Cortex最新文献

{"title":"Neural circuit mapping of waiting impulsivity and proactive inhibition with convergent evidence from fMRI and TMS","authors":"Kwangyeol Baek ,&nbsp;Nikolina Skandali ,&nbsp;Samantha N. Sallie ,&nbsp;Saurabh Sonkusare ,&nbsp;Alekhya Mandali ,&nbsp;Valentin Ritou ,&nbsp;Violeta Casero ,&nbsp;Valerie Voon","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Waiting and stopping are essential and distinct elements of motor response inhibition. Waiting impulsivity has been traditionally studied in humans with choice serial reaction time tasks. Proactive stopping is one form of stopping relevant to waiting impulsivity and the neural substrates underlying their interaction are not well defined.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted two separate, but hierarchical studies. In the first we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), a choice reaction time task and a novel proactive stopping task, in <em>N</em> = 41 healthy volunteers to map the overlapping neural circuit involved in waiting impulsivity and proactive stopping. In the second study, we aimed to provide mechanistic and causal evidence that disruption of this circuit with continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS; an inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol) affected waiting impulsivity. We recruited <em>N</em> = 51 healthy, right-handed volunteers in a single-blind, randomized, between-subjects design who were randomly allocated to stimulation (<em>N</em> = 26) and sham (<em>N</em> = 25) groups and subsequently performed a choice reaction time task.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the first study, we showed; 1. a shared neural network comprising the pre- supplementary motor area and bilateral anterior insula underlying both waiting impulsivity and proactive stopping, and 2. activity in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and left inferior frontal gyrus negatively correlated with waiting impulsivity in trials with additional target onset delay. In the second study, we demonstrated that inactivation of the left inferior frontal gyrus using cTBS significantly increased waiting impulsivity in a choice reaction time task.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings highlight the relevance of task design in assessing motor response inhibition and the role of the left inferior frontal gyrus integrity and related neural circuitry in waiting impulsivity and proactive stopping. We also leverage the use of convergent evidence from multi-modal investigation tools in addressing the causal neural areas underlying distinct forms of impulsivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 194-208"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme ingroup and outgroup perspectives counter-intuitively impact intergroup polarisation at the level of neural oscillations","authors":"Annika Kluge ,&nbsp;Jonathan Levy","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A powerful example of affective polarisation occurred between vaccine-supporters and -opposers when vaccinations were implemented to counter the recent global pandemic. In this social neuroscience study, we scanned 121 vaccine-supporters using magnetoencephalography to evaluate three levels of polarisation: explicit, implicit, and neural — and then to test whether exposing people to extreme ingroup perspectives (following the paradoxical thinking principles) or extreme outgroup perspectives can modulate those levels of affective polarisation between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. We show that a neural proxy for intergroup polarisation, expressed as late prefrontal beta rhythm suppression, can detect subtle changes in affective polarisation. More specifically, we find that exposing vaccine-supporters to extreme ingroup (i.e., pro-vaccination) viewpoints leads to a decrease in this neural proxy of affective polarisation. Conversely, exposure to extreme outgroup (i.e., anti-vaccination) narratives increases polarisation, which in turn predicts a decrease in positive affect towards vaccine opposers almost one year later. Altogether, the results show that although it may seem intuitive to expose people to counter-arguments (i.e., extreme outgroup perspectives) to change their opinions, such an approach can backlash and increase polarisation instead. However, using subtler methods such as the paradoxical thinking intervention (i.e., extreme ingroup perspectives) for attitude change can have the desired effects and reduce intergroup polarisation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 250-262"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143196523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the electrophysiological correlates of valence and expectancy in reward processing – A multi-lab replication","authors":"Katharina Paul ,&nbsp;Douglas J. Angus ,&nbsp;Florian Bublatzky ,&nbsp;Raoul Wüllhorst ,&nbsp;Tanja Endrass ,&nbsp;Lisa-Marie Greenwood ,&nbsp;Greg Hajcak ,&nbsp;Bradley N. Jack ,&nbsp;Sebastian P. Korinth ,&nbsp;Leon O.H. Kroczek ,&nbsp;Boris Lucero ,&nbsp;Annakarina Mundorf ,&nbsp;Sophie Nolden ,&nbsp;Jutta Peterburs ,&nbsp;Daniela M. Pfabigan ,&nbsp;Antonio Schettino ,&nbsp;Mario Carlo Severo ,&nbsp;Yee Lee Shing ,&nbsp;Gözem Turan ,&nbsp;Melle J.W. van der Molen ,&nbsp;Gilles Pourtois","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two event-related brain potential (ERP) components, the frontocentral feedback-related negativity (FRN) and the posterior P300, are key in feedback processing. The FRN typically exhibits greater amplitude in response to negative and unexpected outcomes, whereas the P300 is generally more pronounced for positive outcomes. In an influential ERP study, Hajcak et al., (2005) manipulated outcome valence and expectancy in a guessing task. They found the FRN was larger for negative outcomes regardless of expectancy, and the P300 larger for unexpected outcomes regardless of valence. These findings challenged the dominant Reinforcement Learning Theory of the ERN. We aimed to replicate these results within the #EEGManyLabs project (Pavlov et al., 2021) across thirteen labs. Our replication, including robustness tests, a PCA and Bayesian models, found that both FRN and P300 were significantly modulated by outcome valence and expectancy: FRN amplitudes (no-reward - reward) were largest for unexpected outcomes, and P300 amplitudes were largest for reward outcomes. These results were consistent across different methods and analyses. Although our findings only partially replicate the original study, they underscore the complexity of feedback processing and demonstrate how aspects of Reinforcement Learning Theory may apply to the P300 component, reinforcing the need for rigorous ERP research methodologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 150-171"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143037139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hemispheric asymmetries in the auditory cortex reflect discriminative responses to temporal details or summary statistics of stationary sounds","authors":"Martina Berto ,&nbsp;Patrick Reisinger ,&nbsp;Emiliano Ricciardi ,&nbsp;Nathan Weisz ,&nbsp;Davide Bottari","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.09.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.09.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The processing of stationary sounds relies on both local features and compact representations. As local information is compressed into summary statistics, abstract representations emerge. Whether the brain is endowed with distinct neural architectures predisposed to such computations is unknown. In this magnetoencephalography (MEG) study, we employed a validated protocol to localize cortical correlates of local and summary auditory representations, exposing participants to sequences embedding triplets of synthetic sound textures systematically varying for either local details or summary statistics. Sounds varied for their duration and could be short (40 ms) or long (478 ms) to favor change detections based on local or summary statistics, respectively. Results clearly revealed distinct activation patterns for local features and summary auditory statistics. Neural activations diverged in magnitude, spatiotemporal distribution, and hemispheric lateralization. The right auditory cortex, comprising both primary and neighboring temporal and frontal regions were engaged to detect sound changes in both local features (for short sounds) and summary statistics (for long sounds). Conversely, the left auditory cortex was not selective to these auditory changes. However, the ventro-lateral portion of left frontal lobe, a region associated with sound recognition, was engaged in processing changes in summary statistics at a long sound duration. These findings highlight the involvement of distinct cortical pathways and hemispheric lateralization for the computation of local and summary acoustic information occurring at different temporal resolutions.</div></div><div><h3>Significant statement</h3><div>We revealed hemispheric specializations for auditory computations at high (local) and low (summary statistics) temporal resolutions. The right hemisphere was engaged for both computations, while the left hemisphere responded more to summary statistics changes. These findings highlight the multifaceted functions of the right hemisphere in capturing acoustic properties of stationary sounds and the left hemisphere's involvement in processing abstract representations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 79-95"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Putting things into perspective: Which visual cues facilitate automatic extraretinal symmetry representation?","authors":"Elena Karakashevska ,&nbsp;Marco Bertamini ,&nbsp;Alexis D.J. Makin","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Objects project different images when viewed from varying locations, but the visual system can correct perspective distortions and identify objects across viewpoints. This study investigated the conditions under which the visual system allocates computational resources to construct view-invariant, extraretinal representations, focusing on planar symmetry. When a symmetrical pattern lies on a plane, its symmetry in the retinal image is degraded by perspective. Visual symmetry activates the extrastriate visual cortex and generates an Event Related Potential (ERP) called Sustained Posterior Negativity (SPN). Previous research has shown that the SPN is reduced for perspective symmetry during secondary tasks. We hypothesized that <strong>perspective cost</strong> would decrease when visual cues support extraretinal representation. To test this, 120 participants viewed symmetrical and asymmetrical stimuli presented in a frontoparallel or perspective view. The task did not explicitly involve symmetry; participants discriminated the luminance of the patterns. Participants completed four experimental blocks: (1) <strong>Baseline block</strong>: no depth cues; (2) <strong>Monocular viewing block</strong>: stimuli viewed with one eye; (3) <strong>Static frame block</strong>: pictorial depth cues from elements within a flat surface with edges; (4) <strong>Moving frame block</strong>: motion parallax enhanced 3D interpretation before stimulus onset. Perspective cost was calculated as the difference between SPN responses to frontoparallel and perspective views. Contrary to our pre-registered hypotheses, the perspective cost was consistent across all four blocks. We conclude that the tested visual cues do not substantially reduce the computational cost of processing perspective symmetry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 131-149"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143037130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural sensitivity to others' belief states in infancy predicts later theory of mind reasoning in childhood","authors":"Yiyu Liu ,&nbsp;Eden Moss ,&nbsp;Fransisca Ting ,&nbsp;Daniel C. Hyde","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While pre-verbal infants may be sensitive to others' mental states, they are not able to accurately answer questions about them until several years later, an ability referred to as having a theory of mind. Here we ask whether infant social-cognitive sensitivity is subserved by the same brain mechanisms as those that support theory of mind in childhood. To do so, we explored the relationship between functional sensitivity of the right temporal-parietal junction to mental state processing in infancy, a region known to underlie theory of mind in older children, and explicit theory of mind reasoning in the same group several years later. In a small initial sample (<em>N</em> = 33), we find evidence of a longitudinal brain-behavioral link from infancy to childhood, providing preliminary support for a common mechanism for theory of mind across development. However, the brain metric that was predictive of individual differences was not the response to conditions that required tracking the beliefs, but instead, the response to a control condition where belief tracking was not obligatory to predict others' behavior. In hindsight, the ambiguity of this control condition may have best distinguished between infants who had different propensities to engage in belief tracking, suggesting a potential role for active experience in infancy contributing to individual differences in later theory of mind development in childhood. Given the exploratory nature of the study, other alternative explanations for these results must also be considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 96-105"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143001617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delayed primacy recall in AVLT is associated with medial temporal tau PET burden in cognitively unimpaired adults","authors":"Ainara Jauregi-Zinkunegi ,&nbsp;Tobey Betthauser ,&nbsp;Cynthia M. Carlsson ,&nbsp;Barbara B. Bendlin ,&nbsp;Ozioma Okonkwo ,&nbsp;Nathaniel A. Chin ,&nbsp;Sanjay Asthana ,&nbsp;Rebecca E. Langhough ,&nbsp;Sterling C. Johnson ,&nbsp;Kimberly D. Mueller ,&nbsp;Davide Bruno","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be diagnosed by <em>in vivo</em> abnormalities of amyloid-β plaques (A) and tau accumulation (T) biomarkers. Previous studies have shown that analyses of serial position performance in episodic memory tests, and especially, delayed primacy, are associated with AD pathology even in individuals who are cognitively unimpaired. The earliest signs of cortical tau pathology are observed in medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions, yet it is unknown if serial position markers are also associated with early tau load in these regions. This study of cognitively unimpaired older individuals examined whether serial position scores in word-list recall cross-sectionally predicted tau PET load in the MTL, and were able to discriminate between biomarker profiles, based on AT classification.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data from 490 participants (mean age = 68.8 ± 7.2) were extracted from two cohorts, which were merged into one sample. Linear regression analyses were carried out with regional volume-controlled tau (18F-MK-6240) PET SUVR of the entorhinal cortex (EC), parahippocampal cortex (PHC) and hippocampus (H) as outcomes, cross-sectional memory scores from the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test as predictors (total and delayed recall, along with serial position scores) and control variables, in separate analyses for each outcome and predictor. The sample was then stratified by biomarker profile and ANCOVAs were conducted with the strongest scores from the regression analyses, AT groups as fixed factor and the covariates.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Higher delayed primacy significantly predicted lower tau PET in EC, PHC, and H, cross-sectionally. Higher total recall scores predicted lower EC tau, but delayed primacy showed the best model fit, as indicated by AICs. ANCOVAs showed that AVLT metrics did not significantly discriminate between A−T− and A+T+, after correcting for multiple comparisons.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Serial position analysis of word-list recall, particularly delayed primacy, may be a valuable tool for identifying <em>in vivo</em> tau pathology in cognitively unimpaired individuals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"184 ","pages":"Pages 47-57"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142969943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outside the box: A celebration of Sergio Della Sala’s contribution to neuropsychology and science dissemination","authors":"Robert D. McIntosh ,&nbsp;Sarah E. MacPherson ,&nbsp;Stefano Cappa","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"182 ","pages":"Pages 1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143001629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Definition: Aphantasia","authors":"Adam Zeman ,&nbsp;Merlin Monzel ,&nbsp;Joel Pearson ,&nbsp;Christian O. Scholz ,&nbsp;Julia Simner","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"182 ","pages":"Pages 212-213"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142125087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The fickleness of forgetting: When, why, and how do patient groups differ (or not)?","authors":"Michael D. Kopelman","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2024.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This commentary will review recent findings regarding forgetting rates in patient groups, including observations from some older, less cited studies. It will draw attention to studies (and reviews) indicating faster forgetting of recalled or recollected memories, relative to recognition or familiarity-based memory. Secondly, it will focus upon the variability of findings in forgetting rate studies, including variability of performance between individuals within groups, inconsistency by individuals across test sessions and/or when tested many years apart, and discordance between equivalent or near-equivalent studies. Thirdly, it will consider the distinction between studies finding early forgetting or progressive/quantitative memory loss and those suggesting a later, ‘qualitative’ change in forgetting rate. The latter pattern, most commonly seen in epilepsy cases, may be relatively infrequent when appropriate account has been taken of variation in controls' performance, and effect sizes can be low. There is also a need for an adequate neurobiological account of this delayed (or ‘later’) forgetting. Fourthly, the major contributions of Sergio Della Sala, Alan Baddeley, and their colleagues will be reviewed, drawing our attention to important factors in experimental design, such as the presence or absence of repeated practice, recall of gist versus peripheral detail, and parallel forgetting curves from different levels of initial learning. The paper concludes with a summary of the major findings in (i) healthy participants (including studies of normal ageing), (ii) memory-disordered patients arising from focal lesions, (iii) Alzheimer and MCI patients, and (iv) epilepsy patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"182 ","pages":"Pages 12-28"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142260912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}