Cognitive Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Somatosensory evoked potentials that index lateral inhibition are modulated according to the mode of perceptual processing: comparing or combining multi-digit tactile motion.","authors":"Irena Arslanova,&nbsp;Keying Wang,&nbsp;Hiroaki Gomi,&nbsp;Patrick Haggard","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1839403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2020.1839403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many perceptual studies focus on the brain's capacity to discriminate between stimuli. However, our normal experience of the world also involves integrating multiple stimuli into a single perceptual event. Neural mechanisms such as lateral inhibition are believed to enhance local differences between sensory inputs from nearby regions of the receptor surface. However, this mechanism would seem dysfunctional when sensory inputs need to be combined rather than contrasted. Here, we investigated whether the brain can <i>strategically</i> regulate the strength of suppressive interactions that underlie lateral inhibition between finger representations in human somatosensory processing. To do this, we compared sensory processing between conditions that required either comparing or combining information. We delivered two simultaneous tactile motion trajectories to index and middle fingertips of the right hand. Participants had to either compare the directions of the two stimuli, or to combine them to form their average direction. To reveal preparatory tuning of somatosensory cortex, we used an established event-related potential design to measure the interaction between cortical representations evoked by digital nerve shocks immediately before each tactile stimulus. Consistent with previous studies, we found a clear suppression between cortical activations when participants were instructed to compare the tactile motion directions. Importantly, this suppression was significantly reduced when participants had to combine the same stimuli. These findings suggest that the brain can strategically switch between a comparative and a combinative mode of somatosensory processing, according to the perceptual goal, by preparatorily adjusting the strength of a process akin to lateral inhibition.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"47-59"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2020.1839403","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38701565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceived stress and rejection associated with functional network strength during memory retrieval in adolescents.","authors":"Marisa M Silveri, Jennifer T Sneider, Julia E Cohen-Gilbert, Emily N Oot, Anna M Seraikas, Eleanor M Schuttenberg, Derek A Hamilton, Helen Sabolek, Sion K Harris, Lisa D Nickerson","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2022.2026313","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17588928.2022.2026313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The brain undergoes substantial structural and functional remodeling during adolescence, including alterations in memory-processing regions influenced by stress. This study evaluated brain activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during spatial memory performance using a virtual Morris water task (MWT) and examined the associations between default mode network (DMN) activation, task performance, and perceived stress and rejection. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired at 3 Tesla from 59 (34 female) adolescents (13-14 years). The NIH Emotion Toolbox was used to measure perceived stress and rejection. During the MWT, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex showed greater activation during memory retrieval relative to motor performance. Templates of brain functional networks from the Human Connectome Project study were used to extract individual participants' brain network activation strengths for the retrieval > motor contrast for two sub-networks of the default mode network: medial temporal lobe (MTL-DMN) and dorsomedial prefrontal (dMPFC-DMN). For the MTL-DMN sub-network only, activation was significantly associated with worse MWT performance (p = .008) and greater perceived stress (p = .008) and perceived rejection (p = .002). Further, MWT performance was negatively associated with perceived rejection (p = .007). These findings suggest that perceived stress and rejection are related to engagement of MTL-DMN during spatial memory and that engagement of this network impacts performance. These findings also demonstrate the utility of examining task-related network activation strength to identify the impact of perceived stress and rejection on large-scale brain network functioning during adolescence.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"13 2","pages":"99-112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8935633/pdf/nihms-1771239.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10617195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"It's time for sex in cognitive neuroscience.","authors":"Dylan S Spets,&nbsp;Scott D Slotnick","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2021.1996343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2021.1996343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In a discussion paper published in the special issue of <i>Cognitive Neuroscience</i>, Sex Differences in the Brain, we investigated whether certain experimental parameters contributed to findings in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of sex differences during long-term memory. Experimental parameters included: the number of participants, stimulus type(s), whether or not performance was matched, whether or not sex differences were reported, the type of between-subject statistical test used, and the contrast(s) employed. None of these parameters determined whether or not differences were observed, as all included studies reported sex differences. We also conducted a meta-analysis to determine if there were any brain regions consistently activated to a greater degree in either sex. The meta-analysis identified sex differences (male > female) in the lateral prefrontal cortex, visual processing regions, parahippocampal cortex, and the cerebellum. We received eight commentaries in response to that paper. Commentaries called for an expanded discussion on various topics including the influence of sex hormones, the role of gender (and other social factors), the pros and cons of equating behavioral performance between the sexes, and interpreting group differences in patterns of brain activity. There were some common statistical assumptions discussed in the commentaries regarding the 'file drawer' issue (i.e., the lack of reporting of null results) and effect size. The current paper provides further discussion of the various topics brought up in the commentaries and addresses some statistical misconceptions in the field. Overall, the commentaries echoed a resounding call to include sex as a factor in cognitive neuroscience studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39830212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-related differences in brain dynamism at rest as neural correlates of positive and negative valence system constructs.","authors":"Nina de Lacy, J Nathan Kutz, Vince D Calhoun","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1793752","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1793752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical anxiety and depression are the most prevalent mental illnesses, likely representing maladaptive expressions of negative valence systems concerned with conditioned responses to fear, threat, loss, and frustrative nonreward. These conditions exhibit similar, striking sex/gender-related differences in onset, incidence, and severity for which the neural correlates are not yet established. In alarge sample of neurotypical young adults, we demonstrate that intrinsic brain dynamism metrics derived from sex-sensitive models of whole-brain network function are significantly associated with valence system traits. Surprisingly, we found that greater brain dynamism is strongly positively correlated to anxiety and depression traits in males, but almost wholly decoupled from traits for important cognitive control and reappraisal strategies associated with positive valence. Conversely, intrinsic brain dynamism is strongly positively coupled to drive, novelty-seeking and self-control in females with only rare or non-significant directional negative correlation with anxiety and depression traits. Our results suggest that the dynamic neural correlates of traits for valence, anxiety and depression are significantly different in males/men and females/women. These findings may relate to the known sex/gender-related differences in cognitive reappraisal of emotional experiences and clinical presentations of anxiety and depression, with potential relevance to gold standard therapies based on enhancing cognitive control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"131-154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7881523/pdf/nihms-1655311.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38204530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Importance of examining stimulus type in fMRI studies of sex differences in memory recall.","authors":"Kymberly D Young,&nbsp;Laurie Compère","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1853088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2020.1853088","url":null,"abstract":"In their article, Spets and Slotnick (2020) conduct a metaanalysis on fMRI studies examining sex differences during long-term memory recall. They conclude that sex differences in brain activity during long-term memory recall do indeed exist and that collapsing across sex is inappropriate in the field of cognitive neuroscience. Their activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis revealed several regions where males were reported to have greater activation than females during long-term memory tasks. There were no regions where females showed greater activation than males. The authors interpret these results as supporting the neural efficiency hypothesis – that males require greater neural effort to achieve equivalent behavioral performance as females. The lack of female > male activity suggests that females engage in more efficient processing. This interpretation suggests that measures of motivation and task engagement are critical to include. It could be that sex and motivation are confounded and that males are simply less engaged in the task and therefore require more effort to perform it. Indeed, increased default mode network activity is associated with a lack of task engagement (Greicius & Menon, 2004). Increased hippocampal activity has been found in depressed relative to healthy individuals as they recall autobiographical memories and this has been interpreted as the increased effort required by depressed participants to recall a specific memory (Young et al., 2014). These results lend support to the interpretation that men require more effort to achieve the same behavioral outcome. The effort hypothesis only makes sense, however, in the context of no female > male activity. Indeed, the lack of female > male differences in the meta-analysis is surprising, considering that all but one study reported significant female> male activations (St Jacques et al., 2011). It is possible that the lack of significant female > male activity is due to collapsing across stimulus type. Indeed, in most of the studies of autobiographical memory, memory for stimuli that have a self-referential component, female > male activity was found in prefrontal regions including the DLPFC and cingulate cortex (Compere et al., 2016; Piefke et al., 2005; Young et al., 2013). When examining memory for faces and shapes, female > male activity was found in posterior regions such as the parietal lobe (Ino et al., 2010; Spets et al., 2019; Spets & Slotnick, 2019). Thus, stimulus type may indeed play a critical role in the observed sex differences – with women engaging more prefrontal regions during self-referential memory recall and more posterior regions for item recall. The interpretation that men are exerting more effort becomes less convincing when considering these female > male activations. Indeed, these results suggest that women are exerting more cognitive control/emotion regulation during autobiographical memory recall and that they may be using more linguistic than vi","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"189-190"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2020.1853088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38320223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrophysiological sign of stronger auditory processing in females than males during passive listening.","authors":"Marika Berchicci,&nbsp;Valentina Bianco,&nbsp;Francesco Di Russo","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1806224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2020.1806224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Available literature shows sex-related differences in both anatomy and functions of the auditory cortex. However, only few data are available on passive listening. By means of event-related potentials (ERPs), we analyzed the proactive and reactive stages of processing related to passive listening in 36 healthy young participants, equally balanced between genders. The anterior positivity (aP), a newly discovered pre-stimulus component originating in auditory cortices and indexing auditory readiness, was not different between genders; the post-stimulus components (the N1 and the N2, originating in primary and secondary auditory cortices) were larger in females than males. These results not only provide significant insights on sex-related differences during listening, but also encourage the potential use of passive tasks, which allow for better understanding of basic neural processing, without interferences from cognitive requirements of active tasks.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"106-111"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2020.1806224","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38448698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in the brain.","authors":"Scott D Slotnick","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2021.1957808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2021.1957808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This special issue of <i>Cognitive Neuroscience</i> focuses on sex differences in the brain. Berchicci, Bianco, and Di Russo found ERP auditory cortex activity was larger in females than males during sound perception. Spets, Fritch, Thakral, & Slotnick reported greater fMRI activity during high- versus low-confidence spatial memory in males than females within the lateral prefrontal cortex and other brain regions. Using fMRI resting-state data, Murray, Maurer, Peechatka, Frederick, Kaiser, and Janes observed females spent more time in transient dorsal attention/occipital/sensory-motor network states and males spent more time in transient salience network states, and de Lacy, Kutz, and Calhoun found that brain dynamism (transitioning between brain states) was correlated with anxiety/depression in males and drive/novelty-seeking/self-control in females. Kurth, Gaser, and Luders predicted the sex of girls and boys with an 80.4% accuracy using a classifier based on anatomic (MRI) data. In a discussion paper, Spets and Slotnick conducted an fMRI meta-analysis that revealed greater male than female long-term memory activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex, visual processing regions, and the parahippocampal cortex, and argued against the claim there is reporting bias in sex-differences studies. In response to this discussion paper, commentaries were written by Cahill; de Lacy; Hausmann; McGlade, Rogowska, and Yurgelun-Todd; Sneider and Silveri; Tejavibulya and Scheinost; Wiersch and Weis; Young and Compère. It is hoped that these findings will help motivate a shift in the field to consider sex as a factor in cognitive neuroscience studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"103-105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39469411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in functional network dynamics observed using coactivation pattern analysis.","authors":"Laura Murray,&nbsp;J Michael Maurer,&nbsp;Alyssa L Peechatka,&nbsp;Blaise B Frederick,&nbsp;Roselinde H Kaiser,&nbsp;Amy C Janes","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2021.1880383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2021.1880383","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sex differences in the organization of large-scale resting-state brain networks have been identified using traditional static measures, which average functional connectivity over extended time periods. In contrast, emerging dynamic measures have the potential to define sex differences in network changes over time, providing additional understanding of neurobiological sex differences. To meet this goal, we used a Coactivation Pattern Analysis (CAP) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 181 males and 181 females from the Human Connectome Project. Significant main effects of sex were observed across two independent imaging sessions. Relative to males, females spent more total time in two transient network states (TNSs) spatially overlapping with the dorsal attention network and occipital/sensory-motor network. Greater time spent in these TNSs was related to females making more frequent transitions into these TNSs compared to males. In contrast, males spent more total time in TNSs spatially overlapping with the salience network, which was related to males staying for longer periods once entering these TNSs compared to females. State-to-state transitions also significantly differed between sexes: females transitioned more frequently from default mode network (DMN) states to the dorsal attention network state, whereas males transitioned more frequently from DMN states to salience network states. Results show that males and females spend differing amounts of time at rest in two distinct attention-related networks and show sex-specific transition patterns from DMN states into these attention-related networks. This work lays the groundwork for future investigations into the cognitive and behavioral implications of these sex-specific network dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"120-130"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2021.1880383","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25490543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex/gender differences in brain activity - it's time for a biopsychosocial approach to cognitive neuroscience.","authors":"Markus Hausmann","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1853087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2020.1853087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is compelling evidence that men and women differ in brain activity in long-term memory and other cognitive functions. However, until the origins of sex/gender differences in brain activity, and consequently behavior, are not fully understood, the factor sex/gender should be considered as imperfect proxy of a combination of yet unknown biological and psychosocial factors underlying these sex/gender differences. The key avenue to a full understanding of sex/gender differences in brain and behavior depends largely on cognitive neuroscience investigating sex/gender differences in brain activity within a biopsychosocial approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"178-179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2020.1853087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38901778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex/gender differences in the neural substrate of long-term memory.","authors":"Nina de Lacy","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1853089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2020.1853089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sex/gender-related differences in neurocognitive task performance and their neural correlates have long been of substantial research interest. Spets & Slotnick's robust study joins a growing body of evidence that significant sex/gender differences exist in long term memory and neurocognition more broadly. In addition to fundamental differences in the neural substrate, hormonal cycles, divergent neurodevelopmental trajectories, sex versus gender identification and sociocultural and educational influences are likely important factors. Building upon these findings, future studies in larger sample sizes should carefully measure these potential modulating and/or confounding variables in order to provide a nuanced picture of sex/gender-related differences in brain function.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"176-177"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2020.1853089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25317729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}