfer characteristics and effectiveness of miniature Stirling cryocooler’s regenerator: A multi-part computational study” [Cryogenics 148 (2025) 104066]","authors":"Muhammad Shad,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144106214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on cryogenic two-phase flow imaging of spherical container based on electrical capacitive volume tomography","authors":"Ren Ziru,&nbsp;Tian Zenan,&nbsp;Gao Xinxin,&nbsp;Zhang Xiaobin","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerical simulation-based research on measuring the three-dimensional two-phase structure of cryogenic fluid transport processes holds significant value in aerospace applications. Based on electrical capacitance volume tomography (ECVT) technology, three types of ECVT sensors with varying electrode numbers, namely 32-electrode, 16-electrode, and 8-electrode, are designed for cryogenic spherical containers. The detailed theoretical derivation of ECVT sensitivity calculation is given. Numerical simulation is conducted to obtain the sensitivity field distribution and image reconstruction quality for the three types. Two cryogenic working mediums, liquid nitrogen (LN2) and liquid hydrogen (LH2), are used to evaluate the imaging quality. The results indicate that the 32-electrode sensor achieves a uniform sensitivity field distribution and demonstrates excellent image reconstruction accuracy. Furthermore, a performance comparison is made between the four image reconstruction algorithms: LBP, Landweber, Tikhonov, and Conjugate Gradient. Under stratified flow patterns, Landweber exhibits the highest image reconstruction accuracy with &lt;10 % mass conservation error and minimal centroid localization deviation, while Conjugate Gradient demonstrates superior efficiency for bubble flow imaging with high precision. Tikhonov proves suitable for bubble flows, whereas LBP serves effectively as an initial guess. The influence of mesh quantity on computational efficiency and reconstruction accuracy is also studied. Imaging consistency between LN2-VN2 and LH2-VH2 flows confirms ECVT’s adaptability across cryogenic media. The results provide the theoretical optimization method and application potential of ECVT technology for monitoring cryogenic two-phase flows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High efficiency cryo-adsorbed hydrogen energy storage","authors":"Avshalom Davidesko,&nbsp;Nir Tzabar","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The landscape of energy storage technology is rapidly evolving, characterized by a variety of solutions that aim to achieve higher efficiency, greater scalability, and better integration with renewable energy sources. These advancements are crucial for meeting increasing demands and speeding up the transition to a sustainable energy future. The presented research proposes an energy storage method, which is characterized by a low power consumption (high efficiency) and the suitability for large-scale facilities, with energy storage capacities reaching tens of GWh and power outputs in the range of a few GW. The technology can be implemented in any location without a need for specific geographical conditions, and it has the potential for small dimensions and low-cost, in comparison with alternative existing technologies, mainly hydro pumped and compressed air energy storage. The proposed approach consists of storing energy in adsorbed hydrogen at cryogenic temperatures between 80 and 180 K, and pressures of a few tens of bar. The concept of cryo-adsorbed hydrogen energy storage is presented and discussed, where a selected cycle is detailed as an example for implementing the suggested energy storage concept. A thermodynamic analysis of the cycle is executed, providing its energy consumption, which determines the system efficiency, as a function of the hydrogen storing temperature, system configuration, and energy storage duration. The results show energy consumption of about 2 MJ per 1 kg of stored hydrogen, relative to at least 10 MJ per 1 kg of stored hydrogen at existing compressed hydrogen energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A single coaxial pulse tube cryocooler with high specific mass operating at 80 K developed based on simulation and experimental methods","authors":"Bo Tian ,&nbsp;Chenglong Liu ,&nbsp;Qingjun Tang ,&nbsp;Nailiang Wang ,&nbsp;Enchun Xing ,&nbsp;Mingtao Pan ,&nbsp;jia Quan ,&nbsp;Miguang Zhao ,&nbsp;Jinghui Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infrared detectors are an essential instrument in the exploration of the universe, and pulse tube cryocoolers are extensively utilized for the cooling of various infrared detectors. Constrained by the stringent restrictions imposed by space launch weight limitations, the high specific mass of the pulse tube cryocooler offers considerable potential for application. In order to obtain a higher specific mass coaxial type pulse tube cryocooler, a comprehensive analysis of the key parameters for the weight reduction of the cryocooler has been carried out. The software Sage was used to simulate and optimize the cold finger structure. A miniature cold finger was designed and a small compressor was used. The development of a high specific mass single-stage coaxial pulse tube cooler has been accomplished, which has been demonstrated to exhibit a cooling power of 16 W at 80 K and 102 Hz. It is noteworthy that the specific mass of the cryocooler has been elevated to 3.4 W/kg, which is in excess of 90 % of the specific mass of a conventional 10 W/80 K cryocooler. Concurrently, a relative Carnot efficiency of 17.77 % has been attained.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic simulation of DALS test facility cryogenic system","authors":"Zheng Sun ,&nbsp;Xilong Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Xu ,&nbsp;Xu Shi ,&nbsp;Xinbo Dong ,&nbsp;Liangbin Hu ,&nbsp;Yaqiong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Dalian Advanced Light Source (DALS) test facility requires a 370 W cryoplant to provide cooling for four test benches. Dynamic simulations are critical for optimizing process design, refining control strategies, and enhancing operational efficiency in large-scale cryogenic systems. This study develops a comprehensive dynamic simulation model of the DALS cryogenic system using EcosimPro, encompassing both the cryoplant and distribution system. The cryoplant model integrates key components, control loops, and sequential control strategies, validated through three operational modes with results showing strong agreement with experimental data. The cooldown process of the vertical test bench is validated against experimental data, demonstrating the model’s accuracy. Furthermore, an automated cooldown method with a controlled rate is proposed and successfully implemented, providing significant operational improvements. This model serves as a valuable tool for resolving operational challenges, optimizing system performance, and training future operators of cryogenic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143911585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A data-driven based concurrent coupling approach for cryogenic propellant tank long-term pressure control predictions","authors":"Qiyun Cheng,&nbsp;Huihua Yang,&nbsp;Shanbin Shi,&nbsp;Wei Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The design and optimization of cryogenic propellant storage tanks for NASA’s future space missions require fast and accurate predictions of long-term fluid behaviors. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques are high-fidelity but computationally prohibitive. Coarse mesh nodal techniques are fast but heavily rely on empirical correlations to capture prominent three-dimensional phenomena. A data-driven based concurrent coupling (DCC) approach has been developed to integrate CFD with nodal techniques for efficient and accurate analysis. This concurrent coupling scheme generates case-specific correlations on the fly through a short period of co-solving CFD and nodal simulations, followed by a long-period nodal simulation with CFD-corrected solutions. This paper presents the approach development, stability analysis, and efficiency demonstration, specifically for modeling two-phase cryogenic propellant tank self-pressurization and periodic mixing phenomena. Linear regression is employed to derive the data-driven correlations. The self-pressurization experiments of Multipurpose Hydrogen Test Bed experiments and K-Site tank are used to validate the approach. The DCC approach accurately predicts temperature stratifications while reducing computational time by as much as 70% compared to pure CFD simulations. Additionally, the DCC approach mitigates the risks of numerical instability and correlation loss inherent in current domain decomposition or overlapping-based coupling methods, making it a flexible and user-friendly approach for integrated CFD and nodal analysis of cryogenic tank behaviors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104098"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation study of current sharing in a liquid Helium-cooled three-tape REBCO cable with defects: influence of effective electrical and thermal conductivities and thermal boundary conditions","authors":"S. Xue ,&nbsp;M.D. Sumption ,&nbsp;M. Majoros ,&nbsp;Y. Guo ,&nbsp;T. Garg ,&nbsp;E.W. Collings","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current sharing is a critical self-protecting mechanism for no-insulation coils and multi-strand cables made from REBCO coated conductors. Typically, the primary variable considered vital for current sharing is the inter-strand resistance, with surface contact resistance between superconducting wires or tapes often making a significant contribution. However, thermal conductance is also known to be an important, albeit secondary, factor for cables made from low-temperature superconductors. In this work, we demonstrate that the importance of thermal variables is even greater for current sharing in REBCO, including the effective thermal conductance within the cable and the cable’s thermal boundary condition.</div><div>We focus on finite element method (FEM) modeling of current sharing behavior in a three-layer REBCO cable with defects, where the defect density is set at one defect per 3 cm of cable. A current sharing metric (CSM) is defined as the ratio of achievable current (Ia) before thermal runaway occurs to the cable’s nominal critical current (Ic). Our simulations indicate that the CSM (Ia/Ic) increases with decreasing inter-strand contact resistance, encompassing both inter-strand electrical contact resistance (ICR) and inter-strand thermal contact resistance (ITR). We then analyze current sharing in two different initial states: equilibrium and transient. In the equilibrium state, the cable has pre-existing defects before excitation, potentially due to underlying conductor inhomogeneities or defects induced during cable formation or magnet winding. In this case, current sharing is well-distributed along the cable. In the transient state, the defect forms during service — that is, the cable is already carrying its operating current when the defect arises. Here, current sharing is limited to a region near the defective area, resulting in a lower CSM compared to the equilibrium state given the same inter-strand contact properties. Finally, we explored current sharing in the equilibrium state across a series of specific cases with varying sets of ICR and ITR. Through simulations of 40 different cases, we developed an analytic expression describing the correlation between current sharing and the inter-strand contact properties, providing a predictive framework for understanding current sharing behavior in REBCO cables.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104099"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An analytical framework for computing AC losses in the HTS insert of the EU-DEMO central solenoid","authors":"Gianluca De Marzi ,&nbsp;Valentina Corato ,&nbsp;Monika Lewandowska","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-temperature superconductors (HTS) are being explored for integration into coil systems for magnetic confinement fusion, due to their ability to extend operational margins in terms of temperature, current, and magnetic field. Recently, a conductor design based on a sector-assembled (SECAS) cable-in-conduit-conductor (CICC) concept was proposed for the innermost layer of the central solenoid (CS) module in the EU-DEMO tokamak. The dynamic nature of plasma scenarios, characterized by rapid variations in current and magnetic fields, induces significant AC losses in the superconducting magnets. These losses can be particularly pronounced during phases like plasma start-up and control operation, where field variations can be significant. In this study, we evaluate the instantaneous power losses — both hysteretic and coupling losses — during a baseline plasma scenario using an analytical model that accurately accounts for the temporal evolution of the magnetic field profile within the innermost layers of the CS1 HTS insert.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104078"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143870661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and development of an apparatus for evaluating multi-layer insulation effectiveness","authors":"Shayan Aflatounian ,&nbsp;Kai Luo ,&nbsp;Samith Sirimanna ,&nbsp;Yashraj Gurumukhi ,&nbsp;Saptarshi Joshi ,&nbsp;David H. Parker ,&nbsp;Thanatheepan Balachandran ,&nbsp;Himalaya Rautela ,&nbsp;Jianqiao Xiao ,&nbsp;Kiruba S. Haran ,&nbsp;Nenad Miljkovic","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of the cryogen-free ultra-high field superconducting (CRUISE) motor presents a significant advancement in electric propulsion technology. This is especially true for high power density applications such as aircraft propulsion. The CRUISE motor aims to achieve a rated power of 10 MW with a specific energy density of 40 kW/kg and an efficiency of 99.4 %, outperforming existing motor technologies. A key component of the CRUISE motor is the cryogenic low-loss rotor, cooled by a rotor-mounted cryocooler which can maintain the superconducting coils at 50 <!--> <!-->K. Given the limited cooling power capacity of cryocoolers, the total rotor loss must remain below 10 W, necessitating the use of a highly efficient radiation shield. In this study, a carefully designed and accurate experimental setup that directly measures small heat inputs was developed to characterize the thermal performance of multi-layer insulation (MLI) thermal shields under controlled cryogenic conditions of 50 K and above. Interleaved MLI samples with different layer numbers were tested and evaluated. By reducing parasitic heat losses, this apparatus enabled highly accurate assessment of MLI performance, underscoring the importance of layer density, compression, and fabrication quality in minimizing thermal conductance. The findings reveal that while uncompressed MLI systems meet the stringent thermal management requirements of the CRUISE motor, operational compression significantly impacts their thermal conductance. The study further validates the developed models and identifies opportunities for optimizing MLI layer alignment, spacer design, and resilience to compression, paving the way for more efficient thermal management in a variety of applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104080"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143878792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}