Cryogenics最新文献_第5页

Impact of fibre reinforcement on cryogenic performance of novel epoxy composites for cryogenic applications

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103995

A. Krzak , A.J. Nowak , J. Frolec , T. Králík , D. Boroński , M. Kotyk

{"title":"Impact of fibre reinforcement on cryogenic performance of novel epoxy composites for cryogenic applications","authors":"A. Krzak , A.J. Nowak , J. Frolec , T. Králík , D. Boroński , M. Kotyk","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the dynamic development of technology and science, there is an increasing demand for materials combining high mechanical resistance to extreme temperature conditions and suitable thermal properties. Especially the knowledge of heat transfers by conduction and thermal radiation is crucial for the successful design of devices operating at cryogenic temperatures, such as Dewars, cryostats, or space probes. This study aimed to assess important thermal and mechanical properties at cryogenic temperatures for three composite materials made of identical epoxy resin reinforced by carbon, basalt or glass fibres. Apart from loading/unloading cyclic tensile tests conducted at room temperature and in cryogenic environments at 77 K, thermal conductivity and total hemispherical emissivity were obtained in wide temperature ranges from 5 K up to 300 K. The results highlighted the importance of the fibre material and have potential to help with optimal material selection. We found that the initial stiffness of the laminates increased at low temperatures, and the glass composite exhibited the best mechanical properties. On the other hand, the carbon composite showed the lowest but steeply increasing thermal conductivity with increasing temperature. This, together with the lowest emissivity, makes the carbon composite a more favourable option for the lowest temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103995"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143143861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed polylactic acid part

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104000

Ayushi Gupta , Narendra Kumar , Anish Sachdeva , Gourav Kumar Sharma , Manas Kumar , Ravi Verma

{"title":"Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed polylactic acid part","authors":"Ayushi Gupta , Narendra Kumar , Anish Sachdeva , Gourav Kumar Sharma , Manas Kumar , Ravi Verma","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The article investigates the effect of cryogenic treatment on the 3-D printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) specimen. It was found that exposure of PLA specimens to the cryogenic temperature (10 K) using a cryocooler led to a 35 % increase in tensile strength in 5 h, with most improvement occurring within the first hour. The cryogenic treatment enhanced the PLA specimen’s strength and ductility due to increased crystallinity and better molecular alignment. It is likely due to the interaction of the cooling medium (helium) used in the cryocooler with the PLA specimens. Towards this, EDS analysis is performed on cryo-treated PLA specimens. The EDS analysis reveals that nickel and iron compounds were detected on the surface of the cryogenic-treated PLA specimen. These findings highlight that cryogenic treatment significantly improves PLA specimen’s mechanical properties and tensile strength. However, challenges arise, including delamination-layer separation caused by internal stresses, and must be addressed. This work will be helpful for researchers working in polymer 3-D printing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 104000"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modeling surface tension of ten binary cryogenic mixtures with a thermodynamic method and artificial neural network

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103997

Mariano Pierantozzi , Zahra Rahmani , Shahin Khosharay

引用次数: 0

Analysis of the critical current and electromagnetic forces of HTS segments in multiple pairs of current leads used in the current lead box of a fusion reactor

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103984

Hu Cheng , Yujun Dong , Shuangsong Du , Qingquan Zhang , Qingxiang Ran , Mohmmed Mun ELseed Hassaan , Runze Li , Chunlong Zou , Kaizhong Ding

{"title":"Analysis of the critical current and electromagnetic forces of HTS segments in multiple pairs of current leads used in the current lead box of a fusion reactor","authors":"Hu Cheng , Yujun Dong , Shuangsong Du , Qingquan Zhang , Qingxiang Ran , Mohmmed Mun ELseed Hassaan , Runze Li , Chunlong Zou , Kaizhong Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high-temperature superconducting current leads (HTS CLs) used in fusion reactors require multiple HTS CLs to be placed inside the current lead box (CLB) of specified dimensions. Each HTS CL not only carries a large current but also has very high safety requirements. This study, based on the first generation HTS tapes (Bi-2223/Ag-Au), analyzed the critical current distribution of a 60 kA HTS CL and evaluated optimal power supply configurations for eight HTS CLs within the CLB. It also determined the optimal distance of each lead from the center of the CLB. Through ANSYS APDL calculations, we first obtained the critical current distribution of each panel of a single CL. The analysis results indicated that the HTS segment has a current carrying capacity of 78 kA at 65 K. Secondly, the optimal power supply option adopted a positive–negative alternating approach. When the distance is 1200 mm, the total current carrying capacity of the eight CLs is 605 kA, with relatively minor differences among the minimum panels of each lead, and the electromagnetic forces for each current lead were all below 1000 N. In addition, the relationships of the critical currents, surface areas of the CLB and electromagnetic forces of eight CLs with distance were obtained. Based on the above analysis, the distance of each lead from the center of the CLB was determined to be at least 800 mm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103984"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143143863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electro-magnetic-mechanical characteristics of 3D HTS INS and NI racetrack coils in complex physical fields

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104003

Wenhai Zhou , Bingxu Su , Rongli Jia , Jiafeng Cao

{"title":"Electro-magnetic-mechanical characteristics of 3D HTS INS and NI racetrack coils in complex physical fields","authors":"Wenhai Zhou , Bingxu Su , Rongli Jia , Jiafeng Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the impact of insulation structure on the electromagnetic and mechanical properties of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils, numerical simulations are employed. A comparative study is conducted on the electrical, magnetic, and force distribution characteristics of three-dimensional (3D) racetrack insulating (INS) HTS coils versus non-insulating (NI) HTS coils under identical operating conditions and dimensions. To balance computational complexity and time, a 3D racetrack-type homogenization equivalent model is developed. INS HTS coil has no inter-turn resistance so that the current dimension is reduced by one level. A homogeneous <strong>T-A</strong> formula is used to establish anisotropic equivalent model, which enables addressing the 3D computational challenges of high aspect ratio superconductors. NI HTS coil is solved by <strong>H</strong>-method due to the presence of radial resistance. In this pure FEM model, which is not coupled with the circuit model, the real geometry in arc segment of the NI HTS coil can be equated to a concentric circle structure by using the rotational anisotropic resistivity method. It can be achieved by setting the resistivity matrix <em>ρ<sub>coil</sub></em>. Meanwhile, to explore the weakening effect of the strain inside superconducting coil on superconducting performance under multi-physical fields, the application scope of the strain dependence formula of <em>I</em><sub>c</sub> under one-dimensional (1D) mechanical loading (Ekin’s power-law formula combined with Weibull distribution function) is extended from 1D loading to 3D complex stress state. And its accuracy is verified. Then the extended formula is applied to two 3D coils. The influence of mechanical loading on the critical performance of the coil under multi-physical field conditions is compared and investigated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 104003"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A novel optimum design method and performance analysis of cryogenic hydrogen turbo-expander for hydrogen liquefaction

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103996

Xunjian Che , Hongkun Li , Zhongnong Zhang , Yibo Chen , Benan Cai , Kexin Liu , Weihua Cai

{"title":"A novel optimum design method and performance analysis of cryogenic hydrogen turbo-expander for hydrogen liquefaction","authors":"Xunjian Che , Hongkun Li , Zhongnong Zhang , Yibo Chen , Benan Cai , Kexin Liu , Weihua Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103996","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-scale hydrogen liquefaction predominantly employs the Claude cycle, incorporating a hydrogen turbo-expander for isentropic expansion to substantially reduce energy consumption. However, existing simulations often assume arbitrary turbo-expander efficiencies without considering practical feasibility under varying conditions. The evaluation and optimization of the hydrogen turbo-expander’s performance remain insufficiently explored in current studies. This research introduces a novel optimization methodology for the preliminary design of hydrogen turbo-expanders by integrating the traditional mean-line method with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). This is the first application of such an integration specifically for hydrogen turbo-expanders, addressing the unique challenges of hydrogen liquefaction. The optimized design achieves a 3.82 % increase in efficiency over conventional mean-line approaches. Moreover, this research develops a comprehensive procedure for analyzing hydrogen turbo-expander performance, investigating efficiency changes across various design parameters and operating conditions. We develop efficiency maps tailored to hydrogen’s real gas properties, employing dimensionless parameters to illustrate how design and operating conditions such as flow coefficient ϕ, loading coefficient ψ, specific speed Ns, volumetric expansion ratio VR, and turbine size SP impact efficiency. The optimized preliminary design method eliminates subjective efficiency assumptions in liquefaction simulations, provides reliable efficiency values, and reduces the computational resources and time required for subsequent detailed design procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 103996"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical evaluation of mechanical response in Bi-2223 coil under complicated loadings

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104001

Dong Wei, Donghui Liu, Huadong Yong

{"title":"Numerical evaluation of mechanical response in Bi-2223 coil under complicated loadings","authors":"Dong Wei, Donghui Liu, Huadong Yong","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A high-strength Bi-2223 Type HT-NX (reinforced with Ni-alloy) wire has been developed and commercialized. This tape is of significant utility in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other high magnetic field applications, as it is able to provide a stable magnetic field due to its multi-filamentary properties, which serves to reduce the screening effect. In this study, the external reinforcement of the Bi-2223 tape can extend the critical strain of the internal filaments, which is derived from residual strain caused by the difference of various thermal expansion coefficients during the preparation and cooling processes. To obtain electromagnetic and mechanical behaviors of the Bi-2223 coil in high field, a finite element numerical simulation based on the H-formulation is proposed. There are two modeling geometries adopted for the simulation, one is the mono-filamentary geometry in the homogenization model, and the other is the multi-filamentary geometry. The mechanical behavior of the two models differs significantly with regard to the magnetization. For the charging process, the difference will decrease with the increase of the charging current. Moreover, the cumulative strain of the coil under the combined action of winding, cooling and electromagnetic force is analyzed comprehensively. Finally, the numerical results of coil in varying positions for the two models will also be influenced by alterations in the parallel and vertical fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 104001"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Numerical and experimental investigation of 12 W/60 K high-efficiency coaxial pulse tube cryocooler” [Cryogenics 143 (2024) 10394]

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104022

Yanen Li , Nailiang Wang , Miguang Zhao , Qingjun Tang , Yuqiang Xun

引用次数: 0

Heat load efficiency in multi-temperature cryogenic computing systems

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104013

Nurzhan Zhuldassov, Rassul Bairamkulov, Eby G. Friedman

{"title":"Heat load efficiency in multi-temperature cryogenic computing systems","authors":"Nurzhan Zhuldassov, Rassul Bairamkulov, Eby G. Friedman","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heterogeneous cryogenic computing systems often incorporate a variety of technologies, each functioning at different temperatures. The chosen operating temperature of these components significantly influences the overall power dissipation, heat load, and system performance. Existing design methodologies for managing cryogenic systems with multiple temperature zones often overlook thermal variations within these zones, the interconnect between different zones, and are restricted to the temperature within a single zone. A comprehensive framework designed to enhance the efficiency of heterogeneous computing systems operating under cryogenic conditions is presented in this paper. Utilizing a graph theoretic approach, the framework is used to evaluate the influence of operating temperatures on both delay and power consumption. Thermal interactions among different system components are also considered, enabling a more precise estimate of the power requirements and local thermal load. The methodology is applied to two case studies related to cryogenic cloud computing systems. The objective is to minimize overall system-wide power consumption while satisfying specific performance criteria and considering the impact of heat load on the cooling infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104013"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modeling of solid-air dendrite growth solidification in liquid hydrogen by using isotropic quantitative phase field method

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104024

Chaolong Li, Ke Li, Jian Wen, Lei Wang, Yanzhong Li

{"title":"Modeling of solid-air dendrite growth solidification in liquid hydrogen by using isotropic quantitative phase field method","authors":"Chaolong Li, Ke Li, Jian Wen, Lei Wang, Yanzhong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The safety hazards caused by solid-air accumulation in liquid hydrogen need attention. This paper is dedicated to the numerical reproduction of the microstructural evolution of solid-air dendrites in liquid hydrogen and the investigation of the oxygen solute distribution pattern. A quantitative phase field model for the growth of six-fold symmetric solid-air dendrites is developed to investigate the growth behavior of solid-air single and multiple dendrites under different subcooling and continuous cooling conditions to address the quantitative deficiencies of previous studies. The results show that the current model can maintain the rotational invariance of solid-air dendrites. With the escalation of subcooling, the dendritic morphology undergoes heightened complexity, and the development of secondary dendrite arms becomes more pronounced. Three characteristic position curves were chosen to quantify the oxygen solute distribution within the solid-air dendrites and in the liquid phase, with the highest oxygen solute concentration near the solid–liquid interface and increasing with subcooling. The distribution of oxygen solute concentration shows the same qualitative characteristics under constant subcooling and continuous cooling conditions, but the oxygen concentration at the solid–liquid interface is higher under continuous cooling compared to constant subcooling. The interaction of multiple dendrites changes the dendrite growth pattern. At constant subcooling, solid-air dendrite growth gradually tends to stagnate, whereas under continuous cooling conditions, solid-air dendrites can achieve greater solid phase fraction. The gaps formed between the dendrites impede the diffusion of oxygen solutes, and the concentration of oxygen solutes is higher at the grain boundaries of the dendrites compared to single dendrite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104024"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0