Cryogenics最新文献

{"title":"Experimental investigation on a sub-Kelvin adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) integrated with a 4He sorption cooler","authors":"D. Kwon ,&nbsp;J. Park ,&nbsp;S. Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper experimentally investigates a sub-Kelvin adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) with an integrated sorption pump. The developed ADR consists of a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnet, in which a single crystalline gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) with a volume of 10.4 cc is installed, and the integrated ⁴He sorption cooler. Both the magnet and the sorption cooler reject heat to a commercial 4 K two-stage Gifford-McMahon (GM) cooler. The sorption cooler provides the cooling effect through evaporation of liquid helium, which occurs inside a helium pot and is driven by a sorption pump filled with activated charcoal. In order to integrate the sorption cooler with the ADR, the GGG serves as an evaporator of the helium pot. The cooling performance of the ADR is evaluated through a continuous cyclic operation. During the regeneration process, the GGG is magnetized, and the helium pot is filled with helium desorbed from the sorption pump. Once the 4.1 <!--> <!-->T-magnetized GGG and the liquid helium in the helium pot are sufficiently cooled by the GM cooler, the sorption cooling process is initiated to precool the GGG below 2 <!--> <!-->K. Finally, the GGG is demagnetized by discharging the magnet through an external dump resistor, achieving the lowest temperature of 0.29 K. The maximum cooling capacity of the ADR at 0.8 K is estimated to be 1.35 J/cycle. Detailed results and findings are discussed in the remainder of the paper.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the effects of winding pre-tension force on electromagnetic performance of pancake coils","authors":"Dongfeng Wei ,&nbsp;Yuanwen Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The winding process plays a critical role in determining the turn-to-turn contact resistance in high-temperature superconducting (HTS) no-insulation (NI) pancake coils. Previous studies typically employed a specific contact resistivity to characterize the turn-to-turn contact resistance of the NI pancake coil. However, in practice, the turn-to-turn contact resistivity changes with many factors, such as the winding pre-tension force and anisotropy of tapes. In this paper, the turn-to-turn contact stress under different winding pre-tension forces is analyzed from both theoretical and numerical simulation perspectives. An analytical expression for turn-to-turn contact stress is derived based on the elastic theoretical and Hakiel models, followed by the formulation of an expression for stress-dependent contact resistance. Based on this, the equivalent circuit model is employed to investigate the internal current distribution, terminal voltage, charging delay of the coil under different winding pre-tension forces, as well as the current distribution of the coil with a local defect. The results indicate that the winding pre-tension forces have a significant effect on the turn-to-turn contact resistance and electromagnetic performance of pancake coils. Further, the effects of HTS tape anisotropy and bobbin stiffness on the terminal voltage of the pancake coil are also examined. The results indicate that winding core stiffness has a negligible effect, while HTS tape anisotropy significantly affects the terminal voltage. This study provides a theoretical basis for the preparation and practical application of pancake coils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104176"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Steady boiling and transient quenching of cryogenic fluids: new experiments to enable advanced propellant tank design and operations planning","authors":"Lucas E. O’Neill ,&nbsp;Michael G. Izenson ,&nbsp;Chirag R. Kharangate ,&nbsp;Logan Pirnstill ,&nbsp;Jiayuan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cryogenic fluid management and storage are key to future space missions. Engineers need accurate tools to design efficient processes and lightweight components for cryogenic fluid management (CFM) to help enable the next generation of space exploration missions. A common and critical element of CFM is the need to chill down a warm tank, fill it with liquid cryogen, and maintain liquid cryogen over extended periods until it is used or transferred. The major processes that govern the design requirements for this process are transient and often simulated using lumped-node calculation models. Pool boiling is a key phenomenon that must be modeled in a way that is accurate and compatible with these lumped-node thermal design tools. Creare and Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) are developing data and correlations for pool boiling that will support the design of efficient propellant management systems. These data and methods improve on existing technology because: (1) they are based solely on measurements of cryogenic boiling, (2) they fully account for physical differences between steady boiling and quenching, and (3) their accuracy is equal to or better than state of the art correlations across all fluids and boiling regimes. Creare is responsible for design and operation of the test facility, while CWRU is responsible for assessment of the existing literature and development of the improved correlations.</div><div>We have designed and built an experimental facility designed for gathering heat transfer data under both steady boiling and transient quenching conditions using key cryogenic propellants. We have used this facility to measure boiling curves for liquid nitrogen, liquid argon, and liquid methane over a range of pressures and orientations in both steady and transient configurations, gathering a total of 445 new steady-state data points and 5,180 new transient-quenching data points. The test matrix was selected to fill gaps in the existing literature data. We also measured boiling curves using a second test article constructed from a much thinner wall to show the impact of wall thickness on heat transfer performance and boiling regime transitions. We analyze trends in data to identify conditions when the differences between steady and transient boiling modes must be considered. This work enables formulation of new pool boiling / quenching heat transfer correlations to support design of CFM systems and procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104177"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144878742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetization loss in multi-slot stacked HTS conductors with different spacings between tapes","authors":"S.Y. Gao ,&nbsp;J.J. Xiang ,&nbsp;X.S. Yang ,&nbsp;X.J. Xin ,&nbsp;S.L. Li ,&nbsp;K.B. Shi ,&nbsp;J. Jiang ,&nbsp;Y. Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-slot stacked high-temperature superconductors (HTS) possess extremely high engineering critical current density and isotropy, allowing them to endure rapid changes in magnetic flux and providing strong mechanical stability. This gives the conductor the potential to be used in the fabrication of superconducting fusion magnets. This paper measures the magnetization AC loss of multi-slot stacked conductors from the perspective of the spacing between tapes and whether they are insulated. Additionally, simulations are conducted using the T-A equation. The results from measurements and simulations are compared to study the effects of tape spacing and inter-layer coupling on magnetization AC loss. Increased spacing between the superconducting tapes facilitates enhanced penetration of external magnetic flux. Consequently, the magnetization AC loss rises significantly with larger spacing between superconducting layers. Although coupling loss constitutes a component of total AC loss, the current homogenization induced by coupling currents may reduce the total AC loss in certain regimes through the coupling effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104175"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication and functional tests of a compact 60 kA superconducting transformer for cable test facility","authors":"Jingfeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Fang Liu ,&nbsp;Xin Li ,&nbsp;Yichao Wang ,&nbsp;Chao Dai ,&nbsp;Huan Jin ,&nbsp;Jinggang Qin ,&nbsp;Chao Zhou ,&nbsp;Peng Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a new compact (196 mm diameter), high current (±60 kA) superconducting transformer design optimized for economical operation and exceptional current capacity. The prototype employs a distinctive dual-coil architecture—a primary coil wound with 7826 turns of 0.77 mm NbTi monofilament wire and a secondary coil integrating a 32-strand NbTi Rutherford cable. This configuration enables unprecedented space efficiency while maintaining high current density. The initial cryogenic testing at 4.2 K validated the system’s capability to deliver 45 kA, achieving 75 % of its 60<!--> <!-->kA design target. After analyzing the possibility of the phenomenon, the secondary cryogenic test at 4.2 K verified the system’s ability to deliver 60 kA targets. The demonstrated performance establishes a new benchmark for laboratory-scale superconducting transformers, offering a solution for cost-sensitive research environments. By eliminating dependence on specialized cable-in-conduit conductor (CICC) components and simplifying coil fabrication, this advancement significantly lowers the technical and financial barriers to high-current testing—a crucial enabler for next-generation superconducting magnet development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104174"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling spray-bar pressure control of a large-scale liquid-hydrogen propellant tank in normal gravity","authors":"Steven A. Soriano ,&nbsp;Olga V. Kartuzova ,&nbsp;Mohammad Kassemi ,&nbsp;Daniel Hauser","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A two-phase Eulerian–Lagrangian CFD framework was developed and validated for simulating spray-bar pressure control in the Multipurpose Hydrogen Test Bed (MHTB) liquid hydrogen tank at a 25% fill level. Simulations were conducted for three configurations: a quarter-tank sector with symmetry planes, a full tank with a centrally located spray-bar, and a full tank with an experimentally accurate off-center spray-bar. The model couples a volume-of-fluid (VOF) approach with an in-house T-sat droplet sub-model that accounts for breakup, coalescence, and heat and mass transfer to the ullage vapor. All cases accurately reproduced the experimentally measured pressure reduction and ullage temperature decay during the 35-s spray cycle. The quarter-sector simulation closely matched the full-tank results while reducing computational time from weeks to days, indicating its suitability for rapid system-level studies. The full-tank representation remains necessary only when detailed ullage temperature distributions or asymmetries must be resolved. The validated framework offers a computationally efficient tool for evaluating spray-bar design parameters and supporting the development of future cryogenic fluid management systems for spaceflight applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety analysis of 55 kA high-temperature superconducting current lead under cooling loss condition","authors":"Hu Cheng ,&nbsp;Kejie Wang ,&nbsp;Shuangsong Du ,&nbsp;Ke Zhang ,&nbsp;Kaiming Jing ,&nbsp;Kaizhong Ding ,&nbsp;Yujun Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a safety analysis of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) current leads under cooling failure conditions using fundamental heat transfer principles. The HTS section of the lead employs Bi-2223/Ag-Au superconducting material as the current-carrying medium. By utilizing ANSYS software’s steady-state and transient heat transfer capabilities, an axisymmetric design was developed at a 1/90 scale of a 55-kA current lead. This scaled model indirectly reflects performance parameters while reducing experimental costs and technical complexity. Analysis results indicate a Loss of Flow Accident (LOFA) time of 560 s and an overheating time of 45 s under steady-state current conditions. Temperature-displacement relationships under different deformation degrees were also established. When temperature reaches approximately 500 K, the hotspot locates at 70 % of the lead length with a 3.8 mm deformation. Experimental test data validated the feasibility of this method, providing a reference for subsequent testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104167"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on ductile-to-brittle transition behavior and fracture mechanisms of Sn-based solder alloys under cryogenic impact loading","authors":"Yuan Peng ,&nbsp;Heng Zhang ,&nbsp;Tiantian Tan ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Fu ,&nbsp;Xiaotong Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the advancement of deep-space exploration and aerospace electronic devices, the reliability of solder joints under extreme cryogenic environments has become a critical challenge. This study systematically investigates the impact properties and fracture behaviors of three typical solder alloys, Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305), Sn-37Pb and Sn-90Pb, over a temperature range of −196 °C to 50 °C. Charpy impact tests combined with macro/micro-fractographic analysis reveal that: (1) SAC305 experiences a ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) between 0 °C and 10 °C, exhibiting complete brittle fracture at −196 °C with characteristic cleavage facets resembling “rock-candy” morphology; (2) Sn-37Pb shows a DBTT between −50 °C and −25 °C, displaying mixed ductile–brittle fracture features with quasi-cleavage planes and tear ridges at cryogenic temperatures; (3) Sn-90Pb maintains ductile fracture even at −196 °C due to the plastic superiority of Pb-rich phases, with no significant temperature dependence of the microstructure. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that the cryogenic brittleness of Sn (bct structure) dominates the fracture behavior of SAC305 and Sn-37Pb, while the high Pb content (fcc structure) preserves the plastic deformation capability of Sn-90Pb under extreme low temperatures. This work provides crucial guidance for solder selection and anti-embrittlement design in deep-space electronic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104173"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance characterization of a 20 K, High-Capacity cryocooler for Cryo Fluid Management","authors":"Kenneth J. Cragin,&nbsp;Mark V. Zagarola","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Future NASA mission architectures for travel to and habitation of the Lunar and Martian surfaces will require the capability of zero-boil-off storage and liquefaction of hydrogen. To intercept the projected heat loads on the cryogen tanks or to liquefy, a high capacity cryocooler providing refrigeration at 20 K is required. In addition to the refrigeration requirements, high overall efficiency is required to remain within overall size and power constraints. Creare developed and recently demonstrated a high-capacity turbo-Brayton cryocooler to meet these requirements and to support future NASA mission initiatives. The cryocooler is a single-stage turbo-Brayton cryocooler designed to produce 20 W of refrigeration at 20 K and reject heat at 270–300 K. Thermodynamic characterization testing demonstrated up to 22.5 W of refrigeration at 22.7 K and up to 21.4 W of refrigeration at 20 K. The maximum cryocooler COP was 16 % of the Carnot cycle at a 285 K heat rejection temperature and the minimum specific power was 80 W/W. The cooling capacity and performance of this cryocooler are new benchmarks for 20 K cryocoolers for space. This paper reviews the thermodynamic performance characterization testing of the cryocooler.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104165"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144828960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on a micro pulse tube cryocooler operating at 152 Hz","authors":"Geyang Li ,&nbsp;Tianshi Feng ,&nbsp;Menglin Liang ,&nbsp;Qingjun Tang ,&nbsp;Yuhong Zhang ,&nbsp;Houlei Chen ,&nbsp;Jia Quan","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high operating temperature space applications require lighter and more efficient pulse tube cryocoolers. A micro pulse tube cryocooler driven by a linear compressor with a dual-opposed piston arrangement is developed. The geometrical parameters of the regenerator are optimized using Sage software. Losses within the regenerator are analyzed to optimize the combination of different mesh screens. According to the simulation results, a cold finger was fabricated and experimentally tested. The total weight of the cryocooler is 260 g, and the filling ratio of the matrix in the regenerator has been optimized to improve the power density of the cryocooler in high-temperature zones. Additionally, the effect of charging pressure on performance is investigated through experiments. Operating at 152 Hz, this micro pulse tube cryocooler can provide a cooling capacity of 1.14 W at 150 K with an input electrical power of 10 W.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 104166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144828959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}