Critical reviews in analytical chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Analytical Techniques for Baloxavir Marboxil: A Critical Review of Chromatographic, Mass Spectrometric, and Emerging Methods (2018-2025).","authors":"Samar M Mahgoub, A B M Sharif Hossain, Aya Shaban, Ahmed A Allam, Rehab Mahmoud","doi":"10.1080/10408347.2026.2687138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2026.2687138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Baloxavir Marboxil, a first-in-class cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor, is a prodrug used in influenza therapy. Reliable analytical methods are essential for its quantification in pharmaceutical formulations and biological matrices to support drug development, quality control, and pharmacokinetic studies. This review evaluates current analytical approaches, and future directions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search identified relevant analytical studies, which were critically compared based on principles, validation performance, and applicability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>UHPLC-MS/MS is considered the gold standard, offering high sensitivity (LLOQ as low as 0.1 ng/mL), strong selectivity, and simultaneous determination of baloxavir marboxil and its active metabolite. Sample preparation techniques, particularly protein precipitation and liquid-liquid extraction, significantly influence method performance, while isotopically labeled internal standards effectively minimize matrix effects. The compound shows pronounced instability under alkaline conditions, whereas oxidative, thermal, and photolytic degradation are relatively limited. Emerging spectrofluorimetric methods provide greener alternatives but with reduced sensitivity and limited bioanalytical applicability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review compares major analytical platforms, highlights regulatory validation requirements, and discusses clinical applications including therapeutic drug monitoring. It underscores the need for standardized, high-throughput, and sustainable analytical methods to support future research and clinical implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10744,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in analytical chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148301304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Green Chemistry Principles into the Fabrication of MIP Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metal Monitoring.","authors":"Setareh Dorreh, Beril S Kaya, Zeynep Aydemir, Abdullah Al Faysal, Ayşegül Gölcü","doi":"10.1080/10408347.2026.2684460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2026.2684460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy metal contamination remains a critical global environmental issue due to the persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of metal ions such as Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, and As³⁺. Although conventional analytical techniques provide high sensitivity and accuracy, they often rely on energy-intensive instrumentation, hazardous reagents, and generate considerable chemical waste, raising concerns regarding their environmental sustainability. In this context, molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensors have emerged as promising alternatives, offering high selectivity, operational simplicity, and compatibility with miniaturized and <i>in situ</i> analysis. This review critically examines the integration of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) principles into the design and fabrication of MIP-based electrochemical sensors for heavy metal monitoring. Particular attention is given to material selection, polymerization strategies, template removal approaches, and electrode modification techniques, with emphasis on their environmental implications. The applicability of quantitative greenness assessment tools, including the Analytical Eco-Scale, GAPI, AGREE, and AGREEMIP, is discussed in the context of sensor development workflows, highlighting both their strengths and current limitations in addressing fabrication stages, nanomaterial synthesis, and end-of-life considerations. By identifying methodological bottlenecks, particularly solvent-intensive template removal and limited reusability, this review outlines practical directions for advancing more sustainable sensor platforms. Overall, the work provides a critical framework for aligning analytical performance with environmental responsibility in next-generation MIP-based electrochemical sensing systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":10744,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in analytical chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148293841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Extraction Techniques for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Graminaceous Plants.","authors":"Landon M Keele, Morgan P Davis, Chung-Ho Lin, Erin L Pulster","doi":"10.1080/10408347.2026.2685789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2026.2685789","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a wide-ranging class of manufactured chemicals that are environmentally persistent. Due to their ubiquity and resistance to degradation, PFAS readily bioaccumulate in a variety of environmental matrices and elicit a range of toxicological impacts. Despite an increase in research into these compounds, there is a clear gap in consensus on extraction techniques to quantify many PFAS in certain environmental media, particularly at critical points in agricultural food systems such as pasture grasses and feedstocks. Developing methods for more comprehensive and accurate extraction of PFAS in plant tissues is crucial for the biomonitoring of PFAS contamination in these ecosystems. This review seeks to identify relevant information pertaining to the partitioning of PFAS in plant matrices and evaluate the performance of previously established methods for the extraction of PFAS in graminaceous plants. Evaluated methods varied widely in extraction techniques, limits of detection and accuracy. This review provides a framework for enhancing PFAS analysis by tailoring extraction and cleanup strategies to both complex plant matrices and diverse analyte properties. Standardizing these methodologies will provide the high-quality data essential for ecotoxicologists and policymakers to accurately map the metabolic fate and ecological risks of these pollutants across food webs.</p>","PeriodicalId":10744,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in analytical chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148270662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanozyme-Based Sensors: Advancing Antioxidant Analysis and Total Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation in Foods.","authors":"Yanming Bi, Jiaqi He, Zhiyong Hu, Ziyue Liu, Xinyu Feng, Qiyang Gu, Sha Liu","doi":"10.1080/10408347.2026.2687006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2026.2687006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Food total antioxidant capacity (TAC) reflects the free‑radical‑scavenging ability of its antioxidant components, thereby indicating oxidation resistance and serving as a key quality and stability indicator. Quantification of typical antioxidants (AOs) such as ascorbic acid (AA), glutathione (GSH), cysteine (Cys), and polyphenolic compounds (polyphenols) is the main approach to assess TAC. Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-mimetic activities, combining the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and high catalytic efficiency of natural enzymes. They have been widely used in food detection, mainly including metal, metal oxide, carbon-based, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived nanozymes. Nanozyme sensors, with high sensitivity, simple operation, visual signal output, and low cost, have significantly promoted the detection of food TAC. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in the detection of representative AOs and the evaluation of food TAC using nanozymes. It provides an in-depth analysis of the advantages and potential applications of nanozymes in identifying and quantifying food TAC through mechanisms such as colorimetry, fluorescence, electrochemistry, chemiluminescence (CL), and Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, the review objectively examines the current challenges facing nanozyme-based technologies for detecting food AOs and evaluating TAC, including issues related to the stability of catalytic performance, cost, and the lack of standardized detection protocols. Building on existing research, it also outlines future development pathways and broad prospects for these technologies. By offering a comprehensive perspective on the application status of nanozymes in detecting AOs for TAC evaluation, this review aims to provide insights and inspiration for their future application and development.</p>","PeriodicalId":10744,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in analytical chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1-30"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148249659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Approaches for Detecting Protein <i>S</i>-Palmitoylation and Depalmitoylation.","authors":"Changyang Tang, Jiaorui Peng, Chunyang Xie, Wenyan Wu, Tingxiu Xiang, Weiqi Nian, Rui Yuan, Aimin Yang","doi":"10.1080/10408347.2026.2685790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2026.2685790","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protein <i>S</i>-palmitoylation is a reversible protein post-translational lipid modification that dynamically regulates protein-membrane affinity and subcellular localization, playing crucial roles in cellular signaling, metabolic regulation, immune responses, and other physiological processes. Therefore, accurate detection and quantification of these modified proteins are essential for elucidating their biological functions and involvements in disease mechanisms. Conventional techniques such as acyl-biotin exchange (ABE) and metabolic labeling have enabled the discovery and study of <i>S</i>-palmitoylation in biological samples. However, these methods still face challenges including low sensitivity, limited throughput, and difficulties in multiplexed detection. This review systematically outlines the biochemical mechanisms of <i>S</i>‑palmitoylation and depalmitoylation, summarizes established methods for substrate modification detection and catalytic enzyme activity assays, and analyzes challenges in the field, including enzyme isoform specificity, tool development, and application in complex biological systems. Finally, we highlight emerging strategies aimed at achieving real‑time, spatially resolved, and clinically translatable detection. Continued innovation in this field is poised to deepen our understanding of <i>S</i>‑palmitoylation dynamics and accelerate the development of targeted therapies for related diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":10744,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in analytical chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148249679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical Techniques for Heavy Metal Monitoring in Environmental Samples Related to Biogas Producing Systems: A Multi-Criteria Review.","authors":"Richard Arthur, Samuel Nketia Boateng, Isaac Mbir Bryant, Martina Francisca Baidoo, Paul A Scherer","doi":"10.1080/10408347.2026.2684627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2026.2684627","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The accurate quantification of heavy metals or trace elements in biogas-producing systems supports sustainable energy pathways. At present, criteria guiding the selection of analytical techniques for heavy metal determination in biogas studies remain fragmented. This study applied the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Analysis (MCDA), and Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) to evaluate the analytical techniques using eight defined criteria. A systematic literature review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, covering publications from the past 25 years retrieved from the Scopus database through a refined search string. The results from the integrated MCDA-AHP framework indicate that XRF-based technologies demonstrated strong overall suitability across multiple operational and analytical requirements, particularly for rapid screening and field-based monitoring applications. The four highest-ranked criteria were multi-element analysis (0.258), low detection limit (0.238), cost (0.188), and matrix tolerance (0.119). Handheld XRF achieved the highest aggregate score (72.2%) within the evaluated framework. However, ICP-based techniques remain important for applications requiring ultra-trace quantification and higher analytical sensitivity. Although ICP-OES remains widely applied, four scenario tests continued to prioritize XRF-based methods, with only scenario 4 ranking ICP-OES second. The proposed framework provides a transparent and reproducible basis for selecting analytical techniques for monitoring heavy metals in biogas systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":10744,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in analytical chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148249702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Sampling to Screening: A Review of Targeted and Non-Targeted PFAS Analysis in Environmental Samples.","authors":"Magdalena Herok, Hanna Barchanska, Monika Partyka","doi":"10.1080/10408347.2026.2685273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2026.2685273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) constitute a large class of highly persistent synthetic chemicals widely distributed in environmental and biological matrices. The growing recognition of their environmental persistence, mobility, and potential adverse health effects has intensified the need for comprehensive and reliable analytical strategies. This review critically examines current approaches to PFAS determination, with emphasis on advanced analytical methodologies. Targeted liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) remains the gold standard for regulatory monitoring, but its applicability is restricted to predefined lists of known compounds. In response to the increasing structural diversity of PFAS, non-targeted and suspect screening workflows based on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) are gaining prominence, enabling identification of previously unrecognized compounds and transformation products. Special attention is devoted to screening strategies, data processing challenges, and methodological limitations. In addition, electroanalytical and sum parameter methods, including total fluorine (TOF), extractable organofluorine (EOF), and adsorbable organofluorine (AOF), are discussed as complementary tools. The review highlights the importance of harmonized sampling protocols, quality assurance, and method validation. Integrating targeted quantification, non-targeted approaches, and fluorine mass balance concepts enables comprehensive PFAS monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":10744,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in analytical chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148223727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Intelligence Revolution in Biosensing: Transforming Raw Data into Smart Clinical Diagnostics.","authors":"Omar Ramadan, Hassan A Rudayni, Hany Abd El-Raheem, Rabiaa Helim, Sarra Fafa, Rehab Mahmoud, Zunyao Wang, Ahmed A Allam","doi":"10.1080/10408347.2026.2685786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2026.2685786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing nanobiotechnology-enabled biosensing by combining advanced nanomaterials with intelligent data analytics to create next-generation diagnostic platforms. This review summarizes recent progress in AI-integrated nano-biosensors, highlighting the contributions of functional nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, metal oxides, quantum dots, and hybrid nanocomposites in enhancing sensitivity, selectivity, and signal transduction. Machine learning and deep learning techniques, including support vector machines, random forests, convolutional neural networks, and transformer-based models, are examined for their roles in feature extraction, noise reduction, and multi-analyte prediction from complex biological samples. The synergy between nanomaterial properties and AI-driven optimization has facilitated the development of real-time, miniaturized, and wearable diagnostic devices. Applications in cancer, metabolic, infectious, and neurological disease diagnostics are critically reviewed, demonstrating improved analytical performance, ultralow detection limits, and enhanced diagnostic accuracy. Emerging technologies such as edge AI, federated learning, explainable AI, and self-powered nanosystems are also discussed for their potential in decentralized and personalized healthcare. Challenges related to data quality, nanomaterial reproducibility, scalability, and regulatory approval remain significant barriers to clinical translation. Nevertheless, the integration of AI and nanobiotechnology offers a powerful framework for developing intelligent biosensing systems and advancing modern analytical and clinical diagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":10744,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in analytical chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148210072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Homogeneous Liquid-Liquid Microextraction as an Efficient Sample Preparation Procedure: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Mahsa Ghoreishizadeh, Mir Ali Farajzadeh, Sanaz Barazandeh, Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam","doi":"10.1080/10408347.2026.2678517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2026.2678517","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Detecting highly small amounts of analytes in complex samples is becoming increasingly important in the areas like environmental monitoring, pharmaceutical quality control, food safety, and clinical diagnostics. The presence of interfering substances and the extremely low concentration of target analytes require efficient sample preparation methods before analysis. Traditional methods have been widely used, but they often involve large amounts of solvents, complicated procedures, and are not fully align with the principles of green analytical chemistry. In recent years, miniaturized sample preparation techniques were used in analytical chemistry by reducing solvent use, simplifying workflows, and improving sensitivity. Among them, homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction has gained attention for its ability to create a uniform phase that later separates when triggered by the factors like salt addition, pH change, or temperature shift. Several versions type of homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction have been developed, including salt-induced, sugaring-out, deep eutectic solvent-based, and switchable hydrophilicity solvent homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction methods. In this study a review was presented considering principles, optimization methods, applications, and future prospects for homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":10744,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in analytical chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148197678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transferrin Receptor 1 (TFRC) and Ferroptosis-Related Biomarkers in Oncology: Analytical Evaluation and Translational Potential.","authors":"Asif Ahmad Bhat, Riya Thapa, Shivkanya Fuloria, Sundram Karupiah, Veerasamy Ravichandran, Nabila Perveen, Neeraj Kumar Fuloria","doi":"10.1080/10408347.2026.2680160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2026.2680160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the important regulators of cellular iron uptake is transferrin receptor 1 (TFRC), which is closely linked to ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. TFRC and ferroptosis-related biomarkers (including soluble transferrin receptor, labile iron pools, 4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde, glutathione status, GPX4 expression, and oxidized species of phospholipids) can be measured in tissue, blood, and single-cell systems and are beginning to emerge as potential biomarkers in laboratory medicine in oncology. This review considers their analytical and translational applications in human malignancies, focusing on clinical chemistry, diagnostic laboratory medicine, and precision oncology. We combined data showing a relationship between TFRC expression and ferroptosis-related signatures to classify diseases, explore reported associations with prognosis, treatment response, and survival. We also considered their possible uses in stratifying risks, therapies, pharmacodynamic aspects, and longitudinal disease assessment. Emphasis is placed on laboratory variables that influence implementation, such as the selection of matrix specimens, variation in preanalytical factors, assay standardization, platform-dependent cutoff values, calibrations, and cross-platform validation. The review also discusses how digital pathology, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and multimarker analytical frameworks may support biomarker quantification and interpretation after appropriate validation. Overall, a validated analytical workflow, standardized reporting, inter-laboratory harmonization, and prospective clinical validation are required to support the clinical translation of TFRC-ferroptosis biomarker panel tests. This review offers a laboratory medicine-centered framework for understanding the potential and current limitations of TFRC and ferroptosis-related biomarkers as analytical targets in precision oncology.</p>","PeriodicalId":10744,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in analytical chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148175520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}