Cognitive NeurosciencePub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2020-12-24DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2020.1828323
George Zacharopoulos, Uri Hertz, Ryota Kanai, Bahador Bahrami
{"title":"The effect of feedback valence and source on perception and metacognition: An fMRI investigation.","authors":"George Zacharopoulos, Uri Hertz, Ryota Kanai, Bahador Bahrami","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1828323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2020.1828323","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Receiving feedback from our environment that informs us about the outcomes of our actions helps us assess our abilities (e.g., metacognition) and to flexibly adapt our behavior, consequently increasing our chances of success. However, a detailed examination of the effect of feedback on the brain activation during perceptual and confidence judgments as well as the interrelations between perceptual accuracy, prospective and retrospective confidence remains unclear. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the neural response to feedback valence and source in visual contrast discrimination together with prospective confidence judgments at the beginning of each block and retrospective confidence judgments after every decision. Positive feedback was associated with higher activation (or lower deactivation depending on the area) in areas previously involved in attention, performance monitoring and visual regions during the perceptual judgment than during the confidence judgment. Changes in prospective confidence were positively related to changes in perceptual accuracy as well as to the corresponding retrospective confidence. Thus, feedback information impacted multiple, qualitatively different brain processing states, and we also revealed the dynamic interplay between prospective, perceptual accuracy and retrospective self-assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"38-46"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2020.1828323","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38746356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Left-prefrontal alpha-dynamics predict executive working-memory functioning in elderly people.","authors":"Oded Meiron, Elishai Ezra Tsur, Hagai Factor, Shoham Jacobsen, David Yoel Salomon, Nir Kraizler, Efraim Jaul","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2021.1911977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2021.1911977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent findings suggest that electroencephalography (EEG) oscillations in the theta and alpha frequency-bands reflect synchronized interregional neuronal activity and are considered to reflect cognitive-control, and executive working memory mechanisms in humans. Above the age of 50 years, hypothesized pronounced alterations in alpha and theta-band power at resting or across different WM-functioning brain states may well be due to pre-dementia cognitive impairments, or increasing severity of age-related neurological disorders. Executive working memory (EWM) functioning was assessed in older-adult participants (54 to 83 years old) by obtaining their WM-related EEG oscillations and WM performance scores. WM performance and WM brain-state EEG were recorded during online-WM periods as well as during specific online WM events within EWM periods, and during resting <i>offline-WM</i> periods that preceded online-WM periods. Left-prefrontal alpha-power was enhanced during offline-WM periods versus online-WM periods and was significantly related to WM accuracy. Left-prefrontal alpha power and left prefrontal-parietal theta power anterior-posterior difference-gradient during online WM activity were related to reaction times (RT's). Importantly, during active-storage events, WM-offset offline-periods, and preparatory pre-retrieval events, excessive left-prefrontal alpha activity was related to poor EWM performance. The potential for developing targeted noninvasive cognition-enhancing interventions and developing clinical-monitoring EEG-based biomarkers of pathological cognitive-decline in elderly people is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"15-25"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2021.1911977","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38898474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aleea L Devitt, Preston P Thakral, Daniel L Schacter
{"title":"Decoding the emotional valence of future thoughts.","authors":"Aleea L Devitt, Preston P Thakral, Daniel L Schacter","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2021.1906638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2021.1906638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Affective future thinking allows us to prepare for future outcomes, but we know little about neural representation of emotional future simulations. We used a multi-voxel pattern analysis to determine whether patterns of neural activity can reliably distinguish between positive and negative future simulations. Neural patterning in the anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortices distinguished positive from negative future simulations, indicating that these regions code for the emotional valence of future events. These results support prior findings that anterior medial regions contain representations of emotions across various stimuli, and contribute to identifying potential rewarding outcomes of future events. More broadly, these results demonstrate that the phenomenological features of future thinking can be decoded using neural activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"13 1","pages":"10-14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2021.1906638","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10454814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cognitive NeurosciencePub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2021-07-20DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2021.1953973
Juan J Imbernón, Carmen Aguirre, Carlos J Gómez-Ariza
{"title":"Selective directed forgetting is mediated by the lateral prefrontal cortex: Preliminary evidence with transcranial direct current stimulation.","authors":"Juan J Imbernón, Carmen Aguirre, Carlos J Gómez-Ariza","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2021.1953973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2021.1953973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent research has shown that providing a cue to selectively forget one subset of previously learned facts may result in specific forgetting of this information. Behavioral evidence suggests that this selective directed forgetting effect relies on executive control and is a direct consequence of active, rather than passive, mechanisms. To date, however, no previous research has addressed the neural underpinnings of selective directed forgetting. Since the lateral prefrontal cortex is thought to mediate motivated forgetting by exerting top-down control over the brain structures that underpin memory representations, the present study aimed to test the hypothesis that selective directed forgetting is prefrontally driven. Specifically, we used transcranial direct current stimulation to disrupt activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, using a stimulation protocol that has already been shown to be effective in this regard. Our results reveal that, in contrast to sham stimulation, real stimulation abolished selective directed forgetting. Additionally, real stimulation hindered performance in an updating working memory task thought to recruit the lateral prefrontal cortex. These findings, complementing others obtained with a variety of memory control tasks, support the hypothesis that memory downregulation is achieved by control processes mediated by the right lateral prefrontal cortex.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"13 2","pages":"77-86"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2021.1953973","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39201520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does adding <i>beer</i> to <i>coffee</i> enhance the activation of <i>drinks</i>? An ERP study of semantic category priming.","authors":"Marcela Ovando-Tellez, Benjamin Rohaut, Nathalie George, Theophile Bieth, Laurent Hugueville, Yoan Ibrahim, Ophelie Courbet, Lionel Naccache, Richard Levy, Béatrice Garcin, Emmanuelle Volle","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2021.1940117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2021.1940117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Categorization - whether of objects, ideas, or events - is a cognitive process that is essential for human thinking, reasoning, and making sense of everyday experiences. Categorization abilities are typically measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) similarity subtest, which consists of naming the shared category of two items (e.g., 'How are beer and coffee alike'). Previous studies show that categorization, as measured by similarity tasks, requires executive control functions. However, other theories and studies indicate that semantic memory is organized into taxonomic and thematic categories that can be activated implicitly in semantic priming tasks. To explore whether categories can be primed during a similarity task, we developed a double semantic priming paradigm. We measured the priming effect of two primes on a target word that was taxonomically or thematically related to both primes (double priming) or only one of them (single priming). Our results show a larger and additive priming effect in the double priming condition compared to the single priming condition, as measured by both response times and, more consistently, event-related potentials. Our results support the view that taxonomic and thematic categorization can occur during a double priming task and contribute to improving our knowledge on the organization of semantic memory into categories. These findings show how abstract categories can be activated, which likely shapes the way we think and interact with our environment. Our study also provides a new cognitive tool that could be useful to understand the categorization difficulties of neurological patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"61-76"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2021.1940117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39160944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cognitive NeurosciencePub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2021-08-22DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2021.1963694
Nicole A Forner-Phillips, Jessica E Brown, Briana M Silck, Robert S Ross
{"title":"Alpha oscillatory power decreases are associated with better memory for higher valued information.","authors":"Nicole A Forner-Phillips, Jessica E Brown, Briana M Silck, Robert S Ross","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2021.1963694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2021.1963694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Items associated with high value are often better remembered. Value may increase attention toward item in context associations. Alpha oscillations (8-13 Hz) are thought to underlie attention and their observation may reveal the role attention plays in value-based memory. In the current study, EEG is used to record brain activity while participants (n = 30) completed a source recognition memory task where items were associated with either high or low value backgrounds to determine whether greater attentional resources are deployed when encoding high value information. Participants demonstrated better memory for objects associated with high value backgrounds. Alpha oscillatory power in occipital/temporal brain regions exhibited greater desynchronization when encoding objects associated with high value that were later successfully recalled compared to those associated with low value. In addition, beta oscillatory power in midfrontal brain regions exhibited greater desynchronization during successful recall of high value objects compared to low value objects. Together these results suggest that more attentional resources are used to encode information that is associated with high value, which increases the likelihood of later successful memory recall.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"13 2","pages":"87-98"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39336087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cognitive NeurosciencePub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2022-01-27DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2022.2026313
Marisa M Silveri, Jennifer T Sneider, Julia E Cohen-Gilbert, Emily N Oot, Anna M Seraikas, Eleanor M Schuttenberg, Derek A Hamilton, Helen Sabolek, Sion K Harris, Lisa D Nickerson
{"title":"Perceived stress and rejection associated with functional network strength during memory retrieval in adolescents.","authors":"Marisa M Silveri, Jennifer T Sneider, Julia E Cohen-Gilbert, Emily N Oot, Anna M Seraikas, Eleanor M Schuttenberg, Derek A Hamilton, Helen Sabolek, Sion K Harris, Lisa D Nickerson","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2022.2026313","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17588928.2022.2026313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The brain undergoes substantial structural and functional remodeling during adolescence, including alterations in memory-processing regions influenced by stress. This study evaluated brain activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during spatial memory performance using a virtual Morris water task (MWT) and examined the associations between default mode network (DMN) activation, task performance, and perceived stress and rejection. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired at 3 Tesla from 59 (34 female) adolescents (13-14 years). The NIH Emotion Toolbox was used to measure perceived stress and rejection. During the MWT, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex showed greater activation during memory retrieval relative to motor performance. Templates of brain functional networks from the Human Connectome Project study were used to extract individual participants' brain network activation strengths for the retrieval > motor contrast for two sub-networks of the default mode network: medial temporal lobe (MTL-DMN) and dorsomedial prefrontal (dMPFC-DMN). For the MTL-DMN sub-network only, activation was significantly associated with worse MWT performance (p = .008) and greater perceived stress (p = .008) and perceived rejection (p = .002). Further, MWT performance was negatively associated with perceived rejection (p = .007). These findings suggest that perceived stress and rejection are related to engagement of MTL-DMN during spatial memory and that engagement of this network impacts performance. These findings also demonstrate the utility of examining task-related network activation strength to identify the impact of perceived stress and rejection on large-scale brain network functioning during adolescence.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":"13 2","pages":"99-112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8935633/pdf/nihms-1771239.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10617195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cognitive NeurosciencePub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2021-03-19DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2021.1877648
Rongjuan Zhu, Yangmei Luo, Ziyu Wang, Xuqun You
{"title":"Within-session repeated transcranial direct current stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex enhances spatial working memory.","authors":"Rongjuan Zhu, Yangmei Luo, Ziyu Wang, Xuqun You","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2021.1877648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2021.1877648","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spatial working memory (SWM) is an essential cognitive ability that supports complex tasks, but its capacity is limited. Studies using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have shown potential benefits for SWM performance. Recent studies have shown that repeated short applications of tDCS affected corticospinal excitability. Moreover, neuroimaging studies have indicated that the pattern of neural activity measured in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) tracks SWM ability. It is unknown whether repeated tDCS can enhance SWM and whether varied tDCS protocols (single 10 min tDCS, 10 min tDCS-5 min break-10 min tDCS, 10 min tDCS-20 min break-10 min tDCS) over the right PPC have different effects on SWM. The current study investigated whether offline single-session and repeated tDCS over the right PPC affects SWM updating, as measured by spatial 2-back and 3-back tasks. The results showed that stimulating the right PPC with repeated 10 min anodal tDCS significantly improved the response speed of the spatial 2-back task relative to single-session tDCS. Repeated 10 min tDCS with a longer interval (i.e. inter-stimulation interval of 20 min) enhanced the response speed of the spatial 3-back task. Altogether these findings provide causal evidence that suggests that the right PPC plays an important role in SWM. Furthermore, repeated tDCS with longer intervals may be a promising intervention for improving SWM-related function.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"26-37"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2021.1877648","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25495874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cognitive NeurosciencePub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2020-12-14DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2020.1839403
Irena Arslanova, Keying Wang, Hiroaki Gomi, Patrick Haggard
{"title":"Somatosensory evoked potentials that index lateral inhibition are modulated according to the mode of perceptual processing: comparing or combining multi-digit tactile motion.","authors":"Irena Arslanova, Keying Wang, Hiroaki Gomi, Patrick Haggard","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2020.1839403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2020.1839403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many perceptual studies focus on the brain's capacity to discriminate between stimuli. However, our normal experience of the world also involves integrating multiple stimuli into a single perceptual event. Neural mechanisms such as lateral inhibition are believed to enhance local differences between sensory inputs from nearby regions of the receptor surface. However, this mechanism would seem dysfunctional when sensory inputs need to be combined rather than contrasted. Here, we investigated whether the brain can <i>strategically</i> regulate the strength of suppressive interactions that underlie lateral inhibition between finger representations in human somatosensory processing. To do this, we compared sensory processing between conditions that required either comparing or combining information. We delivered two simultaneous tactile motion trajectories to index and middle fingertips of the right hand. Participants had to either compare the directions of the two stimuli, or to combine them to form their average direction. To reveal preparatory tuning of somatosensory cortex, we used an established event-related potential design to measure the interaction between cortical representations evoked by digital nerve shocks immediately before each tactile stimulus. Consistent with previous studies, we found a clear suppression between cortical activations when participants were instructed to compare the tactile motion directions. Importantly, this suppression was significantly reduced when participants had to combine the same stimuli. These findings suggest that the brain can strategically switch between a comparative and a combinative mode of somatosensory processing, according to the perceptual goal, by preparatorily adjusting the strength of a process akin to lateral inhibition.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"47-59"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17588928.2020.1839403","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38701565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cognitive NeurosciencePub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2021.1996343
Dylan S Spets, Scott D Slotnick
{"title":"It's time for sex in cognitive neuroscience.","authors":"Dylan S Spets, Scott D Slotnick","doi":"10.1080/17588928.2021.1996343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2021.1996343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In a discussion paper published in the special issue of <i>Cognitive Neuroscience</i>, Sex Differences in the Brain, we investigated whether certain experimental parameters contributed to findings in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of sex differences during long-term memory. Experimental parameters included: the number of participants, stimulus type(s), whether or not performance was matched, whether or not sex differences were reported, the type of between-subject statistical test used, and the contrast(s) employed. None of these parameters determined whether or not differences were observed, as all included studies reported sex differences. We also conducted a meta-analysis to determine if there were any brain regions consistently activated to a greater degree in either sex. The meta-analysis identified sex differences (male > female) in the lateral prefrontal cortex, visual processing regions, parahippocampal cortex, and the cerebellum. We received eight commentaries in response to that paper. Commentaries called for an expanded discussion on various topics including the influence of sex hormones, the role of gender (and other social factors), the pros and cons of equating behavioral performance between the sexes, and interpreting group differences in patterns of brain activity. There were some common statistical assumptions discussed in the commentaries regarding the 'file drawer' issue (i.e., the lack of reporting of null results) and effect size. The current paper provides further discussion of the various topics brought up in the commentaries and addresses some statistical misconceptions in the field. Overall, the commentaries echoed a resounding call to include sex as a factor in cognitive neuroscience studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10413,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39830212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}