Cryogenics最新文献

{"title":"Effect of HTS tape resistive layers cross-sectional area on the inrush current waveform of a 13.8 kVA transformer","authors":"Grzegorz Komarzyniec,&nbsp;Oleksandr Boiko","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under certain circumstances, when inrushing a superconducting transformer into the power grid, a current many times the rated current of the device may flow. This current can interfere with the operation of the power grid and the equipment connected to it including transformers. The value of the inrush current and its duration is strongly influenced by the resistance of the windings of the transformer being switched on. In normal operation, the superconducting windings of the transformer have zero resistance. As a result, the inrush currents of superconducting transformers reach higher values and longer durations compared to transformers with copper windings. It is possible to build a superconducting transformer that exhibits the ability to dampen the inrush current. This requires designing the windings to be capable of losing and recovering the superconducting state without the risk of damage due to dynamic forces and temperature rise. The resistance of superconducting tapes in the resistive state is crucial. This resistance largely depends on the structure of the superconducting tape used in their construction. The type and cross-sectional area of the resistive layers of the tape have a large influence on this resistance. This paper analyses how changing the thickness of these layers affects the suppression of inrush current.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recognition of fracture stages of CHN01 austenitic stainless steel by acoustic emission at cryogenic temperature","authors":"Botao Zhang ,&nbsp;Rong Bao ,&nbsp;Jingjing Dai ,&nbsp;Wentao Sun ,&nbsp;Chuanjun Huang ,&nbsp;Li Shi ,&nbsp;Yuchen Zhao ,&nbsp;Hongyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Wenyue Zheng ,&nbsp;Laifeng Li ,&nbsp;Yuan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the fracture behavior of CHN01 austenitic stainless steel at cryogenic temperature (77 K) was systematically investigated using an integrated approach combining mechanical testing and acoustic emission (AE) analysis. Tensile and fracture toughness tests were performed on solid solution heat-treated CHN01 specimens, revealing exceptional mechanical performance with a yield strength (<em>Rp_0.2</em>) of 1057 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength (<em>R_m</em>) of 1602 MPa, and a provisional fracture toughness (<em>K_Q</em>) of 201 MPa·m^1/2. Concurrently, AE signals recorded during fracture testing were analyzed using an optimized unsupervised k-means clustering algorithm. Two distinct AE signal clusters were identified, i.e. cluster 1, characterized by high-frequency, low-energy, and continuous features, which are associated with elastic microcracking; and cluster 2, exhibiting low-frequency, high-energy, and burst characteristics, indicative of plastic energy dissipation. Analysis of the AE data revealed that during the linear elastic deformation phase, 91.6 % of the recorded signals originated from cluster 1, while in the nonlinear phase, almost all AE signals were from cluster 1—suggesting that the energy released during crack propagation was predominantly absorbed by the evolving plastic zone. These findings underscore the potential of integrating AE monitoring with mechanical testing to provide robust, real-time insights into fracture processes at cryogenic temperatures, thereby offering valuable guidance for material selection, crack monitoring, and early warning in cryogenic applications such as high field superconducting magnets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144703979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison study of three displacer type phase shifters in a two-stage Stirling type pulse tube refrigerator working around liquid hydrogen temperature","authors":"Xiaomin Pang ,&nbsp;Haitao Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaotao Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Dai ,&nbsp;Suxia Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With growing demand of high efficiency and compact cooling systems for the applications of space detectors, superconductivity and infrared detectors, pulse tube refrigerator (PTR) shows great promise. Ambient displacer phase shifter (AM-D) has gained popularity due to its compactness and recovering acoustic power. While achieving satisfied phase relationship and cooling efficiency remains challenging in multi-stage PTR operating below 20 K. Thus, cold displacer (CO-D) and thermal gradient displacer (TR-D) are proposed in this paper, which relocates the lower-stage displacer from ambient temperature to the upper-stage cold end. This could improve the phase shift ability and reduce the exergy losses in lower stage pulse tube. Theoretical analyses are first performed on phase shifting mechanism of three type displacer phase shifters. Following that, simulations are carried out to investigate the influence of displacer parameters, including compliance volumes, moving mass, spring stiffness and mechanical damper. Results indicate that PTR using CO-D or TR-D can achieve a cooling capacity of around 2.3 W, representing a 35 % increase over AM-D. Axial variations of phase relationship and acoustic power are compared, exergy losses and dual-temperature cooling capacities are then investigated. CO-D and TR-D phase shifters demonstrate the potential of attaining higher efficiency at liquid hydrogen temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104149"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Horizontal 1 K refrigerator with novel loading mechanism for polarized solid targets","authors":"J. Brock ,&nbsp;C. Carlin ,&nbsp;D. Griffith ,&nbsp;M. Hoegerl ,&nbsp;P. Hood ,&nbsp;C. Flanagan ,&nbsp;T. Kageya ,&nbsp;C.D. Keith ,&nbsp;V. Lagerquist ,&nbsp;J.D. Maxwell ,&nbsp;D.M. Meekins ,&nbsp;P. Pandey ,&nbsp;S. Witherspoon","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We describe a helium evaporation refrigerator used to cool dynamically polarized proton and deuteron targets for electron-scattering experiments using the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer CLAS12 at Jefferson Lab. The geometry of the CLAS12 detector systems places severe design and construction constraints on the refrigerator and its ancillary equipment, resulting in a horizontal cryostat with a length of 4 m. The 16 cm³ target samples, consisting of frozen ammonia (NH₃ or ND₃), are loaded at the upstream end of the cryostat and moved to the beam-interaction region using a novel transport mechanism. At this location they are cooled with superfluid helium and polarized via dynamic nuclear polarization at 1 K and 5 T. In this manner samples can be replaced and cooled to 1 K in about 30 minutes without disturbing any elements of the electron beam line or particle detection system. We estimate that this method saved 18 days of valuable beam time over the course of a recent, 88-day long experiment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104146"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fuzzy logic-based control of superconducting closed-loop current with a linear-motor type flux pump","authors":"Yong Lei,&nbsp;Haoyan Liu,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;Chenghuai Wu,&nbsp;Mengchao Zhang,&nbsp;Lin He,&nbsp;Peng Liu,&nbsp;Li Zhou,&nbsp;Yan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High temperature superconducting (HTS) flux pumps inject superconducting current directly into the HTS closed-loop, eliminating the need for thermally inefficient current leads. To achieve highly accurate closed-loop current, the current control based on flux pump is a topic requires in-depth study. This paper investigates a fuzzy logic control to achieve fast and precise current control with linear-motor type flux pump. The control strategy is originated from the discovered macroscopic magnetic coupling effect (MMCE) . With this method, we optimize and control the DC bias magnetic field to achieve fast and accurate closed-loop current control. In this experiment, we define five degrees of magnetic DC bias field, by which we stabilize the pumping current within 0.6 ‰ accuracy. The precise control of superconducting currents has been achieved, and the influence of the DC background magnetic field on magnetic coupling effects has been verified. This control algorithm is important for HTS applications requiring high current precision, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), etc.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104148"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of initial frost surface coverage characteristics on cryogenic cold surfaces under natural convection","authors":"Fengjiao Yu ,&nbsp;Hongbing Chen ,&nbsp;Yanxia Li ,&nbsp;Zhenqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Li ,&nbsp;Zhongliang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experimental investigations of frost formation initial stage on vertical cold plate surface under the conditions of natural convection reveal distinct growth patterns of initial frost crystals across temperatures ranging from −50 ℃ to −190 ℃. Frosting mechanism is significantly influenced by the cold plate temperature, which changes from the cold surface condensation/desublimation to the boundary layer condensation/desublimation as cold plate temperatures decrease. Correspondingly, frost crystal growth characteristics under different frost mechanisms are also different, which are first reflected in the frost formation initial stage. The effects of cold plate temperatures especially lower than −100 ℃ as well as the environmental parameters on the frost crystal coverage was focused. It has been discovered that frost crystal coverage increases as cold plate temperature drops from −50 ℃ to −100 ℃. Similarly, the rate of frost crystal coverage increases significantly first with air temperature and relative humidity, after that their influence weakens with higher air values. However, at lower temperatures from −100 ℃ to −170 ℃, frost crystal coverage decreases with further cooling, while air temperature and relative humidity exhibit negligible influence on early frost formation, with their effects weakening progressively at colder conditions. Changes in the frost formation mechanism are the primary reason for this phenomenon. This paper can enhance the comprehension of the frost formation initial stage and provide a reference for defrosting and frost suppression on cryogenic surfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144634007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation and loss analysis on a two-stage GM cryocooler working at liquid helium temperatures","authors":"Tian Gao,&nbsp;Chongtian Wu,&nbsp;Xin Chen,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Zhi,&nbsp;Limin Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-stage Gifford-McMahon Cryocoolers (GMC) working in liquid helium temperature range are widely utilized in various fields such as low-temperature superconductors, cryogenic medical instruments, and quantum computing. However, even though they have achieved mature commercialization, their current cooling capacity and efficiency remain low for a long time in the scientific and industrial applications. An in-depth analysis of the loss distribution characteristics of GM cryocooler is crucial for guiding further performance optimization. This study establishes a comprehensive numerical simulation model for a domestically produced GM cryocooler working at liquid helium temperatures. The coupling between compressor, rotary valve, and cold head is considered. Detailed investigation on the loss characteristics in different components at different cooling temperatures are carried out. Results indicate that as the cooling temperature decreases, the proportion of the loss in the compressor and rotary valve decreases, while that of the cold head increases due to the real gas effect. At cooling temperature of 4.2 K, the loss proportions of these three components are 2689.0 W (46.2 %), 1138.9 W (19.6 %), and 1879.6 W (32.3 %), respectively. In the rotary valve, more than 70 % of its total loss is caused by friction (e.g. 793.8 W at 4.2 K). To compare the effects of different loss on the 2^nd-stage cooling capacity, gross cooling capacity <span><math><mrow><msub><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mi>g</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> is used. When lower than 8 K, the <span><math><mrow><msub><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mi>g</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> of loss in the cold head is mainly due to the real gas effect (e.g. 17.53 W at 4.2 K). When higher than 8 K, the <span><math><mrow><msub><mover><mi>Q</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mi>g</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> of 1^st-stage irreversible heat transfer loss dominates (e.g. 15.95 W at 12 K), followed by the pressure drop loss. Therefore, to improve the performance of the cold head, best to reduce the real gas loss when lower than 8 K, and adjusting the porosity and specific heat of the fillers in the regenerator should be considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of heat exchanger configuration and operating conditions of thermal energy storage unit for liquid air energy storage","authors":"Kyoung Joong Kim,&nbsp;Jinwook Kim,&nbsp;Sangkwon Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents the study on a thermal energy storage unit (TESU) with its effectiveness greater than 0.9. A heat diffusion model is developed to predict the precise thermal behavior of the TESU and determine its detailed specifications. Based on this model, the TESU is designed and manufactured for laboratory-scale experiments. The TESU is tested with various shuttle masses (6 g–18 g) of cryogenic nitrogen at an operating pressure of 30 bar. Under the experimental conditions, a higher mass flow rate in the range increases the efficiency of the TESU. Using the spiral-plate type heat exchanger instead of the coil type improves thermal performance by reducing the thermally dead volume and enhancing the active heat exchange. The effectiveness of each spiral-plate type or coil type heat exchangers is achieved up to 0.92 or 0.82, respectively. The comparative analysis between the thermal model and the experiments reveals the strong influence of the operating conditions on thermally dead volume, emphasizing the need for precise TESU design tailored to the specific LAES system requirements. The validated heat diffusion model shows that minimizing temperature non-uniformity in the heat exchanger reduces entropy generation and exergy loss due to heat diffusion. This study experimentally demonstrates the feasibility of achieving high effectiveness value of a TESU and suggests that the proposed approach should be extended to actual-scale LAES systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electromechanical properties and microstructural evolution of REBCO coated conductor tapes under fatigue loading","authors":"Yuanzhou Pan ,&nbsp;Xingzhe Wang ,&nbsp;Mingzhi Guan ,&nbsp;Xiaoke Mu","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Various types of fatigue loading conditions, including exposure to periodic electromagnetic forces and repeated thermal cycles, are unavoidable in applications utilizing Rare-Earth-Barium-Copper-Oxide (REBCO) coated conductor (CC) tapes. Fatigue loadings might irreversibly degrade the superconducting properties of REBCO CC tapes and significantly influence the long-term reliability of superconducting magnets winded by the REBCO CC tapes, warranting extensive analysis. However, most studies in literature use quasi-static tensile tests to evaluate the electromechanical characteristics of REBCO CC tapes. Detailed analysis of the electromechanical behavior and microstructural evolution of REBCO CC tapes subjected to fatigue loadings are scarce and the relationship between the microstructural changes and macro-multi-field responses for REBCO CC tapes subjected to fatigue loading conditions remain unclear. Elucidating the microstructural changes and macro-behavior of REBCO CC tapes subjected to fatigue loadings is critical to assess the reliability of superconducting magnets. In this study, the electromechanical fatigue properties of EuBCO CC tapes manufactured by Shanghai Superconductor Technology Co., Ltd. were investigated under different values of maximum stress (σ_max), number of fatigue cycles (N) and stress ratio (R). The effects of σ_max and R on the superconducting properties for EuBCO CC tapes were compared. At the microscopic level, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were used to observe microcracks formations and analyze the local plastic strain and the misorientation angles in the superconducting film during fatigue loading. Based on experimental results, the deterioration in the superconducting properties of EuBCO CC tapes on fatigue loading was ascribed to the increased misorientation angles and the local plastic strain, which led to the destruction of the original texture of the superconducting layer in the system. The findings of this study are expected to assist manufacturers in improving the electromechanical properties of commercial REBCO tape, facilitating their application in advanced technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104143"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep learning-based super-resolution reconstruction model for cavitation images in cryogenic flow fields","authors":"Zhao Zidong ,&nbsp;Wang Ximing ,&nbsp;Wei Aibo ,&nbsp;Xu Zhengnan ,&nbsp;Zhang Xiaobin","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Obtaining cavitation images of cryogenic fluid flow fields with high temporal and spatial resolution has important scientific value for revealing the mechanism of cryogenic cavitation. This study develops a super-resolution (SR) reconstruction model for cryogenic cavitation flow fields based on deep learning architectures (SRCNN, SRResNet, SRGAN, SwinIR) trained on the datasets obtained from Venturi tube liquid nitrogen (LN₂) cavitation flows. Results show that the proposed model achieves ×4 and ×8 spatial resolution enhancement of the cavitation images, thus restoring flow field details well. By analyzing the performance of the model under different pressure ratios <em>P_r</em> inside and outside the dataset, and combining it with the convergent-divergent nozzle LN₂ flow field data for verification, it is found that the proposed model can accurately recover fine cavitation flow features from low-resolution inputs while maintaining the temporal coherence and exhibiting good generalization across operational conditions. Quantitative analysis shows that the model based on SwinIR performs better in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index measure (SSIM), and image standard deviation metrics, maintaining robustness even in severe cavitation information loss. The proposed method provides an effective SR analysis tool for cavitation experiments and has important application value for exploring the cryogenic cavitation mechanism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"150 ","pages":"Article 104142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}