Current Developments in Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"A Method for Assessing the Prevalence of Food Insecurity in Older Adults Based on Resource Constraints and Food-Related Physical Functioning Limitations","authors":"AnnieBelle J Sassine ,&nbsp;Matthew P Rabbitt ,&nbsp;Alisha Coleman-Jensen ,&nbsp;Alanna J Moshfegh ,&nbsp;Nadine R Sahyoun","doi":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Older adults with food-related physical functioning limitations often face food insecurity because of challenges that go beyond resource constraints. Difficulties with food acquisition at retailers, and food preparation and consumption are not captured by the United States Department of Agriculture’s food security measure.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The objective of this study was to develop a method to assess the overall prevalence of food insecurity regardless of underlying cause using validated measures that capture both food-related physical functioning limitations and resource-constraint food hardships. It also aims to examine the validity of this method in relation to sociodemographic characteristics, health, appetite, and dietary outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using information from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2007–2018), 10,237 adults aged 60 y and older with complete food security and food-related physical functioning limitations data were included in the study. Comparisons of the cross-classification method and the standard food security methods are made and their relationships with depression, self-reported health, and healthy eating index 2015 are examined using multiple linear regression models.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Using the cross-classification method, prevalence of low and very low food security because of resource constraints and food-related physical functioning limitations was found to be higher (13.6% and 7.3%, respectively) compared with food insecurity based solely on resource constraints (4.7% and 3.3%, respectively) or food-related physical functioning limitations (11.4% and 4.4%). Low and very low food security levels using the cross-classification method were associated with higher odds of depression and poor self-reported health, compared with the standard United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) resource-constrained food security measure.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The cross-classification method enables the identification of potentially food insecure older adults who might be classified otherwise if only each measure is used alone. This method serves as guidance for using both measures jointly to estimate food insecurity, regardless of its cause.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10756,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Nutrition","volume":"8 12","pages":"Article 104494"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Height-Age as An Alternative to Height-For-Age z-Scores to Assess the Effect of Interventions on Child Linear Growth in Low- and Middle-Income Countries","authors":"Kelly M Watson ,&nbsp;Alison SB Dasiewicz ,&nbsp;Diego G Bassani ,&nbsp;Chun-Yuan Chen ,&nbsp;Huma Qamar ,&nbsp;Karen M O'Callaghan ,&nbsp;Daniel E Roth","doi":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Assessments of the efficacy of interventions to improve child growth are often based on differences in mean height-for-age <em>z</em>-scores (HAZ) and stunting (HAZ&lt;−2) in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, this approach does not account for children’s starting skeletal age and does not enable assessment of the extent to which interventions optimized linear growth.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The objectives of this study were to develop and apply a new method using height-age to express linear growth effects in RCTs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Longitudinal individual participant data (IPD) from a Bangladeshi trial cohort were used to compare height-age estimates derived from individual-level heights, mean raw height, or mean HAZ. Then, using mean height-age as a proxy for skeletal age, we developed the \"proportion of maximal benefit\" (PMB) metric to quantify intervention effects relative to optimal growth for children’s starting skeletal age. Optimal growth occurs when height-age increases in parallel with chronologic age (i.e., PMB = 100%), whereas no effect (compared with control) corresponds to a PMB of 0%. Linear growth outcomes in 4 published RCTs of nutrition-specific interventions were re-expressed as mean height-age and PMB and compared with effects conventionally expressed as intervention-compared with-control mean differences (MD) in HAZ.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Mean height-age could be derived from any published estimate of mean raw height or mean HAZ; however, to calculate the PMB, height or HAZ data were required at both the beginning and end of the observation period. Interpretations of intervention effects were consistent when expressed as either the height-age MD or HAZ MD. In contrast, the PMB does not have a corresponding metric on the HAZ scale and, therefore, provided a new way to quantify intervention efficacy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Height-age can be used as an alternative to HAZ to express intervention effects. The PMB has the advantage of conveying the extent to which an intervention improved average linear growth in relation to a biologically-defined benchmark.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10756,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Nutrition","volume":"8 12","pages":"Article 104495"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slower Pace of Epigenetic Aging and Lower Inflammatory Indicators in Females Following a Nutrient-Dense, Plant-Rich Diet Than Those in Females Following the Standard American Diet","authors":"Deana M Ferreri ,&nbsp;Jay T Sutliffe ,&nbsp;Nanette V Lopez ,&nbsp;Chloe A Sutliffe ,&nbsp;Ryan Smith ,&nbsp;Natalia Carreras-Gallo ,&nbsp;Varun B Dwaraka ,&nbsp;Ann Alexis Prestrud ,&nbsp;Joel H Fuhrman","doi":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Plant-based diets are associated with lower inflammatory biomarkers and reduced risk of age-related chronic diseases. Epigenetic biomarkers of aging are DNA methylation-based tools that estimate biological age and rate of aging, providing insights into age-related health risks. Healthy diet and lifestyle indicators correlate with slower epigenetic aging.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Neither inflammatory biomarkers nor epigenetic aging has yet been studied in the nutrient-dense, plant-rich (Nutritarian) diet, a plant-based diet that emphasizes specific plant foods, such as cruciferous vegetables, beans and other legumes, onions and garlic, mushrooms, berries, nuts, and seeds. We aimed to compare inflammatory status and epigenetic age acceleration in females following a Nutritarian diet with those of females following a standard American diet (SAD).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We investigated dietary inflammatory potential, epigenetic age acceleration using first, second, and third-generation clocks, and additional health-related epigenetic biomarkers in this retrospective cohort study of 48 females who habitually (≥5 y) follow a Nutritarian diet and 49 females without obesity who habitually (≥5 y) follow a SAD. Participants completed a series of online questionnaires and provided a blood sample.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Epigenetic age acceleration, indicated by the third-generation clock DunedinPACE, was significantly slower in the Nutritarian group than that in the SAD group (<em>P</em> = 4.26 × 10⁻⁶). The Nutritarian diet group showed lower dietary inflammatory potential, as indicated by Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Pattern and Dietary Inflammatory Index. We observed differences in methylation-predicted immune cell subsets (lower neutrophils and higher T regulatory cells) and a lower epigenetic biomarker proxy for C-reactive protein, both of which suggested a lower inflammatory status in the Nutritarian group. Epigenetic biomarker proxies for LDL cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5, and blood glucose were also lower in the Nutritarian group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings suggest the Nutritarian diet could help reduce chronic inflammation and slow epigenetic aging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10756,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Nutrition","volume":"8 12","pages":"Article 104497"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biofortification: Future Challenges for a Newly Emerging Technology to Improve Nutrition Security Sustainably","authors":"Howarth Bouis ,&nbsp;Jennifer Foley ,&nbsp;Keith Lividini ,&nbsp;Jaya Jumrani ,&nbsp;Russell Reinke ,&nbsp;Dominique Van Der Straeten ,&nbsp;Ronan Zagado ,&nbsp;Erick Boy ,&nbsp;Lynn R Brown ,&nbsp;Bho Mudyahoto ,&nbsp;Richard Alioma ,&nbsp;Munawar Hussain ,&nbsp;Wolfgang H Pfeiffer","doi":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biofortification was coined as a term to define a plant breeding strategy to increase the micronutrient content of staple food crops to reduce the burden of micronutrient deficiencies in low- and middle-income countries. In 2003, the HarvestPlus program, based in the centers comprising the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, was initiated to implement the biofortification strategy. This article discusses what has been achieved, what has been learned, and the key challenges to embed biofortification in food systems and to expand its impact. Cost-effectiveness is key to the biofortification strategy. Biofortification piggybacks on the agronomically superior varieties being developed at agricultural research centers. Central plant breeding research discoveries can be spread globally. Farmers have every motivation to adopt the latest high-yielding, high profit crops. High productivity leads to lower food prices. As a consequence, consumers can increase their mineral and vitamin intakes at no additional cost by substituting biofortified staple foods 1-for-1 for nonbiofortified staple foods. After 20 years of investment, biofortified staple food crops are being produced by farmers in over 40 countries and are eaten by hundreds of millions of people. Published nutrition trials have shown nutrient-rich crops to be efficacious. The biofortification strategy is now recognized by the international nutrition community as one effective approach among several interventions needed to reduce micronutrient deficiencies. This is a promising beginning. However, biofortification is still a newly emerging technology. A limitation of biofortification as implemented to date is that densities of single nutrients have been increased in given staple food crops. To reach a higher trajectory, the impacts of biofortification can be multiplied several-fold using genetic engineering and other advanced crop development techniques to combine multiple-nutrient densities with climate-smart traits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10756,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Nutrition","volume":"8 12","pages":"Article 104478"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Anemia Prevalence, and Prevention and Control Strategies, in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia Region.","authors":"Jacky Knowles, Tamsin Walters, Amirhossein Yarparvar, Rebecca Brown","doi":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104477","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anemia is a global public health and nutrition problem. However, data on its prevalence and potential causal factors in the 22 countries of the UNICEF Europe and Central Asia region are not systematically collected, analyzed, and reported, leading to challenges in formulating appropriate preventative strategies. We examined available anemia prevalence data among different population groups through reviewing survey reports from 2010 to 2022; conducted a literature review to explore underlying determinants of anemia including iron deficiency; and collated and reviewed program and policy documentation across the region. Anemia prevalence data for the period 1999-2009 were also researched to examine trends in anemia prevalence in the region over the past 23 y. Nationally representative data for anemia for ≥1 population group since 2010 were found for half the 22 countries, whereas less than a quarter of countries had recent data for iron deficiency. There was a lack of evidence for other factors potentially contributing to anemia in the region. Where information was available, our findings highlight that anemia remained a problem of public health significance among girls and women 15-49 y old and preschool children in all countries with data; anemia was highly associated with iron deficiency; large discrepancies in anemia prevalence existed between geographical regions and subpopulation groups within countries; and only a few countries were implementing the recommended WHO strategies to prevent and control anemia. The paucity of recent, representative, data on anemia in many countries and on the etiology of anemia in most countries remain obstacles to ensuring that effective anemia prevention strategies are placed high on national agendas in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":10756,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Nutrition","volume":"8 12","pages":"104477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11663958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142881663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health Claims, Product Features and Instructions for Use on the Labels of Potassium-enriched Salt Products: A Content Analysis","authors":"James Bullen ,&nbsp;Xuejun Yin ,&nbsp;Katrina Kissock ,&nbsp;Laura Fisher ,&nbsp;Bruce Neal ,&nbsp;Kathy Trieu","doi":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Potassium-enriched salt is a proven dietary intervention for reducing risk of stroke, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality when used instead of regular table salt. Potassium-enriched salt products are available globally, but the on-pack health claims, product features, and instructions for use are diverse.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The objective of this study was to summarize the label features of potassium-enriched salt products available worldwide.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A content analysis was conducted on the labels of potassium-enriched salt products available for sale in May 2023. Potassium-enriched salt products were identified through a systematic search of literature, major online shopping websites, and Google using similar keywords such as “salt substitute” or “low sodium salt.” Information on product labels was coded relating to health claims, product features, and instructions for use, and were quantitatively summarized.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 117 potential potassium-enriched salt products were identified, with 83 included in the final analysis after excluding products containing no sodium (<em>n</em> = 15), no potassium (<em>n</em> = 5), or that were duplicates (<em>n</em> = 14). There were 23 (28%) products with on-pack claims for health benefits and 36 (43%) with health warnings. Twenty-five (30%) of product labels included descriptions of other product features such as taste and potassium content, and 36 (43%) had instructions for use.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>There was large variability in the label features of potassium-enriched salt products identified in this study. Most product labels made no health-related statements, but among those that did, warnings occurred more frequently than statements of health benefits. The diversity in labeling may cause confusion among consumers, and standardized, evidence-based labeling should be developed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10756,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Nutrition","volume":"8 11","pages":"Article 104473"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Less Processed Food to Mimic a Standard American Diet Does Not Improve Nutrient Value and May Result in a Shorter Shelf Life at a Higher Financial Cost","authors":"Julie M Hess ,&nbsp;Madeline E Comeau ,&nbsp;Angela J Scheett ,&nbsp;Anne Bodensteiner ,&nbsp;Allen S Levine","doi":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The “clean eating” trend suggests that consuming fewer processed foods is important for healthy diets. Yet, a diet of mostly ultra-processed foods (UPFs) can meet recommendations from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Whether a diet comprised mostly of simple ingredient foods can provide a low-quality diet remains unexplored.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The objective of this study was to compare the diet quality, shelf stability, and cost of 2 similar nutrient-poor menus, one containing primarily UPFs and the other containing less-processed foods (LPW), as defined by the Nova classification system.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A “Western” menu using LPW was developed to match the meals and recipes of a menu that contained more-processed foods (MPW). Processing level was determined using the Nova classification system. Final menus were assessed for nutrient quality and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score. Shelf stability of foods/ingredients on both menus was determined from food storage guidance manuals. The condition of each food item when purchased (room temperature, frozen, refrigerated) was used to estimate the number of days until expiration. Food costs were determined from prices at grocery chains in Fall 2023.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The LPW had similar nutrient density and diet quality scores to the MPW (HEI scores of 44 and 43, respectively). The LPW included 20% energy (kcal) from UPFs, whereas the MPW included 67% energy from UPFs. Relative percentages of shelf-stable, frozen, and refrigerated foods were similar. Using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis method, median time to expiration of the LPW menu items was 35 d compared with 120 d for the MPW items. The “per person” cost reflecting only the amount of the food used in the menu was $15.91/d for the LPW and $9.85/d for the MPW.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Less-processed menus can have comparable diet quality with more-processed menus although being more costly and less shelf stable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10756,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Nutrition","volume":"8 11","pages":"Article 104471"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Daily Avocado Intake on Food and Nutrient Displacement in a Free-Living Population with Abdominal Obesity","authors":"Abigail E Clarke ,&nbsp;Kristie S LeBeau ,&nbsp;Keiji Oda ,&nbsp;Gina Segovia-Siapco ,&nbsp;Michael Paalani ,&nbsp;David M Reboussin ,&nbsp;Alice H Lichtenstein ,&nbsp;Sujatha Rajaram ,&nbsp;Joan Sabaté","doi":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Avocado intake has been associated with improvements in diet quality. Whether this response is because of avocado intake, <em>per se</em>, or combined with a food and/or nutrient displacement (D) has yet to be determined.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This secondary analysis, conducted using dietary data from the Habitual Diet and Avocado Trial, sought to assess the effect of consuming a large avocado (168 g, 281 kcal) daily in the avocado-supplemented diet (AD) group compared with the habitual diet (HD) group on food and nutrient D.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using data from 3 unannounced telephone 24-h dietary recalls conducted during the 6-mo intervention period, food intake data were evaluated for 898 participants, aged 25–87 y, and a BMI range of 20.5–60.3 kg/m². The food group distribution, energy, and nutrient intake of the AD group (<em>n</em> = 436) were calculated and compared with those of the HD group (<em>n</em> = 462).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The AD group had a higher daily intake of energy (159 ± 575 kcal) (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), potassium (3193 ± 817 mg compared with 2419 ± 843 mg) (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.005), fiber (30 ± 8 g compared with 19 ± 9 g) (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), and a lower daily intake of animal protein (49 ± 33 g compared with 55 ± 24 g) (<em>P</em> = 0.02) compared with the HD group. Partial D with an avocado was observed for energy (43%), total fat (23%), and carbohydrate (87%), indicating a lower intake of these nutrients from non-avocado sources in the AD group. Food group analysis revealed a lower consumption of animal-derived protein from red meat, processed meats, poultry, and fish in the AD group, with no significant differences observed in dairy and egg intake between groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Incorporating 1 avocado daily led to favorable modifications in the dietary composition of participants, including an increase in potassium and fiber intake, which can improve diet quality.</div><div>This trial was registered at <span><span>https://clinicaltrials.gov</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> as NCT03528031.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10756,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Nutrition","volume":"8 10","pages":"Article 104451"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sodium Content and Sodium Intake Contributions of Store-Bought and Restaurant-Prepared Foods in Their As-Eaten Form: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009–2018","authors":"Debra R Keast ,&nbsp;Patricia M Guenther","doi":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Guidance from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) includes targets for the food industry to voluntarily reduce the sodium content (mg/100 g) of packaged, processed, and prepared foods sold by stores and restaurants. Assessments of sodium intake by the United States population are needed to inform sodium-reduction efforts.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The objectives of this study were to assess the sodium content and sodium intake contributions of categories and subgroups of foods obtained from stores and restaurants and determine sodium intake reductions that would be achieved by meeting FDA targets.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Analyses used dietary data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, What We Eat in America (WWEIA), 2009–2018, to assess sodium in foods consumed by the United States population aged 2 y or older. Data describing where foods were obtained were used to identify store-bought and restaurant-prepared foods. Combination codes were used to group foods, such as separate salad ingredients, which were eaten together. Foods in their as-eaten form were then classified into WWEIA food categories and subgroups corresponding to FDA targets. Sample-weighted estimates generated by SUDAAN analyses were used to calculate projected sodium intake reductions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Store-bought, restaurant-prepared, and other foods contributed 62%, 26%, and 12%, respectively, of sodium in United States diets. Top-ranked food category contributors of sodium included sandwiches, tortilla products, pizza, poultry, soups, and breads. Subgroups of these categories contributing the most sodium included store-bought lunchmeat sandwiches and hotdogs, restaurant-prepared burgers, store-bought and restaurant-prepared tacos/burritos, restaurant-prepared pizza with meat, and store-bought white/wheat bread. Meeting the FDA targets for these subgroups achieved the highest projected sodium intake reductions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Reductions of sodium in widely consumed foods, such as luncheon-meat sandwiches and restaurant-prepared pizza, have the greatest impact on reducing sodium intake by the United States population. These findings could be used by restauranteurs, food manufacturers, policymakers and regulators, and clinical practitioners to inform sodium-reduction efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10756,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Nutrition","volume":"8 10","pages":"Article 104455"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring the Cost and Affordability of a Healthy Diet within Countries: Building Systems in Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Pakistan, Tanzania, and Viet Nam","authors":"Anna W Herforth ,&nbsp;Rachel Gilbert ,&nbsp;Kristina Sokourenko ,&nbsp;Tehreem Fatima ,&nbsp;Olutayo Adeyemi ,&nbsp;Dawit Alemayehu ,&nbsp;Eunice Arhin ,&nbsp;Fantu Bachewe ,&nbsp;Yan Bai ,&nbsp;Imran Chiosa ,&nbsp;Tirsit Genye ,&nbsp;Hagos Haile ,&nbsp;Raja Jahangeer ,&nbsp;Joyce Kinabo ,&nbsp;Fulgence Mishili ,&nbsp;Chioma D Nnabugwu ,&nbsp;John Nortey ,&nbsp;Bernice Ofosu-Baadu ,&nbsp;Adeyinka Onabolu ,&nbsp;Daniel Bruce Sarpong ,&nbsp;William A Masters","doi":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Governments around the world collect food price data on a frequent basis, often monthly, for the purpose of monitoring inflation. These routine economic data can be used with a nutrition-sensitive lens for understanding economic access to a healthy diet. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has adopted the cost and affordability of a healthy diet (CoAHD) for annual tracking alongside other food security indicators. This indicator is relevant in many countries for informed decision-making and accountability toward Food Systems Summit pathways. National governments may wish to include this indicator in their own monitoring systems, using existing subnational price and income data.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>We describe emerging systems in several countries for monitoring CoAHD and analytical tools that facilitate the calculation of CoAHD. We discuss reasons why the indicator may differ when calculated using subnational data compared with the global monitoring system and how to interpret differences.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Between June 2016 and February 2024, 19 workshops were held in 7 countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Pakistan, Tanzania, and Viet Nam), where stakeholder discussions covered sources of food price data, institutions involved, policy uses, and direct training in calculation of CoAHD. Food price data collected by national organizations were used to calculate CoAHD in partnership with government agencies.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Calculating CoAHD using subnational data uses the same methods across settings, but the mechanisms for monitoring and dissemination are different in each country, illustrating heterogeneity in how the metric can most effectively be incorporated within existing structures. Results from national and global monitoring systems have expected differences based on data sources, healthy diet standards, and affordability standards.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>CoAHD can be calculated with existing data and resources, facilitated by new software tools and user tutorials. In the future, it can be further streamlined, leveraging technical assistance from global institutions and aligning national and global monitoring systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10756,"journal":{"name":"Current Developments in Nutrition","volume":"8 10","pages":"Article 104441"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142427109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}